Critical Thinking Lecture Notes PDF

Critical Thinking LECTURE (1) DR. Nermin fadel Associate professor of textile Textile Department. Alexandria university. Plan of the Course You will first receive basic information on critical thinking and problem-based learning You will be active particip...

Critical Thinking LECTURE (1) DR. Nermin fadel Associate professor of textile Textile Department. Alexandria university. Plan of the Course You will first receive basic information on critical thinking and problem-based learning You will be active participants, not recipients of information You will be given problems to solve, and your success in problem solution will be the focus of attention and evaluation Dr.Nermin fadel  Course content skills History course introduction Argument Dr.Nermin fadel Dr.Nermin fadel Why do we think?  Why do we think? In order to decide what to do In order to decide what to believe 12 Dr.Nermin fadel Dr. Nermin fadel Example :We think in order to decide what to do Not only scientists think carefully and logically. We all do this whenever we care about our decisions. Consider an important decision: “I should buy a dog” But walking my dog every evening will Because I’ve always had dogs and I love them mean I cannot pursue my new hobby Because dogs are peoples’ best friend But I’ll feel guilty if I’m forced to leave Because I can go out walking every evening, keep fit my dog alone in the house all day and meet other people with dogs But a new dog would be expensive and I’m really short of money right now. How do we arrive at our final decision in this context? Dr.Nermin fadel  What do you know about “thinking”? Thinking is a mental process. Dr.Nermin fadel  Your personality is defined by the ideas that emerge outside of your control, that is to say how you think Thinking is purposeful, organize process that we use to make sense of the world Thinking is not just executive function, it also includes your inclinations, prejudices, triggers, memories, and associations.. Dr.Nermin fadel Thinking is the extraordinary process we use every waking moment to make sense of our world and our lives. Successful thinking enables us to solve the problems we are continually confronted with, to make intelligent decisions, and to achieve the goals that give our lives purpose and fulfillment. It is an activity that is crucial for living in a meaningful way. The thinking is like a natural activity , indispensable for a person in his daily life Stuart McClair 1991 similar thinking about the process of breathing for humans. Dr.Nermin fadel Questions skill “Thinking is not driven by answers but by questions Ask your self Why is important to study? Why Education Is Important to Our Society? Why Did You Choose This field ?“ Deep Questions to Make You Think What is reality? What are the limits of science? Can I trust my senses? Is morality relative?  Asking the right question to Get the right answer  The critical questions: they will be useful whenever you choose to react to what you are hearing or reading. They are also useful in improving your own writing and speaking because they will assist you when you: 1. react critically to an essay or to evidence presented in a textbook, a periodical, or on a Web site; 2. judge the quality of a lecture or speech; 3. form an argument; 4. write an essay based on a reading assignment; or 5. participate in class.. Attention: Critical thinking consists of an awareness of a set of interrelated critical questions, plus the ability and willingness to ask and answer them at appropriate times Dr.Nermin fadel  The importance of thinking  Search for source of information Testing information necessary address problems.  Believing and discovering the laws of the universe and the laws of nature.  Educational facilities should focus on thinking and developing it according to scientific methods and reliable methods and programs that have been developed by researchers and thinkers in the field, and knowing that thinking , like the rest of sciences, develops and matures with practice, idle and lazy neglect. Dr.Nermin fadel Types of thinking  Types of thinking Analytical Concrete Creative Convergent Effective Inductive Productive Lateral Cognitive Mathematical practical Abstract Deductive Divergent Traditional scientific Ineffective Emotional Holistic Meta cognitive Reflective Logical Vertical Critical Dr.Nermin fadel There are various types of thinking, some of which include Dr.Nermin fadel  Traditional thinking  Many thinkers describe traditional thinking as the simplest form of thinking, and it does not pursue, or it does not seek improvement of the current situation. Emotional thinking A person  A person depends depends on emotions on emotions andand desiresatohcaer desires reachota ecneirepxe judgment orlanosrep & give an opinion or perform an action.noitca mrofrep ro noinipo na evig ot ro tnemegduj  A person does not depend on logic & sound methodology or logically valid approaches.  That’s why emotional thinking is not accurate in all the time. Dr.Nermin fadel  Effective thinking Depend on:-  Sound methodology or logically valid approaches.  