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Kingdom features Survey of the Plant kingdom traits sorryso wth Phyla Hepatopyta, Bryophyte and Pterophyta  a Phylum Bryophyte funari moss of  Bryophytes are...

Kingdom features Survey of the Plant kingdom traits sorryso wth Phyla Hepatopyta, Bryophyte and Pterophyta  a Phylum Bryophyte funari moss of  Bryophytes are green, they have rhizoids, which are root like structures.  They may have stem and leaf like parts.  Generally they don’t have a specialized vascular tissues. shell I like putstructures  amphibians -There limited to moist habitats because their rhizoids neither can penetrate the soil very far nor absorb many nutrients. only on surface a anchorage -Their photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic orig tissues are close together. comport -Their relatively small.  Bryophytes can: - Fix CO2 - Degrade rocks to soil. - Stabilize soil - reduce erosion.  Life cycle is characterized by distinct alternation of generations in which gametophyte is dominant vegetative phase.  Alternation of generations: is a reproductive cycle in which the haploid gametophyte produces gametes that fuse to form a zygote that germinates to produce a diploid sporophyte.  Within the sporophyte, meiosis produce spores that germinate into gametophytes, thus completing the cycle. Thott  They have multicellular sex organs in which gamete producing cells are enclosed in a jacket of sterile cells.  Antheridia are male sex organs they produce swimming biflagellate sperm.  Archegonia are female sex organs they produce eggs. Gunter outer  Bryophytes need free water for sexual reproduction because the sperm must swim to the egg.  The fertilized egg is called a zygote.  The zygote divides and matures in the archegonium to produce the sporophyte.  The sporophyte remains attached to and nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte.  The mature sporophyte produces haploid spores, each of which can develop into gametophyte. Itamar Phylum Hepatophyta: Liverworts  Were going to study a thallus-type liverwort, Marchantia.  The gametophytic thallus grows as a large, flat, photosynthetic structure on the surface of the ground. G ventrally dorsally flat compressed gaseous exchange Marchantia thullus gypper t É 100X 400X non y nom rhizoids rootlike 40 X  1491 Asexual Reproduction in Liverworts  Liverworts can reproduce asexually throw fragmentation.  The older central portions of the thallus die, leaving the growing tips isolated to form individual plants. I fragments gametophyte Implants  Gemmae cups are another means of asexual reproduction.  They occur on the dorsal surface of some thalli near the midrib.  Inside the gemmae cups are lens-shaped outgrowths called Io gemmae.  Gemmae are splashed out of the cup by falling drops of rain.  If a gemma lands in an adequate environment it can produce a new gametophyte plant.  Cross section showing the Gemmae cup with the Gemmae inside.  Gemmae cup not Igemma mÉÉ 40 X G lion Sexual Reproduction in Liverworts sergafsenau  Many species of Marchantia are dioecious.  Gametes from each plant are produced in specialized sex organs borne on upright stalks. I depending of present antheidia on ou arlegoria s he an Gpus agg  Antheridiophores bear antheridia, sperm form in antheridia.  Antheridia are male sex organs they produce swimming ca biflagellate sperm.  They ‘re enclosed in a jacket of sterile cells. Antheridia of Marchantia diff Theridia frost É 40 X   Archegoniophores bear archegonia, each flask-shaped archegonium consists of a neck and a venter, which contains I the egg. swore part  Archegonia are female É art sex organs they produce eggs.  At the base of each archegonium is a swollen area ( venter ) containing a single egg. Archegonia of Marchantia in 100 X I 400 X I out the neck on it 40 X side Liverwort Sporophyte  The fertilized egg in the archegonium becomes the embryo.  The embryo develops into the diploid sporophyte.  The sporophyte is attached to the female gametophore by a seta and a foot  The sporophyte contains haploid spores formed by meiosis. n  Among the spores there are cells called Elaters, they help with the dispersal of spores. I Ifi'milisailmersing a attain ight spores gametent Sporophyte of Marchantia foot 100 X I spores 40 X  Phylum Bryophyta: Mosses  Mosses are more visible than liverworts because of their greater numbers, more widespread distribution, and because gametophyte plants of mosses are leafy and usually stand upright.  