Plants Survey PDF

survey of plants INTRODUCTION TO PLANTS plants alternate generations (haploid ⇌ diploid) gametophyte: haploid cells of plants sporophyte: diploid cells of plants undergoes mitosis to pr...

survey of plants INTRODUCTION TO PLANTS plants alternate generations (haploid ⇌ diploid) gametophyte: haploid cells of plants sporophyte: diploid cells of plants undergoes mitosis to produce haploids BRYOPHYTE OVERVIEW refers to non vascular plants generally short, grow horizontally limited transport system ⇨ maximizes surface area thrives in damp, shady environments rhizoids: root like structures used mainly for adhesion to surfaces can absorb small amounts of water and minerals survey of plants 1  releases acidic compounds found in chemical weathering haploid generation (gametophyte) is dominant antheridia: produces male gametes (sperm) located in the antheridiophore archegonia: produces female gametes (non-motile eggs) located in the archegoniophore thallus: plant body in bryophytes lacking true roots, stems, and leaves MOSSES (BRYOPHTYA) characteristics leafy/fuzzy & upright foot: parent gametophyte where sporophytes grow out of seta: think stalk in sporophytes that holds the capsule where spores are produced operculum: capsule top; breaks off when spores are released peristome (teeth) gametophyte dominant LIVERWORTS (HEPATOPHYTA/MARCHANTIOPHYTA) survey of plants 2  same liverworts mosses characteristics morphology morphology - non vascular - leafy - leafy plants - closer to - closer to - thrive in the ground the ground moist, shady (horizontally) (horizontally) environments - both reproduce via leaf structure leaf structure spores - rely on water - 2-3 cell - 2-3 cell to transport layers thick layers thick sperm HORTWORTS (ANTHOCEROPHYTA) not really discussed just know its class SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS development of vascular tissues allows them to get grow vertically and specialize xylem - root to shoot; mainly transport water phloem - transport everywhere; mainly move nutrients have no seeds; instead have spores dominant generation is sporophyte (diploid) have well developed cuticles survey of plants 3  prevents desiccation (loss of moisture) dominant generation ⇨ sporophyte (diploid) protects against UV radiation can cause mutations to damage genes LYCOPHYTA example - club moss closer to bryophytes MONILOPHYTA example - ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns sporophylls: leaves on ferns that produce spores megaphylls: large sporophylls with branching veins microphylls: sporophylls that are smaller with one unbranching vein HORSETAIL FERN FERN WHISK FERN survey of plants 4  FERTILIZATION 2 stages in life cycle meiosis - create spores located in sporangia fertilization - create zygote that grows out of parent SORI FOUND IN FERNS CONTAINS ZYGOTES; plant RELIES ON WATER FOR REPRODUCTION sori: cluster of sporangia haploid gametophyte develops into a small prothallus sperm (from antheridia) swim to eggs in archegonia SEED PLANTS gametophyte is reduced; cannot live on their own dominated by sporophyte generation (diploid) pollen: small male gametophyte that can produce sperm pollen itself is not sperm survey of plants 5  seed plants do not need water for reproduction; allows access to drier climates wind other pollinators (bees, butterflies, birds) pollination: when pollen lands on female part of plant fertilization: egg and sperm fuse to form diploid zygote seed coat: prevents hydration and protection for a seed contains nut provides nutrients for the seeds cotyledon: embryonic leaf that contains nutrition for developing embryo to help it germinate and develop into the first leaves GYMNOSPERMS naked seeds; not enclosed in ovaries can have stuff around the seed includes conifers plants produces cones: female gametophytes survey of plants 6  CONIFEROPHYTA produces cones (naked seeds) example - pine trees microsporohylls ⇨ male sporophylls contains microsporangia microsporangia produce microspores that develop into pollen grains found in lower branches macroscporophylls ⇨ female sporophylls contains ovule (becomes a seed) where female gametophyte devlopes from emgaspore to produce eggs found in higher branches male and female gametophytes found in different locations to prevent self fertilization contains megasporangium that produces megaspores integument: protective tissue of sporophyte plant CYCADOPHYTA survey of plants 7  cycads GINKGOPHYTA