KS3-History-workbook.pdf

Key Stage 3 History work booklet This work booklet covers most of the Key Stage 3 curriculum for history, up to the events of the First World War and beyond. It is only a brief summary of the topics that would be covered in lessons but should help you to get an understanding o...

Key Stage 3 History work booklet This work booklet covers most of the Key Stage 3 curriculum for history, up to the events of the First World War and beyond. It is only a brief summary of the topics that would be covered in lessons but should help you to get an understanding of how life has changed in this country over the past 1000 years. There is no expectation that you work through ALL of the booklet. I am more than happy for you to pick out certain topics that catch your eye and you are interested in. Rather than print off the booklet, my advice would be to save the document. When you reach the questions that you need to answer, simply delete the dotted lines and type your answer to the questions. You can then email any of the work that you have done to [email protected] and then I can give you feedback on the work that you have done. If you want something a little more challenging, I have a similar booklet for KS4. Please feel free to email me and I can add that to the student portal on the CEDARS website. Alternatively, you might find that some of the topics in this booklet have grabbed your attention and you want to do some independent work on them. Please do so but be careful which websites you are using and make sure that what you are writing is YOUR work, not someone else’s. Email me with any ideas or work that you are doing, and I will be more than happy to look through it and share my thoughts with you. Stay safe, stay indoors and look after yourselves and each other. Jason  The Norman Conquest and Beyond: At the start of 1066, Harold Godwin became King of England (King of the Anglo- Saxons). Later that year, Vikings invaded at Stamford Bridge. Harold won. William, Duke of Normandy, said that he should be King and invaded from the south. William invaded and won the Battle of Hastings: Harold had to march his tired army from the north of England, near to York to the south to meet William, trying to gather more soldiers as they went. 1) William had moved his army to Hastings. 2) Harold positioned his army to block the road from Hastings to London. 3) William now had to attack if he wanted to become king. The Battle of Hastings was fought on October 14th, 1066. William’s army was well-trained and had lots of knights. Harold had about the same number of soldiers but they were all tired foot soldiers. 1) William tried archers first, then spearmen and then knights. 2) Nothing seemed to be working. Then he got lucky- his Breton allies ran away and some of the Saxons followed them, leaving fewer to fight against William. 3) The Normans rode them down and the Saxon line was now thinner. 4) The Norman archers could now shoot at the Saxons. 5) The knights charged the Saxons and Harold was killed- William had won. The Normans made the Bayeux Tapestry to show what they say happened. Being King of England wasn’t easy: William was crowned King on Christmas Day 1066, but his problems were just starting. 1) William built castles to try and take control of the country. 2) William ordered the Domesday Book to record everything about England and to see how much tax he should be given. 3) There were three serious rebellions against his rule which he put a stop to- in the North, the South West and in East Anglia.  4) In 1069 some Vikings and northern Englishmen rebelled against William. They failed, but William was worried, so he burned and destroyed everything in the North. William’s son became the next King: William the Conqueror died in 1087 after a riding accident. The new King was his son, William Rufus. He was known as Rufus because of his red complexion (Rufus means “red” in Latin). 1) Rufus took control of the English throne. 2) His reign was bloody, but not a total failure. He taxed people as much as he could and beat off foreign invaders and revolts at home. 3) He conquered Cumbria and Wales and overthrew the Scottish King. 4) Some of his barons rebelled in support of his brother Robert, but he beat them off too. 5) In 1100, Rufus was shot in the back on a hunting trip. Some people think that the chief suspect (Walter Tyrel) was obeying orders from the King’s younger brother, Henry, who became king afterwards. Questions: 1. Describe how William won the Battle of Hastings. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2. How did William deal with rebellions in England? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3. What problems did William Rufus face? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….  What the Domesday Book tells us: Twenty years after the Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror decided to discover who really owned all of the land in England. This was basically so he could work out who owed him taxes… The Domesday Book was not popular: The Domesday Book was basically a big list of who owned what in England. William I used it to calculate how much to tax people. So, clearly everyone was a bit gutted about this. It was written in 1086 and asked questions like- 1) How many slaves and freemen are there in your manor? 2) How much is your manor worth? It even recorded things like how many animals you had on your land. It showed how efficient the Normans were, compared to the Saxons who ruled before them. The Domesday Book tells us about village life: The Domesday Book gives us a pretty good picture of life in the country: 1) The overall population was around 1,500,000 people and 90-95% of people lived in the countryside. 2) Villages were very small- often between 300 to 500 people. 3) There were often one or two manors in a village. Manors were basically big fortified houses that looked like castles, where a Lord or Baron lived. 4) Peasants living in villages were mostly called villeins. 5) Villeins had their own pieces of land to farm, but to pay for them they had to work on the Lord of the Manor’s land as well. A system like this where you pay for the land you have with work and not money was called the feudal system. It made the landowners very powerful. 6) Villeins had three chances of freedom- they could receive it from the Lord of the Manor, save up enough to buy their freedom, or else run away to a town and if they were not caught for a year and a day, then they became free. The Domesday Book also tells us about town life: Only 100 towns were included in the Domesday Book: 1) The only big places were around cathedrals, such as Lincoln, York and Westminster Abbey. 2) Towns developed around travel and meeting points such as crossroads or river crossings. 3) Towns attracted villagers and merchants to trade. 4) Craftsmen and merchants formed guilds to protect the quality of their work. 5) Wealthy towns built large defensive walls. 6) Successful towns gained charters setting out the rights of townspeople. These were awarded by the Lord or bought from the King. Questions: 1. What does the Domesday Book tell us about village life? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. What does the Domesday Book tell us about town life? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3. Why did William want the Domesday Book to be written? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….  Relations with other countries At the start of the Middle Ages, England looked to Scandinavia for friends and enemies- by the end, France and Ireland were much more important to foreign policy (how we deal with other countries). The English Kings tried to conquer all of Britain: Ireland: 1) The English first got involved in Ireland when Dermot McMurrough (the King of Leinster) lost his throne and asked Henry II to help him to get it back. 2) Henry was offered an oath of fealty by Dermot in return for his help (fealty= an oath of loyalty and obedience to the king). 3) Henry built castles and sent knights to hold on to his claims. 4) Most Irish chieftains seemed quite happy with this. 5) Henry VIII was the first English king to call himself “King of Ireland” Up until then the Irish chieftains still gave allegiance to England but they still did what they wanted. Scotland: There was a lot of argument about whether Scotland was a free country. The English thought that the Scots owed them an oath of loyalty, but not all the Scots agreed. 