The best available information (has high accuracy & high sufficient( Ineffective thinking  which is the opposite of effective thinking (Random thinking )  Thinking that doesn’t follow an accurate methodology and is based on false fallacies and arguments that are not related to the topic.  Such as missing language, resorting to personal or group attacks for the purpose of aborting an idea or opinion, misleading and misusing humor to direct the discussion away from the main topic. Dr.Nermin fadel Ineffective thinking Dr.Nermin fadel  Scientific thinking  Obtaining sound scientific evidence and foundations to support, confirm or deny the point of view.  All the time seeks scientific, proven, well defined information Analytical thinking  Breaking down ideas into their part without issuing a judgement on the extent of the superiority of any part over the rest of the parts without issuing a judgement. Dr.Nermin fadel  Convergent thinking  It is the ability to choose the optimal situation or solution according to predetermined conditions and levels.  Thinking skills focus on thing, problem or issue. Divergent thinking  It is the ability to come up with the largest possible number of ideas through the ability to examine the problem from multiple different angles.  It is characterized by generating many diverse and new ideas. Dr.Nermin fadel  Critical thinking  Is a mentally disciplined process in which we analyze & evaluate information gathered by observation to give an opinion or perform an action.  The process we use to reflect on, analyze , evaluate and judge the assumption underlying our own and other ideas and efforts. Creative thinking Creativity is looking at in an unfamiliar way or form an angle, then developing this view into an idea, then into a design, then into creativity that is applicable and usable. Dr.Nermin fadel  Relation between Critical Thinking with other modes of thinking  Critical thinking works in problem-solving to generate new ideas to address, solve problems.  There is great correlation between critical thinking , problem solving, creative thinking because these are three styles are of great importance in preparing the student.  The innovative thinking style, problem solving method, are related to critical thinking, researcher will be exposed to these two types of thinking & their relationship to critical thinking. Dr.Nermin fadel Dr.Nermin fadel Dr.Nermin fadel  Critical thinking Creative thinking The process we use to reflect on, The process used to conjure up new analyze , evaluate and judge the ideas that are unique , useful and assumption underlying our own original. It involves putting things and other ideas and efforts. together differently from others. It refers to thinking outside the box It refers to one’s ability to evaluate and/or judge to determine how accurate and how valuable something is Dr.Nermin fadel  Why creative and critical thinkings are two sides of one coin? Dr.Nermin fadel Dr.Nermin fadel  Give an example in your field of engineering study to illustrate the difference between critical and creative thinking Example in textile engineering The continuous attempt to test facts evidence, rather than jumping to conclusions, and thus includes knowledge of logical research methods that help Watson Glaser determine the value of various pieces of evidence and reach sound results The reflection of organized processes regarding the effectiveness and completion of the process of mental visualization, application, analysis and evaluation of information to increase the growth of Mary Miller (1998) form or structure, experience, deduction, reasoning, and communication judgment about the accuracy, quality, efficiency of Guilford (1971) information.  Remember that 43 Dr. Nermin fadel Good critical thinking skills bring numerous benefits such as : Improved attention and observation More focused reading Improved ability to identify the key points in a text or other message rather than becoming distracted by less important material Improved ability to respond to the appropriate points in a message Knowledge of how to get your own point across more easily Skills of analysis that you can choose to apply in a variety of situations Dr.Nermin fadel Benefits of Critical Thinking Dr.Nermin fadel Let’s think Which activity helps to provoke creative / critical thinking creative critical thinking Dr.Nermin fadel Activity (1) Activity (2) Dr.Nermin fadel Activity) 3) Activity(4) 36 squares ox Dr.Nermin fadel  references The CRITICAL THINKING; Galen A. Foresman, Peter S. Fosl, and Jamie Carlin Watson Thinking Critically ; John ChaffEe, PhD, Director, Center for Philosophy and Critical Thinking Asking the Right Questions; ai ai GQ , A Guide to Critical Thinking, M. Neil Brown, Stuart M. Keeley, Bowling Green State University Dr.Nermin fadel  Thanks Argument – session 1 Do you have any questions? [email protected] CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, and infographics & images by Freepik.