Survey of Animal Kingdom (BIO 110) PDF

9/12/24 Survey of Animal Kingdom BIO 110 [email protected] 1 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (METAZOA) INVERTEBRATES VERTEBRATES Animals without backbone Animals with backbo...

9/12/24 Survey of Animal Kingdom BIO 110 [email protected] 1 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (METAZOA) INVERTEBRATES VERTEBRATES Animals without backbone Animals with backbone 95-97% of all species 2 1  9/12/24 The Invertebrates 3 THE INVERTEBRATES: IMPORTANCE 5 2  9/12/24 Invertebrates As Pollinators https://www.flickr.com/photos/johndal One third of the species of crops cultivated for food are invertebrate pollinated! 6 Invertebrates As recyclers of nutrients https://www.flickr.com/photos/ Bioturbating activities have a profound effect on the environment and are thought to be a primary driver of biodiversity. 7 3  9/12/24 Invertebrates As food https://www.flickr.com/photos/ Edible insects and spiders of the world. Data from Wageningen University Laboratory of Entomology (2012). 8 9 4  9/12/24 https://www.thailandunique.com/edible-insects-bugs/edible-cicada-insects 10 Invertebrates As part of food webs Maintenance of ecological communities https://fishbio.com/field-notes/population-dynamics/stuck-middle-insects-food-web 11 5  9/12/24 Invertebrates As source of pharmaceutical compounds 12 Copyright Philippine Seas 2017 13 6  9/12/24 IMPORTANCE OF INVERTEBRATES Pollination Recycling Food in many cultures Food webs Maintenance of ecological communities Pharmaceutical 14 ORIGIN OF INVERTEBRATES 15 7  9/12/24 Invertebrate fossils, dating between 575 and 543 million years ago, were discovered in the Ediacara Hills of Australia and in Chengjiang, China. ORIGIN OF INVERTEBRATES 16 Ediacaran fossils “vendobionts” (cnidarian-like)--represent organisms in the pre-Cambrian 635 MYA https://whc.unesco.org 17 8  9/12/24 Chengjiang fossils https://whc.unesco.org “Soft-bodied fossils were first found in Chengjiang China”---evidence of the “Cambrian Explosion” 18 Characteristics of the Fossils flat and plate-shaped segmented had bilateral symmetry lived on the bottom of shallow seas made of soft tissues absorbed nutrients from the surrounding water 19 9  9/12/24 By the Cambrian Period, 544 million years ago, some animals had evolved shells, skeletons, and other hard body parts. One of the best-known sites of Cambrian fossils is the Burgess Shale of Canada. BEGINNINGS OF INVERTEBRATE DIVERSITY 20 The Burgess Shale of Canada Burgess Shale tells of the Cambrian explosion—-a huge radiation of marine animal life that included sponges, soft bodied arthropods and those with hard exoskeletons, the first chordates, worms, and trilobites. https://th-thumbnailer.cdn-si-edu.com/3sfusWfQypkKOB9o73G856bGHG0=/1000x750/filters:no_upscale()/https://tf-cmsv2-smithsonianmag- media.s3.amazonaws.com/filer/evotourism-Burgess-Shale-Canada-631.jpg A rock formation in the Canadian Rockies with fossils from the Cambrian Period BEGINNINGS OF INVERTEBRATE DIVERSITY 21 10  9/12/24 Restoration of Burgess Shale fossil arthropod Waptia fieldensis 22 By the Cambrian period, animals had acquired specialized cells, tissues, and organs. During that time, the ancestors of most modern animal phyla first appeared in the fossil record. BEGINNINGS OF INVERTEBRATE DIVERSITY 23 11  9/12/24 INVERTEBRATE PHYLOGENY Many features of modern invertebrates evolved during the Cambrian period such as: Tissues & Cephalization Coelom Symmetry Organs Patterns Germ of early Segmentation devmt layers 25 ANIMAL PHYLOGENY Echinodermata Chordata Arthropoda Annelida Mollusca Nematoda Platyhelmithes Cnidaria Porifera Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 26 12  9/12/24 BODY PLAN OF INVERTEBRATES 31 Comparison of Invertebrates (1) Segmentation 32 13  9/12/24 Comparison of Invertebrates (2) Segmentation 33 Simpler animals, such as sea sponges, have one germ layer and lack true tissue organization. GERM LAYER 34 14  9/12/24 Jellyfish, comb jellies, corals and sea anemones are the examples of diploblastic animals. GERM LAYER 35 All more complex invertebrates (from flat worms to echinoderms) are triploblastic with three germ layers. GERM LAYER 36 15  9/12/24 Symmetry All invertebrates, except sponges, exhibit some type of body symmetry. 37 Radial Symmetry Body parts arranged around a center point. Radial symmetry --Any cut through central point results in identical halves. --No head, front, back --Oral surface and an aboral surface. Planes of symmetry TYPES OF SYMMETRY 38 16  9/12/24 Bilateral Symmetry Arrangement of body parts along a central line or plane. Worms, mollusks, and arthropods exhibit bilateral symmetry, or have mirror-image left and right sides. TYPES OF SYMMETRY 39 Cephalization Invertebrates with cephalization can respond to the environment in more sophisticated ways than can simpler invertebrates. 