1) Edward I, the “Hammer of the Scots”, conquered Scotland at the end of the 1200s. 2) However, Robert the Bruce freed Scotland by 1328. 3) Throughout the Middle Ages, there were lots of border raids and general mischief between the English and the Scots. Wales: 1) The Normans took over bits of Wales when the first conquered England. But, because of the mountains, Wales was hard to control. 2) Edward I conquered Wales in the 1270s and 1280s and built concentric castles to control it.  3) Though there were still many revolts against the English, Wales was under English control by Henry VII’s day in around 1500. Wars with France went on for years: When the Normans conquered England in 1066, they already controlled a large part of France. Henry II controlled Normandy and Anjou, then he married Eleanor of Aquitaine and added Aquitaine to the French Empire. But by 1216 much of this land had been lost by King John, 1) In 1337 Edward III invaded France to take back his lands in France- the war would last 116 years. 2) The English archers, armed with longbows, won victories at Crecy in 1436, Poitiers in 1356 and Agincourt in 1415. 3) But the war was expensive and by 1453 the English had lost everything but Calais. Questions: 1. Describe what England’s relationship with Ireland was like. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2. What was England’s relationship with Scotland like? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3. What was England’s relationship with Wales like? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4. What was England’s relationship with France like? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..  Feedback and next steps page: Comment: Action: Response  Matilda, Stephen and Henry II: Henry II was King after William II. Then he went and left his throne to his daughter Matilda. She was a girl. Not a lot of people like the idea of a woman becoming Queen. Monarchs were expected to be male: 1) Monarchs were expected to maintain law and order in the Kingdom. 2) Monarchs were expected to be men- lots of people back then thought that women should not be in positions of power. 3) Monarchs had to control the unruly and power hungry groups of barons that they relied on for their support. Most of these barons believed that women should not rule. Henry I was a strong monarch, but in 1120 a boat called the White Ship sank- Henry’s sons were on it. His sons drowned, leaving Henry grief-stricken and with no male heir. Matilda didn’t get to be Queen: 1) Matilda was betrothed to the German Holy Roman Emperor when she was 8. 2) When he died in 1125, her dad Henry ordered her to marry Geoffrey of Anjou. 3) In 1126 Henry got all the English lords, including his nephew Stephen, to acknowledge Matilda as his heir. 4) Henry died in 1135 but Matilda’s cousin Stephen got to London before she did and had himself crowned King. 5) Most nobles wanted Stephen to rule because he was a man. 6) This basically started off a Civil War that lasted nearly twenty years. Neither side won. Stephen wasn’t ruthless enough, but Matilda was a bit too vicious and alienated most of her supporters. She ruled for about 8 months, but it was as “Lady of the English” not as Queen. 7) In the end they both got bored and decided that Stephen could remain as King but that Matilda’s son, Henry should be heir to the throne (Stephen didn’t have any sons of his own). Henry revamped the court system: Matilda’s son became King Henry II in 1154. He’s remembered in general as having been intelligent and determined (and also pretty moody and mean). He reformed the court system (reform means to change). 1) Until the time of Henry II, medieval courts were really disorganised and complicated. 2) There were loads of different courts competing for power (e.g. church courts, manor courts. 3) Henry II set up regular royal courts to deal with serious offences such as murder. 4) Judges went around the country to hold trials. 5) Trial by jury became a common way to find out who was guilty and things got a little fairer. Questions: 1. Why were people upset when Henry II named Matilda as his heir? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Explain why Matilda never became Queen? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3. What is meant by a trial by jury? Why would this be fair? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..  Henry II, Richard I and King John: Henry II got his friend Thomas Becket the job of Archbishop of Canterbury. Henry was hoping this would mean that the Church and the crown would get along. But it was not that easy. Henry and Thomas couldn’t agree on anything: 1) Henry and Thomas argued over whether the Church should be part of the Kingdom, or whether it should have its own separate powers. 2) One major issue was about how criminal priests should be punished. Henry thought that they should be dealt with by royal courts, but Thomas reckoned the church should have its own courts. 3) One day Henry angrily cried out to his knights, asking them how they could “allow their lord to be treated with such shameful contempt.” 4) Four of his knights took that as an instruction to murder Thomas Becket. So they went off and murdered him on the steps of Canterbury Cathedral in 1170. 5) Becket was made a saint and 1174, Henry himself went on a pilgrimage to the shrine. He walked up to it barefoot, fell on his face (on purpose), confessed his sins and was whipped five times each by the surrounding monks. He stayed there all night, fasting, surrounded by pilgrims. King Richard: he was a brave man: 1) Henry II had four children. The oldest, Richard, was the next King and after that came his brother John. 2) Richard I fought lots of crusades in the Holy Lands- this is where he gained the nickname “The Lionheart”. 3) He spent less than a year of his 10 years as King actually in England. 4) He has gone down in history as a brave, strong and brilliant warrior. He left the country in a bit of a state for his brother John though… John: he was a moody so and so… Richard spent all England’s money on the crusades. This left John a bit stuck. 1) John needed money in order to pay soldiers to fight wars for him. 2) John had lost his lands in France and wanted them back, but not all the barons were in favour of an expensive war.  3) John also fell out with the Pope in Rome, over who should be the next Archbishop of Canterbury. The Pope excommunicated him (expelled him from the Church, a punishment which people believed would mean he went to Hell when he died) and declared that he was not the rightful King of England. 4) John also over-taxed the barons and it wasn’t long before they rebelled against him. John signed the Magna Carta: The rebelling barons forced John to meet them in a field at Runnymede and sign the Magna Carta in 1215. The Magna Carta means “Great Charter” and it centred around three main points: 1) The English Church would be free from the King’s control. 2) No free man could be arrested, imprisoned or executed without a fair trial. 3) The King couldn’t raise taxes without the agreement of the Barons and Bishops first. There were 63 demands in total and the Magna Carta laid the foundations for British democracy. Questions: 1) Why did Henry II and Thomas Becket argue? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2) Why do historians think Richard was a brave King? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3) Why did the Barons rebel against King John? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……. 4) What was Magna Carta? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………  The Black Death: Historians are not exactly sure about how many people died as a result of the Black Death, as we did not keep accurate records of births and deaths, but it could have been as much as half the British population. 33-50% of the population died: 1) Plague probably killed between a third and half of the total population of the British Isles. 2) Bubonic plague was spread by fleas which were carried by black rats. 3) Pneumonic plague affected the lungs and breathing. Some historians believe other diseases were involved, like anthrax. 