gingko trees GNETOPHYTA example - gnetophyte weird plant survey of plants 8  ANGIOSPERMS most successful of the modern plant groups dominant sporophyte generation (diploid), heterospory (male and female spores), and produce seeds same as gymnosperms purpose of flowers is mainly reproduction via pollination contains patterns to direct pollinators attract a specific pollinator to pollinate one type of species via specialization blooming times color scent double fertilization: when sperm fuse in the ovule 1 with egg 1 with endosperm: double nuclei cell that develops into triploid tissue nutrition for embryo steps of double fertilization survey of plants 9  1. pollen grows a pollen tube and reaches into the ovary 2. releases 3 sperm for 2 eggs 3. one cell turns into endosperm - food for the embryo REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS stamen: male reproductive part; produces pollen anther filaments carpel/pistil: female reproductive part contains an ovary (contains ovules) ovules are where eggs are formed includes stigma & style (supports stigma) petals ⇨ corolla sepals ⇨ calyx receptacle: enlarged portion of the base where the flower survey of plants 10  connects with the rest of the plant inflorescence: flowers clustered together; not on individual stems PHYLUM ANTHOPHYTA MONOCOT CHARACTERISTICS DICOT (EUDICOT) one cotyledon CHARACTERISTICS fibrous roots two scattered cotyledon parallel veins tap roots multiples of 3 ringed vascular tissues net like veins 4 or 5 petals survey of plants 11  FRUITS angiosperms evolve with their pollinators example of coevolutionary relationships pollination syndromes: relationships between pollinators and angiosperms animals attracted to specific flower are more likely to carry pollen for plant’s reproduction fruits: when ovary develops with the seeds inside it fleshy part of fruits develop from different parts of the plant purpose of fruits 1. protection of seed 2. nutrition 3. allows dispersal capabilities survey of plants 12  FRUITS AND SEED DISPERSAL during fruit development, ovary wall (pericarp) may thicken becomes 3 layers ⇨ exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp example - peach exocarp - outer skin mesocarp - fleshy, tasty part endocarp - pit (contains seed) SIMPLE DRY FRUITS fruits derived from one simple or compound ovary indehiscent: fruits that do not split open at maturity nuts: fruits that have a hard pericarp that surrounds one seed survey of plants 13  example - hazelnuts grains: pericarp & ovary are fused together example - corn, wheat, rice dehiscent: fruits that split open at maturity includes legumes (peas, beans) SIMPLE FLESHY FRUITS also derived from 1 simple or compound ovary very juicy fruits; includes berries, drupes (stone fruit) berries: fruits with fleshy mesocarp & soft/juicy endocarp examples - grapes, tomatoes, cucumbers drupes: fruits with fleshy mesocarp & hard endocarp 1-2 seeds in them examples - peaches, cherries, olives, avocadoes hesperidia: fruits with thick, oily rind example - orange DRUPES BERRIES HESPERIDIA ACCESSORY FRUITS survey of plants 14  accessory fruits: fruits derived from a combination of of a simple ovary & other plant parts includes pseudo berries (such as bananas) pepos: fruits with thick rind (pericarp) example - watermelons, zucchini, pumpkins pomes: fruits with enlarged receptacle example - apple, pears BANANAS ARE A TYPE OF WATERMELONS ARE A PSEUDO BERRY TYPE OF PEPOS FRUIT PEARS ARE A TYPE OF DUE TO THEIR THICK POMES FRUITS SINCE THEY RIND HAVE AN ENLARGED RECEPTACLE AGGREGATE FRUITS fruits that form from several separate ovaries from 1 flower example - raspberries, black berries BOTH BLACK AND RASP BERRIES GROW FROM SEPARATE OVARIES IN 1 FLOWER survey of plants 15  MULTIPLE FRUITS fruits that are derived from multiple flowers example - pineapple PINEAPPLE OTHER TYPES OF FRUITS not all fruits have seeds surrounded by fleshy mesocarp or are filled with sweet sugars these “dry fruits” rely on other dispersal means wings or parachute on seed to twirl down example - maple or elm tree (winged) or dandelions, plumed seeds (parachute) parasitism example - mistletoe spiny projections to mimic velcro example - cocklebur, sandbur survey of plants 16  DANDELIONS HAVE A MAPLE SEEDS’ STRUCTURE PARACHUTE STRUCTURE TO COCKLEBURS HAVE ALLOWS THEM TO HAVE GLIDE IN THE WIND FOR SPINY PROJECTIONS DRAG AND FLOAT FOR DISPERSAL THAT ALLOW THEM TO DISPERSAL STICK ONTO ANIMAL FUR survey of plants 17