They leafy green portions of the moss are the gametophytes and are often only one cell thick. transaction  Gametophytes contains specialized cells that aid in the absorption of water. absorbs double the size of water Funaria of Moss dopest Asexual Reproduction in Mosses  Mosses reproduce asexually by fragmentation. gadmetpyse t branches lateral form pier Z  Sexual reproduction in Mosses  Mosses are dioecious.  Archegonia or antheridia are borne either on tips of the erect gametophyte stalks or as lateral branches on the stalks. Antheridia of Moss  The male plant has a plate like structure on the tip with the leaves expanding outward to form a “rosette”.  The structure is called a “ moss flower” or a splash cup” splashes the out sperm Antheridia of Moss 40 X Archegonia of Moss  The apex of stalks of the female plant appear as a cluster of leaves, with the archegonia buried inside.  When the archegonium matures, cells lining the neck disintegrate and form A a canal leading to the egg.  Sperm swims through the canal to reach the egg. Archegonia of Moss i 100 X 40 X got Moss Sporophyte spores  Moss Sporophyte Consist y of a capsule located atop a seta, that extend upward form the moss gametophyte.  A sporophyte is attached to the gametophyte by a structure called a Foot.  The capsule is covered by the Calyptra. opens A  The Calyptra falls off Sgt're when the capsule matures; which causes the release of spores formed by meiosis. Moss Sporophyte – anatomical features:  1. seta – stem-like structure organ connecting sporangium to the gametophyte  2. foot – base of the seta  3. sporangium – site of spore production  – opening = operculum  4. calyptra – surrounds and protects the sporangium – may be bald or hairy Ferns  Ferns vascular  They inhabit almost all kinds of environments.  They have characteristics of the more advanced seed plants as well as the less advanced bryophytes.  Ferns have independent sporophyte with well developed vascular tissue. opens doses pores always open  They have stomata, which regulate gas exchange.  Ferns sporophytes grow indefinitely via underground stems called rhizomes. teethed  dominant Phylum Petrophyta: Ferns sporophyte  Their vascular system connects true leaves, roots and stems.  The sporophyte is the dominant phase of the life cycle. paper  All ferns and fern allies possess sporophylls, which are leaf like structures of the sporophyte generation that bear spores.  Sporangia, which form on sporophylls, are where spores are produced by meiosis.  In ferns the sporangia are on the backs of leaves.  Groups of sporangia called sori form on the underside of fern fronds. it  Sporangia may be protected by a shield-shaped indusium, which is a specialized outgrowth of a Ypecies frond. protests spores  Meiosis in the sporangium produces haploid spores, which are the first stage of the gametophyte.  so yay arropsopforesia stogie  byphyge Whepatopme  Most terrestrial ferns are homosporous; they O produce one kind of spore that develops into a single kind of gametophyte that produces both antheridia and archegonia.  Conversely, Aquatic fern are heterospouous; meaning that they produce two kinds of spores: megaspores and microspores. egg sperm Pollen grains  Whisk Ferns  They include only two extant representatives; Psilotum and Tmesipteris.  Psilotum has a widespread distribution.  It lacks leaves and roots and is homosporous. d santher kind ont spore arch of  species Horsetails ginn  Equisetum is the only extant of the genus of horsetails.  It’s an example of a plant whose vegetative structure identifies the plant better than does it’s reproductive structure.  It’s distinguished by its jointed and ribbed stem.  vegetative photosynthetic I lo  This species forms two kinds of erect stems, a green, photosynthetic type and a brownish type termination in spore-producing cones. reproductive Iterminates in toy  The spores give rise to a nutritionally independent gametophyte.  Corlooking  Strobili of Equisetum occur at the tips of reproductive stems, which are modified branches.  Sporangia form a top umbrella-like structures called sporangiophores  Elaters in sporangia help disperse spores. Thanks