4) Many people were already weakened due to poor harvests and famine caused by poor weather. Timeline of events: Summer 1348- Bubonic plague travels across the south of England. September 1348- Plague hits London. January 1349- Plague now spreads into East Anglia, along the south coast, into Wales and the Midlands. Summer 1349- Plague hits the north and into Ireland. 1349- The Scots raid Durham while England is weak. 1350- The plague reaches Scotland but eases off in London. 1361-64, 1386, 1371, 1373-5, 1390, 1405- Plague comes back. People had different explanations for the Black Death: People in medieval times had no idea about germs- they had their own explanations: 1) Some people thought it was an act of God and that they were being punished for their sins. People thought that their way of life was being punished.  2) Some people were very superstitious and thought that it was the result of a curse or an evil spirit. 3) Some people thought that they were being poisoned. Individuals, or different groups were blamed, e.g. Jews, the poor. It made life better for the survivors: 1) Initially some people blamed the poor for the Black Death. It took a while for the King and the nobility to realise that it would affect them too. 2) Killing off so much of the population did actually make life better for the majority of people in the end because it made the survivors more valuable. 3) Before the plague had struck, poor people had been forced to work on their local Lord’s land, but now they could ask for extra wages and better treatment. 4) It speeded up the breakdown and the end of the feudal system, and meant that ordinary peasants had more freedom. Questions: 1) How did the Black Death kill people? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2) How did people in the 1340s explain the causes of the Black Death? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3) How did the Black Death improve the lives of the survivors? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….  Feedback and next steps page: Comment: Action: Response  1381: The Peasants’ Revolt: In 1381, just about everything was going wrong. Loads of people had died from the Black Death. The peasants were fed up, so they rebelled. No-one wanted to be bossed around anymore: 1) The feudal system was collapsing. Feudal dues were being replaced by money-rent systems (so instead of working on the Lord’s land for free, you were paid for the work but then used this money to pay for your rent). 2) The Black Death had led to a shortage of workers (because up to half of them had died) and peasant labour was in high demand. 3) The peasants thought that this was fine- they had some privileges now. 4) Some peasants were forced to work for the Church. These peasants had to work without pay, as it was thought that they were doing “God’s work”. 5) Also, everyone had to pay tithes (a tax) to the Church- one tenth of everything that they produced or earned. 6) Most people, even landowners, were unhappy that Bishops were so wealthy while normal people had to pay lots of taxes. The raising of taxes made everyone mad! John of Gaunt was King Richard II’s uncle. Richard was only 10 years old when he became King, so John ruled for him. He kept introducing more taxes to pay for the army. Everyone started to get angry- 1) 1377- John introduced a poll tax in order to finance a war with France. Everyone over 15 years of age had to pay 4 pence (not much now but it would have been a huge sum in those days). 2) 1379- John introduced a second poll tax that asked for more money. 3) 1381- A third poll tax was introduced. This was the straw that broke the camel’s back. 4) People hid in forests or fought the taxmen who arrived to collect the twelve pence from everyone. 5) The rebellion started off in Kent and Essex in June 1381 and was led by Wat Tyler. The main events of the revolt: June 1381- rebels occupy London. 14th June- Richard II meets rebels and agrees to some demands. Some rebels go home. Some murder the Archbishop and stick his head on a spike. 15th June- Richard meets rebels again and agrees to most demands. Rebels go home. July 1381- Revolt is over. Way Tyler is beheaded and other rebel leaders are hanged. Questions: 1) Why did the peasants revolt in 1381? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2) Why would raising tax anger the peasants? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3) How did the King end the Peasants’ Revolt? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..  The English Medieval Church The Catholic Church had a huge impact on everyday life in Medieval England. The information on this page is really important as it affects everything in this period of study. Christendom was wherever the Catholic Church was: Medieval England was part of Christendom- all the countries where most people were Christian. Under Christendom, politics and society were closely linked to the Church. 1) Christendom covered the whole of Europe, apart from bits of Scandinavia and some Muslim areas in Spain and southern Italy. 2) This meant that the beliefs and teachings of the Catholic Church controlled the way most people behaved throughout Europe. 3) Nearly everyone would have had some link with the Church a. A family member might be a clergyman. b. They might pay rent to a church landlord c. They might work for the Church d. People had to pay annual tithes (tax of 10%) to the Church. 4) People were told they would go to hell if they didn’t support the Church. The Church was very powerful: 1) For most of the medieval period, the Church was richer than the King was. 2) The clergy didn’t have to pay taxes and ordinary people had to pay them for baptisms, weddings and funerals. People were told that they would go to hell if they didn’t cough up enough money for the Church. 3) The Church could afford to build impressive stone churches and cathedrals. These could be used for defence and have lasted for centuries (other buildings were made of wood). 4) Bishops became political figures. Some of them controlled important areas of England (like the areas near the Scottish border). Parish Priests were expected to do loads: The Church had an organised structure. The Pope in Rome was at the head, and had a network of bishops and senior clergy to help him maintain power. At the bottom was the parish priest. 1) Priests told the villagers what to do and how to behave. 2) Priests were not normally of noble birth. 3) They weren’t supposed to get married (although some did). 4) They earned an income from farming done on church lands (called the glebe). 5) They took services, said mass and heard confession. 6) They were expected to teach the local children and to help out the sick and the poor. Some priests were good- they cared for their parishes and tried to help the poor. Some priests were bad- they were greedy, lazy, not very well-educated, cared more about money, women and pleasure than they did about the Church. Questions: 1) Why was the Church important in the Middle Ages? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2) Why was the Church powerful? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3) What jobs were parish priests expected to do? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….  Monks and Monasteries Loads of people used to go off and become monks and nuns. It was seen as the most sacred thing you could do with your life. Monastic life has a long history in Britain: Before the Romans came, most of the population were pagans and worshipped their own gods. 1) By the early 300s AD, there were already some Bishops about in London, Lincoln and York. 2) In 400 AD, Ninian set up a monastery at Whithorn in Scotland. 3) The Romans left in around 410 and after that Christianity was only really popular in Wales. 4) Then in 597, a missionary called St. Augustine landed in Lent. He was the first Archbishop of Canterbury and set up monasteries which followed the Benedictine Rule- i.e. the rules that St. Benedict made for a holy life. Most Medieval monasteries after this followed the Benedictine Rule. 5) Another important monastery was set up by St. Columba and St. Aidan at Lindisfarne in 635. There were lots of different monastic orders: 1) Clunaics came from the Benedictine monastery at Cluny, in France, bringing a very strict form of Benedictine Rule with them. 2) Even stricter were the Cistercians, who were also from France. 3) The Gilbertines were different because they started in England. They had monks and nuns at the same monastery. 