Anatomy L1 & L2 Introduction - MAHSA University PDF

FACULTY OF DENTISTRY ANATOMY DDS YR1 (0109) By: Dr. Maher ([email protected])  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms Learning Objectives: At the end of study, students...

FACULTY OF DENTISTRY ANATOMY DDS YR1 (0109) By: Dr. Maher ([email protected])  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms Learning Objectives: At the end of study, students should be able to: 1. Define anatomy and list branches of anatomy. 2. Describe the body’s six levels of structural organization. 3. Describe the orientation of the human body in the anatomical position. 4. Define the anatomical planes, the anatomical sections, and the directional terms used to describe the human body. 5. Relate the common names to the corresponding anatomical descriptive terms for various regions of the human body.  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms Definition Anatomy: (a-NAT-oˉ-mē; ana- = part; -tomy = process of cutting) is the study of structure (morphology) of the human body and its parts. First taught by dissection (dis-SEK-shun; dis- = apart; -section = act of cutting), the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships.  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomy Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms Gross Anatomy/ Microscopic Macroscopic Anatomy/ Embryology Anatomy Histology Study of the part & Study of the minute Embryology - Study of structure of the body with structure of the the various stages of naked eye. various component intrauterine parts of the body development from the How to study using microscope. fertilized ovum up to − Dissection birth. − Study with the dissected preserved specimens − Models − Diagrams − Lectures/Tutorials & other class room activities.  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms − Gross anatomy: Structures that can be examined without using a microscope Systemic anatomy: Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems Regional anatomy: Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms − Surface anatomy: Surface markings of the body to understand the relationships of internal anatomy through visualization and palpation (gentle touch) − Imaging anatomy: Internal body structures that can be visualized with x-rays, CT scans, MRI, and other scan technologies  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms The structure of a part of the body often reflects its functions. For example, the bones of the skull join tightly to form a rigid case that protects the brain. The bones of the fingers are more loosely joined to allow a variety of movements.  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms How to study? GROSS ANATOMY- DIAGRAMS  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms How to study? GROSS ANATOMY- MODELS  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms How to study? GROSS ANATOMY- CADAVER  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY/ HISTOLOGY How to study?  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY/ HISTOLOGY ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms Example: Development of the face Abnormalities: Cleft lips  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms SIX LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION IN THE HUMAN BODY 1. Chemical level 2. Cellular level 3. Tissue level 4. Organ level 5. System level 6. Organism level ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms 1. Chemical level: atoms (small units of matter) participate in chemical reaction to form molecules 2. Cellular level: molecules combine to form cells structures composed of chemicals and are the basic structural and functional units of an organism. 3. Tissue level: groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function (four basic types of tissue in your body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue)  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms 4. Organ level: structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes 5. System level: consists of related organs with a common function. 6. Organismal level: All the parts of the human body functioning together constitute the total organism ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms Anatomical position The anatomical position is the standard reference position of the body used to describe the location of structures and relation to each others: Standing upright with face looking forward, Upper limbs by the side with the palms facing forwards, and Lower limbs together with the toes facing forwards  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms Anatomical planes Coronal planes: divide the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts. Median Sagittal plane: passes through the center of the body dividing it into equal right and left halves. Sagittal planes any vertical plane parallel Transverse, horizontal, or axial planes divide the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts. ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms Superior: Above or higher in position; toward the head. E.g.: The heart is superior to the liver. Inferior: Below or lower in position; toward the feet. E.g. The stomach is inferior to the lungs.  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms Medial: Nearer to the midline. Lateral: Farther from the midline. E.g. The lungs are lateral to the heart.  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms Proximal: Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure. E.g. The humerus (arm bone) is proximal to the radius. Distal: Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure. E.g. The phalanges (finger bones) are distal to the carpals (wrist bones).  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms Cephalic: Relating to the skull or head; toward the head. E.g. The stomach is more cranial than the urinary bladder. Caudal: Relating to the tail; at or near the tail or inferior part of the body. E.g. The lumbar vertebrae are caudal to the cervical vertebrae.  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms Anterior: Nearer to or at the front of the body. E.g. The sternum (breastbone) is anterior to the heart. Posterior: Nearer to or at the back of the body. E.g. The esophagus is posterior to the trachea.  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms Ventral: Relating to the belly side of the body; toward the belly. E.g. The intestines are ventral to the vertebral column. Dorsal: Relating to the back side of the body; toward the back. E.g. The kidneys are dorsal to the stomach.  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms Superficial: Toward or on the surface of the body. E.g. The ribs are superficial to the lungs. Deep: Away from the surface of the body. E.g. The ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back. Ipsilateral: On the same side of the body’s midline as another structure. Contralateral: On the opposite side of the body’s midline from another structure.  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms Flexion: decreasing angle with frontal plane. Extension: increasing angle with frontal plane.  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms Dorsiflexion: flexion at the ankle, so that the foot points more superiorly. Plantar Flexion: extension at the ankle, so that the foot points inferiorly.  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms Inversion: is the movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a medial direction. Eversion: is the opposite movement of the foot so that the sole faces in a lateral direction.  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms Abduction: movement of a limb away from the midline. Adduction: movement of a limb towards the midline.  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms Medial rotation: movement that results in the anterior surface of the part facing medially. Lateral rotation: movement that results in the anterior surface of the part facing laterally. Circumduction-combined flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation.  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms Supine: body is lying on the back. Prone: lying face downward. Pronation-rotating the palm backwards. Supination-rotating the palm forwards (as in anatomical position). Opposition brings the thumb and little finger together. Opposition  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms Protraction-moving forwards along a surface. Retraction-moving backwards along a surface.  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms Elevation: raising a structure. Depression: lowering a structure. ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms Body cavities are spaces that enclose internal organs. Bones, muscles, ligaments, and other structures separate the various body cavities from one another. ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms The quadrant designation is used to locate the site of pain, tumors, or some other abnormality. A midsagittal line (the median line) and a transverse line (the trans-umbilical line) are passed through the umbilicus.  ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms The nine-region designation is used for anatomical studies to locate organs. The superior horizontal line, the subcostal line (costal = rib), passes across the lowest level of the 10th costal cartilages; the inferior horizontal line, the transtubercular line, passes across the superior margins of the iliac crests of the right and left hip bone. Two vertical lines, the left and right midclavicular lines, are drawn through the midpoints of the clavicles (collar bones). ANATOMY LESSON 1&2: Introduction to Anatomy I and II: Body Planes, Anatomical Position and Anatomical Terms