40 17  9/12/24 In most worms and arthropods, nerve cells are arranged in structures called ganglia. In more complex invertebrates, nerve cells form an organ called a brain. CEPHALIZATION 41 Cephalopods constitute a group of invertebrate animals that exhibit a high degree of cephalization. CEPHALIZATION 42 18  9/12/24 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6062618/pdf/fphys-09-00952.pdf 43 Coelom Invertebrates are either acoelomates, pseudocoelomates or coelomates 44 19  9/12/24 Flatworms are ACOELOMATES COELOM Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 45 Roundworms are PSEUDOCOELOMATES COELOM Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 46 20  9/12/24 Most complex animals are COELOMATES COELOM Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 47 Early Invertebrates are Development either protostome or deuterostome Fate of the blastopore is important during early development. 48 21  9/12/24 EARLY DEVELOPMENT 49 Sea Urchin Embryo at Gastrula https://worms.zoology.wisc.edu/dd2/echino/gast/files/page20_1.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org 50 22  9/12/24 Segmentation Annelids and Arthropods exhibit segmentation The repetition of organs and tissues at intervals along the body of an animal, thus dividing the body into a linear series of similar parts or segments (metameres) 51 Arthropod Segmentation Schematic time series of embryo 52 23  9/12/24 Over the course of evolution, different segments in invertebrates have often become specialized for specific functions. SEGMENTATION 53 Specialized Cells Tissues and Organs As larger and more Flatworms have simple complex animals evolved, organs for digestion, specialized cells joined excretion, response, and together to form tissues, reproduction. More organs, and organ complex animals, such as systems that work mollusks and arthropods, together to carry out have organ systems. complex functions. 54 24  9/12/24 THE MAJOR INVERTEBRATE PHYLA 55 PHYLOGENY OF INVERTEBRATE METAZOA Zoology © 2016 by Miller and Harley 56 25  9/12/24 http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera/index.php PHYLUM PORIFERA 57 Body Forms of Sponge Zoology © 2016 by Miller and Harley PHYLUM PORIFERA 58 26  9/12/24 http://www.marinespecies.org/hydrozoa/index.php PHYLUM CNIDARIA 59 Generalized Cnidarian Life Cycle Zoology © 2016 by Miller and Harley 60 27  9/12/24 PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES “The flatworms” 61 http://www.marinespecies.org/turbellarians/ 62 28  9/12/24 Medically Important Trematodes The Chinese liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis, is a common parasite of humans in Asia, where over 30M people are infected. 63 Zoology © 2016 by Miller and Harley Chinese Liver Fluke, Clonorchis sinensis. 64 29  9/12/24 Medically Important Trematodes Schistosomes are blood flukes with vast medical significance. They infect over 200 M people throughout the world. 65 cercaria miracidium Life Cycle of a Schistosome Fluke Zoology © 2016 by Miller and Harley 66 30  9/12/24 Roundworms https://wormbase.org//#012-34-5 PHYLUM NEMATODA 67 Model organism in Biological research https://upload.wikimedia.org A Nematode : Caenorhabditis elegans 68 31  9/12/24 Some Important Nematode Parasite Ascaris lumbricoides: The Giant Intestinal Roundworm of Humans Enterobius vermicularis: The Human Pinworm Necator americanus: The New World Hookworm Trichinella spiralis: The Porkworm Wuchereria spp.: The Filarial Worms 69 Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals “Mollusks are soft-bodied animals” PHYLUM MOLLUSCA 70 32  9/12/24 https://molluscabase.org 71 Representative examples of pharmaceutically important marine molluscs 72 33  9/12/24 Pharmaceutically important mollusks 73 List of some commercially available molluscan food supplements 74 34  9/12/24 Representatives of the major groups of Annelida. A-C (Polychaeta) (A) Pomatoceros lamarckii (family Serpulidae Sedentaria),(D) The leech Theromyzon tessulatum (family Glossiphoniidae) and has distinctive suckers at the anterior and posterior. (E) Capitella teleta (family Capitellidae) PHYLUM ANNELIDA https://dev.biologists.org/content/139/15/2643 75 Annelids are important to the earth’s ecosystem! “Without earthworms, the earth's soil would not be capable of sustaining the growth of human food and the food of many other plant-eating species.” 