4) Carthusians came from France. They were a very strict order who fasted and took vows of silence. 5) Boys as young as 7 could become monks. Most newcomers joined when they were a bit older. Vows could be taken at 16- Chastity (no wives or girlfriends and no sex), obedience (obey all church orders), stability (never leave the monastery) and poverty (never own anything). 6) Monks had to go and pray at loads of different times, starting at 2a.m. and ending at 8 p.m. when they went to bed. Abbeys earned extra money from pilgrims: 1) Many abbeys claimed to own a religious relic, such as the bones of a saint or a splinter of wood from Christ’s cross. People made pilgrimages to look at them. 2) Pilgrims were also attracted to the tombs of saintly people, such as Thomas Becket. 3) Pilgrims also liked to collect badges and souvenirs from the shrines that they had visited- all of which they had to pay for. 4) The first great work of English literature (i.e. written in English and not Latin) is based around a pilgrimage. It is called “The Canterbury Tales” by Geoffrey Chaucer- a story about a group of pilgrims travelling to the shrine of Thomas Becket and telling each other stories along the way. Questions: 1) When and where were monasteries set up? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2) What different monastic orders were there? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3) How did monasteries make money?..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................  English Jews 1066-1290 There was an important Jewish community in England: There had been an important Jewish community in England since the 1000s and Jews had made a major contribution to English society all the way through the 1100s- 1) Jews provided finance for wars and trade by lending the money. 2) They played a vital role in maintaining the British treasury. 3) The Jewish community also brought many new skills and crafts into England. 4) Lots of people disliked them, probably because they were jealous and didn’t like owing them money. The Catholic Church said that usury was a sin: 1) In the Middle Ages, lending money for interest was called usury and was considered to be a sin. 2) Christians were forbidden to lend money. Jews were forbidden to own land. 3) This means that Jews became the money-lenders and were able to set high interest rates. 4) The people who borrowed money from them were not too happy about this. 5) The Crown (King or Queen) watched over Jewish financiers and their property and taxed them harshly. Many Jews were massacred in 1190 The early part of 1190 saw many incidents of anti-Semitic behaviour and attacks on Jewish people. (Anti-Semitism means prejudice and discrimination against Jewish people) 1) The biggest tragedy occurred ay Clifford’s Tower in York, on 16th March 1190 (a Jewish feat day). 2) Richard Malebisse, a local landowner, whippedup anti-Jewish feelings in the city of York. 3) 150 members of the Jewish community in York gathered together for protection in the wooden structure known as Clifford’s Tower.  4) Rather than face the mob that had gathered outside the Tower, many Jews took their own lives. 5) Those who surrendered were massacred by the waiting mob. All 150 Jews died. 6) The mob were partly motivated by their desire not to repay money they had borrowed from the Jewish community. After the massacre the mob moved on to the cathedral, York Minister, to destroy the records of their debts which were kept there. 7) Not all the Jews in York were killed. Some of the survivors paid for the Five Sisters window in the transept of York Minster. All Jews were expelled from England in 1290: 1) 1216-72- The reign of Henry III. Henry III wasn’t a very good king. Jewish bankers gave him much needed loans and finance as he struggled to control his powerful barons. 2) 1275- Edward I passed an Act of Parliament banning Jews from lending money at interest. The King had begun to borrow money from Italian bankers and so no longer felt that he needed to protect English Jews. 3) 1280s- As England struggled with war and financial difficulties, anti- Semitism continued to rise and Jews frequently found themselves being used as scapegoats when things go wrong. 4) 1287- Edward I arrested ad imprisoned 3,000 Jews and demanded ransoms for their release. 5) 1290- Finally Edward issued an edict (command) that expelled all Jews from England. Questions: How did Jews contribute to English society? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Why were Jews massacred and expelled from England? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Revision questions: 1) What year was the Battle of Hastings? 2) Who was crowned King of England after the Battle of Hastings? 3) Name two places that William Rufus conquered. 4) What are the suspicious circumstances surrounding William Rufus’s death? 5) What was the Domesday Book and when was it written? 6) In your own words, explain what a “villein” was. 7) What were towns like at the time of the Domesday Book? Try and sum them up in one sentence. 8) Why did England get involved in Irish affairs during Henry II’s reign? 9) Which of the following best sums up medieval relations between England and Scotland? a. Difficult and unsettled. b. Positive. 10) Which king of England conquered Wales in the 1270s? 11) Name three battles that were won by the English in the Hundred Years War. 12) Who did Henry I decide should be his heir after the White Ship sank in 1120? 13) Explain in 3 sentences what actually happened after Henry I. 14) What did Henry II do to make the court system better? 15) Who was Thomas Becket and why was he killed? 16) Name two of the sons of Henry II who became kings. 17) Where and when was King John forced to sign the Magna Carta? 18) What were the three main issues dealt with by the Magna Carta? 19) Roughly what percentage of the people of Britain died because of the Black Death? 20) Write a paragraph explaining how the Black Death actually made things better for the survivors. 21) What were tithes and who had to pay them? 22) What year was the Peasants’ Revolt led by Wat Tyler? 23) What was King Richard II’s role in the revolt? 24) Where was Christendom in the Middle Ages? 25) Which of the following is the correct meaning of purgatory?  a. The place where people went when they died, in order to have their sins cleansed by fire. b. School. 26) Write a paragraph explaining the role of a parish priest. 27) What were the four vows taken by monks? 28) What is meant by the term “usury”? 29) What is meant by the term “Anti-Semitism”? 30) Write a paragraph describing the massacre at Clifford’s Tower in 1190. You should describe the actual events, as well as suggesting why you think it happened. 31) When were all Jews expelled from England by Edward I?  Feedback and next steps page: Comment: Action: Response  Medieval Monarchs Q1. In 1066, King William I took control of England with an army of just 20,000 Normans. That made him ruler of over a million English people. Read the sources below and answer the questions which follow. Source A: A Briggs, a modern historian: He promised to follow existing laws and customs. He acted as owner of all the land. He kept a quarter for himself, gave the Church a quarter and rewarded the Normans with the rest. In 1086, William made every landowner swear a promise to be loyal to him. Source B: A modern discussion of Norman forts: When the Normans first conquered England, they were heavily outnumbered by the Saxons. It was important for them to assert control and demonstrate their power. One way in which they did this was to build forts all over England. They used Saxon peasants as labour to build the forts. a) Read source A. What did King William do to make himself popular with the following groups? a. The English people ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. b. The Church ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. c. The Normans ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… b) Why did the Normans build forts in England, according to source B? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Q2. There were revolts against the Normans in the early years of William’s reign. William punished the north of England very harshly for this in 1069-70. This is known as the “Harrying of the North”. Source C: Orderic Vitalis, a Norman monk, describes William’s “Harrying of the North” Nowhere else had William shown such cruelty. In his anger, he ordered that all crops, herds, possessions and food of every king should be brought together and burned to ashes. So terrible a famine fell upon the humble and defenceless population, that more than 100,000 Christian folk, both men and women, young and old, died of hunger. Source D: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle describes William Amongst other things, the good order that William established is not to be forgotten. It was such that any man might travel over the kingdom with a bag full of gold unharmed. a) What was the result of William’s “Harrying of the North” according to Source C? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… b) Read source D. What was one advantage of William enforcing law and order? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Q3. In Medieval England, the Archbishop of Canterbury was important and powerful. In 1170, the King, Henry II, argued with the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket. Read sources A and B and then answer the questions. Source E: RJ Unstead, a modern historian Henry II was a strong king. He made the barons obey him and pulled down some of their castles. He also tried to force the clergy, who were powerful, to obey his rules. Thomas Becket would not do so, and for a long time he argued with his King. Henry, in a fit of temper, caused some of his noble knights to kill Becket in Canterbury Cathedral. Later, he was sorry for his deed. Source F: An eyewitness account of the death of Becket In fury, the Knights called out “Where is Thomas Becket, traitor to the King?” He came down and in a clear voice said, “I am here, no traitor to the King, but a priest.” a) What evidence does source E give that Henry II was a strong king? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… b) What reason does source E give for the argument between the King and the Archbishop, Thomas Becket? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. c) Do you think the author of source F is sympathetic to the knights or to Thomas Becket? Give reasons for your answer. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Q4. In 1215, 500 knights attacked the Tower of London because they were angry about high taxes. They forced King John to sign the Magna Carta. Source G: a summary of the main points of Magna Carta 1. No freemen will go to jail without a fair trial and all trials should be held quickly. 2. Taxes which are not fair will not stop and the King will not ask for extra taxes. 3. The Church will be free from interference by the King. 4. Merchants will not be subjected to unfair taxes. Source H- Dr. Mike Ibeji, a modern historian The popular image of King John as a classically bad king., A scheming, untrustworthy coward, consumed by greed. His acts of cruelty are well documented. He hanged and starved 28 hostages and starved to death William de Braose’s wife and son in a royal prison. a) Source G contains the main points of the Magna Carta. Rewrite them in your own words. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… b) How does source H show that King John was cruel? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………  Medieval Life Q1. The Domesday Book was introduced by King William I in 1086. Read sources A and B and then answer the questions. Source A- an extract from the Domesday Book 1086 The Bishop of Coutances holds Olney. There are 24 villagers and 5 smallholders. They have 7 ploughs. There are 5 slaves. There is one mill valued at 40 shillings. There is enough meadow for 10 ploughs as well as woodland and 400 pigs. In total, it is valued at twelve pounds. Source B: a modern historian’s view. William’s survey of England was useful in many ways. It told him how rich the country was. This allowed him to work out how much tax each place had to pay. He could also work out how many knights each place should send him if he needed to call an army. a) How many of the following did Olney have in 1086? I. Slaves II. Ploughs III. Villagers b) Using source B, describe in your own words two reasons why the Domesday Book was useful to King William. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. c) Which of the two sources, A or B, is a primary source? Explain your answer. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Q2. Some historians have used the Domesday Book to find out about what English society was like in Medieval England. Read source C and answer the questions that follow. Source C- the feudal system in Medieval England The King was the most powerful man in the country and held about a quarter of the land. The King granted the rest of the country’s land to about 200 nobles and 100 important members of the clergy. The nobles and clergy in turn granted some of their land to knights and gentry. The knights and gentry allowed peasants to farm their land in return for some of the produce. The least powerful people in English society were slaves- about 9% of the population. a) How many nobles and important clergy did the King grant land to? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. b) Draw a simple diagram of the feudal system. Show the most powerful person at the top of the diagram and the least powerful people at the bottom. Q3. In 1348, a deadly disease arrived in England. It was called the “Black Death” or “plague” and nine out of every ten people who caught it died. Source D- a survivor of the plague describes the disease 1350 By God’s will, this evil led to a strange and unwanted kind of death. The flesh was puffed and swollen. Source E- a description of the causes of the plague from the 1300s In this year 1348 in Melcombe in the county of Dorset two ships came alongside. One of the sailors from Gascony has brought with him the seeds of a terrible pestilence. Source F- The Italian writer Boccaccio described the symptoms of the plague in 1348: Both men and women were affected by a sort of swelling in the groin or under the armpits which reached the size of a common apple or egg. These boils bean in a little while to spread all over the body. Later, the appearance of the disease changed to black or red patches on the arms or thighs. These blotches quickly led to death. a) Complete the following sentence by choosing one of the options The statement in Source D that the Black Death is God’s will is: i. Fact ii. A likely explanation iii. Opinion b) Compare source D and E. How do they differ in their explanations of the plague? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. c) How did the symptoms of the Black Death change over time, according to source F? Make your answer as detailed as you can. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………........................ Q4. In 1381 many peasants in England revolted. Read source G and answer the questions below: Source G- events of the Peasants’ revolt  In 1381 Parliament tried to introduce a poll tax of a shilling per person. It was the third poll tax since 1377. People who could not afford to pay this tax were put into prison.  There were rebellions against the tax in Essex, Norfolk and Kent fuelled by discontent about the tax, the feudal system and the war with France. Wat Tyler and John Ball led the rebellions.  The rebels marched into London. They made a demand that peasants should be freed from the feudal system (so no longer owe their lives and work to their local lord). The King made some promises, so the rebels returned home.  Some rebels remained in London and ran rampage, killing rich men and clergy. They were defeated and the rebel leaders were killed. a) Name three things that were making the people unhappy and led them to take part in the Peasants’ Revolt: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. b) Using information from source G, write a short paragraph describing the events of the Peasants’ Revolt in your own words. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..  Medieval Church Q1. Many surviving medieval buildings are churches. Study source A and then answer the questions below. Source A: the accounts for buildings at Westminster Abbey 1269-71 For marble, freestone from Caen and Reigate, ragstone, plaster, chalk the cost is £459. For lead, iron, steel, charcoal, locks, ropes, glass, wax, pitch and for making cement the cost is £140. a) Where was the freestone to build Westminster Abbey from? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. b) What information in source A helps explain why medieval churches have lasted longer than other medieval buildings? Consider the following factors: material, cost and the care taken in choosing materials. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Q2. Medieval people often went on pilgrimages. Read sources B, C and D and then answer the questions below. Source B: Tony McAleavy, a modern historian People believed that they were more likely to get to heaven if they prayed to the saints. A piece from the body of a dead saint was known as a relic. Relics were thought to have a special power that could help people with their prayers. People would travel many miles to visit a church containing such a relic. Source C: a list of relics at Wimbourne Minster in Dorset A piece of the true cross, a bit of Christ’s robe, some hairs from his beard, a piece of the pillar at which he was whipped, a thorn from his crown, a piece of the manger, St William’s shoe, St Agatha’s thigh bone, one of St Philips’ teeth and part of St Mary the Egyptian.  Source D: The life of St Hugh, Bishop of Lincoln late 1100s. When Bishop Hugh was at the famous monastery of Fecamp, he got two small pieces of the arm of St Mary Magdalen by biting them from the bone. The monks shouted out “How terrible. He has stuck his teeth into the bone and gnawed at it, as if he were a dog.” a) Use information from sources B and C to describe what a relic is. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… b) Read source C. Do you think these relics were genuine? Explain your answer. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. c) Do you think that the description of the Bishop of Lincoln’s behaviour in source D is probably: a. True- it is evidence that he was an unfussy eater. b. Made up- maybe the author wanted to show him in a bad light. c. True- the story is printed in a book, so is probably true. Q3. Some people were unhappy with the state of the medieval Church; for example, a group called the Lollards led by John Wycliffe. Read the sources and answer the questions that follow: Source E: a description of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket from around 1170. When Becket crosses the English Channel, he never has less than six ships. Every day he gives away valuable presents of horses, birds, clothes, gold, silver dishes and money.  Source F: Taxes for the Church, described by a modern historian. The peasants paid 10% of what they earned in a year to the Church. Tithes (the name for this tax) could be paid in either money or goods produced by the peasant farmers. A failure to pay tithes, so the peasants were told by the Church, would lead to their souls going to hell after they died. a) Why do you think some people in medieval England would have been angry with the Church, if they heard the information in source E? Choose from: a. They might have been angry that they hadn’t been given the presents from the Archbishop. b. They might have been angry that a member of the English clergy would travel across the English Channel so often, as it was unpatriotic. c. They might have been angry that a member of the clergy should be so rich, when the clergy were supposed to live a religious life of poverty and restraint. b) Read source F. Why might peasants have complained about the Church? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Q4. Read source G, about the treatment of Jewish people in medieval England, then answer the questions below. Source G: The persecution of Jews in 1189, by Roger of Hoveden The citizens of London attacked the Jews in the city and burned their hosues- but by the kindness of their Christian friends, some few made their escape. On the day after the coronation, the king sent his servants, and caused those offenders to be arrested who had set fire to the city. This wasn’t for the sake of the Jews, but on account of the houses and property of the Christians which they had burnt and plundered. a) What evidence is there in source G that Jewish people were treated badly in England? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. b) Does source G suggest that all English people behaved badly towards the Jews? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. c) Describe the attitude of King Richard towards the Jews. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………  Feedback and next steps page: Comment: Action: Response  Religion in Tudor times Religion was a hot political topic for the Tudor Kings and Queens. The big changed started when Henry VIII broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and put the English Church under his control. Religion was important because it was linked to politics: 1) Today people are mostly free to worship however they want. In the 1500s it was different- religion was tied up with politics and there was very little religious intolerance. 2) Rulers wouldn’t allow their subjects to follow other faiths. This was believed to be disloyal and subversive. 3) For example, Elizabeth I decided on a middle ground of very mild Protestantism and wanted all her subjects to follow it. People who continued to support other faiths were punished. The Jesuit (Catholic) priest, Edmund Campion, was executed as a traitor during Elizabeth’s reign. Some extreme Protestants, called Puritans, wanted more reforms (changes) than Elizabeth was prepared to allow. John Stubbs had his hand cut off for printing a book that supported Puritanism. Henry VIII broke away from the Roman Catholic Church: 1) Henry VIII followed the Catholic Church at first and was called “Defender of the Faith” by the Pope. But his Catholic wife, Catherine of Aragon, could not give him a son. 2) Henry decided he wanted to marry Anne Boleyn instead, but the Pope in Rome wouldn’t let him get divorced. 3) Henry stayed Catholic, but he broke away from Rome and got rid of the monasteries because: a. He wanted a son to follow him. b. He fancied Anne Boleyn c. He was short of money and the monasteries were rich d. He wanted the extra power of controlling the Church. e. He could keep the nobles happy by giving them church lands. Timeline of events: 1532- Henry stopped all payments going from the Church in England to Rome. 1533- His marriage was annulled (cancelled) and he married Anne. 1534- Henry made himself Head of the Church in England and the Act of Supremacy made this official. 1536 onwards- He attacked the Catholic monasteries and took their valuables and land. 1539- The Bible was translated into English. An Act of Six Articles was passed which supported Catholicism. Problems were caused by breaking away from Rome: 1) Many Catholics still felt loyal to the Pope. 2) People resented the nobles getting the Church lands and wealth 3) Catherine of Aragon was the aunt of Charles V of Spain- one of the most powerful rulers in Europe. Henry was making enemies by annulling his marriage to Catherine. 4) When the monasteries were annulled, poor people lost a source of charity. 5) The dissolution of the monasteries provoked the Pilgrimage of Grace- a revolt of 40 000 people in the north of England. 6) The break away from Rome encouraged Protestants to quarrel more with the Catholic Church. Questions: Why was religion important in Tudor times? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Why did Henry VIII break away from Rome? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..  Religion in Tudor England: All of these religious changes in England were not happening in isolation- there were major religious arguments and changes going on in Europe as well. The Reformation was happening in Europe: 1) In the 1500s people in northern Europe were getting seriously annoyed with the corruption and superstition in the Roman Catholic Church. 2) Religious thinkers like Martin Luther (a German friar) and John Calvin (a French priest) wrote books and articles protesting about the state of the Catholic Church. This word protest is where we get the word Protestant. 