76 35  9/12/24 Annelida are playing an important role in deducing the developmental biology of the last common ancestor of the protostomes and deuterostomes Cleavage patterns during early development Neurobiology 77 https://dev.biologists.org/content/139/15/2643 PHYLUM ANNELIDA 78 36  9/12/24 Hirudinea Oligochaeta Polychaeta PHYLOGENY OF ANNELIDA 79 Arthropods were the first animals to live on land. The earliest terrestrial arthropods were probably millipedes. They moved to land about 430 MYA. https://animalcorner.org/wp-content PHYLUM ARTHROPODA 80 37  9/12/24 Classification of Phylum Arthropoda “chelicera” “many feet” “exoskeleton” “six legs” 81 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA 82 38  9/12/24 “trochophore larva” Phylogeny of Bilateria Metazoa “molting” “blastopore becomes anus” 83 Echinoderms Life History and Phylogeny benthic marine invertebrates predators or herbivores Influence ecological characteristics of their habitat © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 84 39  9/12/24 Echinoderms Life History and Phylogeny benthic marine invertebrates predators or herbivores Influence ecological characteristics of their habitat © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 85 Echinoderms Echinoderms and chordates shared deuterostome development; echinoderms and hemichordates are both ambulacrarians and they have similar larvae. 86 40  9/12/24 Echinoderms Phylogeny © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 87 THE VERTEBRATES SURVEY OF ANIMAL KINGDOM-PART 2 [email protected] 89 41  9/12/24 Phylogeny of Bilateria Metazoa Clade Lophotrochozoa Clade Ecdysozoa Clade DEUTEROSTOMIA 90 Phylogeny of chordates and evolution of vertebrates Traditional vs Modern 92 42  9/12/24 Traditional View of Chordate Phylogeny Sub kingdom infra kingdom super phylum Irie, N., Satoh, N. & Kuratani, S. The phylum Vertebrata: a case for zoological recognition. Zoological Lett 4, 32 (2018) 93 Modern View of Chordate Phylogeny Irie, N., Satoh, N. & Kuratani, S. The phylum Vertebrata: a case for zoological recognition. Zoological Lett 4, 32 (2018) 94 43  9/12/24 Phylum Vertebrata of the Superphylum Chordata Irie, N., Satoh, N. & Kuratani, S. The phylum Vertebrata: a case for zoological recognition. Zoological Lett 4, 32 (2018) 95 Traditional View of Chordate Phylogeny Sub kingdom infra kingdom super phylum Irie, N., Satoh, N. & Kuratani, S. The phylum Vertebrata: a case for zoological recognition. Zoological Lett 4, 32 (2018) 96 44  9/12/24 Zoology © 2016 by Miller and Harley 97 The relatives of chordates: Phylum Echinodermata Phylum HEMICHORDATA 98 45  9/12/24 Deuterostome Phylogeny AMBULACRARIA Endoskeletal plates of the adult sea urchin; water vascular system of echinoderms 99 1. Tripartite coelom perivisceral, hydrocoel & hemal 2. Similar larval forms bipinnaria and tornaria 3. Axial Complex specialized metanephridium Ambulacraria Characteristics 100 46  9/12/24 Echinoderms Echinoderms and chordates shared deuterostome development; echinoderms and hemichordates are both ambulacrarians and they have similar larvae. 101 Echinoderms Life History and Phylogeny benthic marine invertebrates predators or herbivores Hemichordates share numerous developmental similarities with both chordates and echinoderms and hold great promise for providing insights into the early origins of both chordate and deuterostome development Influence ecological characteristics of their habitat © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 102 47  9/12/24 Echinoderms Phylogeny © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 103 Share numerous developmental similarities with both chordates and echinoderms and hold great promise for providing insights into the early origins of both chordate and deuterostome development. Hemichordates 104 48  9/12/24 Hemichordates Phylogeny Pterobranchia Enteropneusta (acorn worm) 105 Hemichordates Morphology 106 49  9/12/24 107 PROTOCHORDATES: Invertebrate chordates 109 50  9/12/24 CHORDATE CHARACTERISTICS 110 Phylogeny of Chordate Subphyla 111 51  9/12/24 Cephalochordates represent the most basally divergent lineage of chordates, being the sister group of urochordates and vertebrates. Cephalochordates (Amphioxus) 112 Amphioxus is a Chordate 113 52  9/12/24 The tunicates constitute a large group of marine animals whose recent common ancestry with vertebrates is reflected in their tadpole-like larvae. Urochordates (Tunicates) 114 Phylogeny and adult morphology of major tunicate groups A. Cladogram of orders/suborders B. Adult morphology of major tunicates 115 53  9/12/24 THE VERTEBRATES 116 Vertebrates phylogenetic relationships with echinoderms and protochordates 117 54  9/12/24 Body Plan of Vertebrates 119 Body Plan of Vertebrates 120 55  9/12/24 121 Developmental Hourglass Model in Vertebrates PHYLOTYPIC STAGE Irie et al. Zoological Letters (2018) 122 56  9/12/24 Similarities of vertebrate embryos during the tail bud stage 123 Infra Phylum: Vertebrata (Student-led Discussion/by Group) 1.Class Petromyzontidae (lamprey) 5. Class Amphibia 2. Class Chondrichthyes 6. Class Reptilia 3. Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) 7. Class Aves 4. Class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) 8. Class Mammalia Discuss: Gen Features/Characteristics; Importance Classifications/Orders and Representative species Prepare 10-15 slides per group (September 19, 2024) 124 57  9/12/24 Thank you for listening. [email protected] 125 58