3) Protestants like Calvin and Luther wanted to reform (change) Christian religion and make it easier for ordinary people to understand. E.g. by translating the Bible from Latin so ordinary people could understand it. 4) To the Catholic Church, Protestants were heretics. Some were executed, though the famous ones like Luther and Calvin survived. Edward VI was fairly Protestant, but Mary was Catholic: Henry VIII died in 1547 and his 9-year old son Edward became King. Edward had been brought up by a Protestant. Most English people were still Catholics, but Edward supported Protestants by: 1) Saying that priests could marry (Catholic priests couldn’t!) 2) Introducing a new book of Common Prayer in 1549, written in English. 3) Passing the Act of Uniformity to make everyone use the new Book of Common Prayer. 4) Making services simpler and churches barer in the Protestant fashion. Edward died young in 1553. His sister Mary became Queen of England and ruled until her death in 1558. She was a strong Catholic who tried to reverse the religious changes of the previous reigns. 1) She got rid of the Prayer Books and the Act of Uniformity. 2) She restored the rule of the Pope over the Church in England in 1554 and married the Catholic Phillip II of Spain. 3) She had about 300 Protestants burned, including famous Churchmen like Cranmer, Latimer and Ridley. This led to her being labelled “Bloody Mary” by Protestants like John Foxe. Elizabeth I tried a moderate religious policy: 1) Elizabeth I (1558-1603) tried to allow both Catholics and Protestants to worship- all under the official structure of the Church of England. As long as people went to church, she didn’t ask too much about what they believed. 2) She called herself Governor of the Church of England, rather than Head, by an Act of Supremacy (1559). A new Act of Uniformity (1559) insisted that everybody use a new Prayer Book. It was worded in a way that wouldn’t offend Catholics too much. 3) As time passed, there were threats to her life from Catholics and she became harsher in her treatment of them. Catholics found themselves having to worship in secret. 4) There were Protestants in England called Puritans- they had strict ideas about life, such as opposing things like theatre, dancing, football and alcohol. Questions: What was the Reformation? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Explain how Edward and Mary had different religious views. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Why was Elizabeth I seen as a moderate in her religious views? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..  Mary Queen of Scots and the Spanish Armada: Mary Queen of Scots was a real problem for Elizabeth, What made this problem worse was that they were cousins. Elizabeth had Mary Queen of Scots executed. 1) Mary Stuart, the daughter of James V of Scotland, married the French king. She returned to Scotland when her husband died. 2) By then, Protestant leaders like John Knox had become powerful in Scotland- and Mary was a Catholic. She married Lord Darnley, who was murdered in 1567 and then (foolishly) married the unpopular Earl of Bothwell. 3) She was forced to flee Scotland to England, asking for Elizabeth’s help. Her name was associated with several Catholic plots to kill Elizabeth, so Elizabeth had Mary put in prison. Eventually, Elizabeth agreed to have her executed and Mary was beheaded. Relations between England and Spain got worse: Phillip II (King of Spain) got on well with Elizabeth to begin with and even asked to marry her (he had been married to her sister Mary before!). But relations between the two countries got gradually worse: 1) Because he had been married to Mary before, he wanted his power back. 2) Many people in Catholic Spain thought that the Protestant Elizabeth should not be queen. 3) Elizabeth had been secretly encouraging pirate attacks on Spanish ships. 4) Elizabeth had been secretly helping Spain’s enemies in the Netherlands. 5) In 1587 she executed Mary Queen of Scots, a Catholic queen. 6) The Pope had written an open letter (Papal Bull) to all Catholics, saying that they shouldn’t obey Elizabeth. The Spanish Armada was defeated: In May 1588 Phillip sent the Spanish Armada (a fleet of boats) against England. Within a few weeks what was left of the fleet was limping home, by escaping round the top of Britain and back past Ireland. It was a disaster because-  1) The leader of the Armada, Medina Sidonia was a soldier rather than a sailor. 2) The English had faster ships and better sailors. 3) The Spanish soldiers who were supposed to meet up with the Armada couldn’t get there. 4) The English had crippled the Spanish fleet while it was in Calais harbour by sending in fire-ships. 5) The Armada hadn’t planned to sail all the way round Britain, but they were forced to escape. Ships were destroyed on rocks. Questions: Why was Mary Queen of Scots executed? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. How did relations between England and Spain get worse? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. How did England defeat the Spanish Armada? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..  Feedback and next steps page: Comment: Action: Response  Elizabeth I- marriage and poverty Elizabeth had some other big problems to deal with in her reign- who she should marry was a massive headache and so was what to do with poor people. The question of marriage and succession was important: Over twenty-six important men asked to marry Elizabeth I and she said no to all of them. Elizabeth had to be careful about her choice of husband for lots of reasons: 1) She had to put England first and not join with countries that people hated, like Spain. 2) She didn’t want to marry a foreign king if it meant a foreign country having power over England. 3) She had to be careful that her future husband’s religion wouldn’t cause trouble. 4) She didn’t dare marry an English nobleman like Lord Dudley (who she really fancied) because that would make the other nobles jealous. 5) She was the last of Henry VIII’s children alive and needed to have a child so that there would be an heir to the throne. Otherwise people might fight over the throne after she died. In the end, she stayed single, although she wasn’t all that happy about that. Her advisors were worried about the succession (who would be king or queen after she died) and kept trying to get her to marry. Poverty was a big problem in Elizabethan England: Elizabeth faced a growing problem with poverty in England: 1) The monasteries had been dissolved under Henry VIII- these had helped poor people in the past. 2) The population was increasing, so there were more people needing housing, food and jobs. 3) Rich landowners were fencing off land and this stopped many poor people being able to make a living on the common ground.  4) Sheep farming was catching on, which takes a lot less workers than growing wheat. 5) Many poor people wandered to the towns, where there were few jobs. This led to more crime, as people tried to stay alive by stealing from others. Parliament passed new Poor Laws: It was this fear of crime from wandering poor that made the government bring in harsh laws. They divided poor people up into:  Sturdy beggars: these were people who were thought to be skiving- they were made to work in workhouses.  The deserving poor- these were people who couldn’t work through no fault of their own. They were given money and could stay in their homes. The Acts of 1597 and 1601 lasted for over 200 years. Although they didn’t solve the problems of poverty and begging, they were a start. Questions: Why was it important that Elizabeth should marry? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Why was poverty a problem in Elizabethan England? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. What did Parliament do to help the poor? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..  The English Civil War In the 1600s things got tense between the Crown and Parliament. The main quarrels were over power. The relationship between the monarchy and Parliament, and the religion of England. Charles I (1625-1649) made some unpopular decisions. 1) Charles was responsible for expensive wars with France, Spain and Scotland. He also had to deal with rebellions in Ireland. 2) When Parliament refused to let him raise more tax, Charles resorted to illegal taxation and tried to rule without Parliament. 3) Charles supported “high church” ceremonies and people were worried that he wanted to make England more Catholic again. 4) He made enemies by asking people for Ship Money Tax- which was usually only collected when there was a war on, 5) Charles tried to do without Parliament for 11 years (1629-1640). This finally led to Civil War in 1642 and led to seven years of struggles between Royalists and Parliamentarians. Was Charles a successful monarch? Whether you think Charles was a good monarch depends on what you think a good king should be like, e.g.  Stay out of debt  Have good relations with Parliament  Stay out of arguments about religion.  Be successful in war. Charles messed up in all these areas:  He had money problems  He wanted to limit Parliament’s power.  He caused uncertainty about religion.  He was beaten in war by the Scots. Still, he was an old-fashioned king living in changing times. He thought he had a divine right to rule (God had made him king), with no need to share power with Parliament, just like Kings had done in previous centuries. The Civil War was fought from 1642 to 1648 1641-2- Conflict between King and Parliament over war and taxes. 1642-8- Battles between Royalists and Parliamentarians. 1648- Charles was defeated by Cromwell’s New Model Army at Preston. England became known as the “Commonwealth” with Cromwell as President. 1649- Charles I was put on trial for treason and executed. 1651- Cromwell crushes attempt by Charles I’s son to get the throne. 1658- Cromwell dies 1660- Monarchy was restored. Charles II (Charles I’s son) becomes the new king. Parliamentarians called the Royalists “Cavaliers” after the Spanish word “caballeros” which means armed horsemen. Royalists called the Parliamentarians “Roundheads” because of the close-cropped heads of apprentices from London who supported Parliament. Questions: 1) What did Charles I do to upset people? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2) How did Charles make Parliament angry? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3) How did Cavaliers and Roundheads get their names? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….  The Causes of the English Civil War The Civil war was horrible. Some families ended up fighting each other, civilians who didn’t want to be involved had fighting in towns and soldiers raiding their property. There are four different explanations of why the war started: Religious factors: Puritans wanted Economic factors: Charles was religious change and were worried that spending more money than he was Charles was a Catholic. He probably earning in taxes. Illegal methods of was- he tried to change some religious taxation were introduced and old services in church. methods were brought back, which meant that people were paying a lot more tax. Political factors: Parliament wanted to Social factors: The population of have more power, but Charles was England was growing quickly, reluctant to let them. Charles contributing to poverty and attempted to rule without Parliament unemployment. There were tense in the 1630s. relations between the social classes- the middle classes were getting richer, whereas the nobles were getting poorer. Some historians blame long-term factors: Some traditional historians blame long-term factors for causing the Civil War (some things that had been building up over a long period of time). 1) Some historians say that the problems went back to the reign of James I (Charles’ father)- he was unpopular with Parliament and they disagreed about religion and money. 2) Class and other social tensions had been developing since the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (we have already looked at poverty in her reign). Other historians blame short-term factors: A more recent view of historians is that short-term (things that happened close to when the war started) were more to blame. For example: 1630s- proposed religious changes make Puritans angry. 1639 and 1640- England was defeated by Scotland in the religious Bishops’ Wars. 1640- Charles called a Parliament in 1640. MPs began to demand political and religious changes. January 1642- Charles tries to arrest 5 MPs by taking 400 soldiers into the House of Commons. They manage to escape. March 1642- Rebellion in Ireland, but Parliament doesn’t want to let Charles have an army to crush the rebellion (they don’t trust him) as it would give him lots of power. June 1642- Parliament passes 19 Propositions that demand an increase in Parliament’s power. Charles is angry and both sides raise armies. Questions: 1) What four factors caused the Civil War? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2) What long-term reasons were there for war? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3) What short-term reasons were there for war? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..  Feedback and next steps page: Comment: Action: Response  Events of the English Civil War There were two phases to the Civil War- 1642-46 and 1647-49. By the second phase the Parliamentarians were starting to win- their New Model Army was really tough and disciplined. The Major Events in the Civil War: 1642 to 1646: August 1642- Charles raised an army in Nottingham, while Parliament raised its army in London. October 1642- Battle at Edgehill but no clear result. 1643- Many battles, including Newbury, but still no clear outcome. June and July 1645- Parliament used the New Model Army to win important victories at Naseby and Langport. 1646- Charles fled to Scotland where he was captured and sold back to Parliament. 1647 to 1649: 1) In 1647 Charles rejected a deal to give Parliament control of the army fo 10 years and to allow freedom of worship. He escaped from prison and made a new deal with the Scots. 2) In the summer of 1648 Royalists had victories in the north, but were defeated by Cromwell and the New Model Army at Preston. 3) In January 1649 the House of Commons set up a high court of justice and although Charles thought the court was illegal it found him guilty of treason and he was sentenced to death. The Civil War divided families: 1) Parliamentarian support was strongest in the South and East. The main support for Parliament came from small farmers, merchants and townspeople. 2) Royalist support was strongest in the north, the west and in Wales. A greater majority of the nobility and the gentry supported the King rather than Parliament. 3) Religion was the important factor deciding which side people took. Parliament could count on the support of English Puritans. Catholics and less radical Protestants supported Charles. 4) It wasn’t unusual for families to be split in their support for King and Parliament. Charles and friends, but Parliament had money Although the Royalists had good generals, brave troops and were skilled horsemen, Parliament won: 1) Parliament had skilled generals like Fairfax and Cromwell. 2) It had the well-organised, trained and disciplined New Model Army. 3) It had control of the Navy and was able to block French supplies to Charles. 4) It was able to use taxes to finance itself, while the King had to rely on friends and supporters. 5) Charles proved to be a poor leader and made bad tactical decisions. Questions: 1) Explain how Charles lost the first phase of the Civil War from 1642 to 1646. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2) Why did Parliament want to execute Charles? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3) Parliament won because they had money- do you agree? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………  England after the Civil War King Charles had gone, but the arguments about what should replace him were only just beginning. The period between Charles I and Charles II is called the “interregnum”- the period between reigns. There were different ideas about how to run the country: The winners soon began to argue amongst themselves. Different groups had different ideas about how the country should be run. 1) Republicans were happy to see Parliament continue to rule. It wasn’t a full Parliament though- MPS who had supported the King and all of the House of Lords were excluded. It was called the “Rump Parliament.” 2) Royalists looked forward to the return of the monarchy, hopefully in the shape of Charles II who fled abroad after his defeat of 1651. 3) The army, especially the generals, wanted to keep the power and influence they had during the Civil Wars. Some groups wanted social and economic equality: 1) The Levellers were Puritans. They wanted to abolish the monarchy and the privileges of the nobles. When the Levellers tried to build up support in the army, Cromwell moved quickly to crush them. 2) The Diggers were a r