KNES 244 Week 6-10 Midterm 2 Study Guide PDF

**Week 6 lecture 1** **Sport mediation** - Sports are portrayed to the people using selected images - Language is derived on narratives of melodramas, rise and fall of heroes, villains defeated, women playing out supporting roles. **Sports media tells stories that** - Exaggerate the s...

**Week 6 lecture 1** **Sport mediation** - Sports are portrayed to the people using selected images - Language is derived on narratives of melodramas, rise and fall of heroes, villains defeated, women playing out supporting roles. **Sports media tells stories that** - Exaggerate the spectacular - Promote rivalries - Athletes as celebrity icons **Ideological themes in sports mediation** **Gender** **Sexuality** **Racial Identity** **Nationality** ------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- Women accomplishments are undermined, and highly sexualized Erasing homosexuality Racial stereotypes like white people typically playing hockey Promotion of national pride and nationalism Women are underrepresented in sports media **Week 6 LECTURE 2:** **Sports Media Complex** - Relationship driven by economics and ideology - Partnership of media, pro sports leagues/organizations, and advertisers - Both mutually benefit as they make billions of dollars in revenue **Televised sport in Canada** - 1952 CBC and radio-Canada televised hockey - To promote Canadian identity against American threat - All Canadians had universal accessibility - Early 1960s was the rise of paid cable channels **TSN in 1984** - They could televise tournaments and playoff series - This marked the privatization of sports media in Canada **1990s: CBC had to fight to keep access to broadcast NHL hockey and the Olympic game** Their argument - The audience the NHL games brings subsidization of other programs **Rogers** - Uses its ownership in the sports industry to promote phones - Exclusive NHL TV - Naming Rights for blue jays (Toronto stadium), Roger's arena, home of the Vancouvers Canucks. **Week 7** **Is physical activity a solution to poor health?** - Physical activity has clear benefits towards mental and physical health. Thus seen as a common-sense approach to solving poor health problems. - Sociologists, health professionals see this as a too simplistic approach to solving serious health problems **Why do sociologists think so?** **Serious health problems are chronic and multifactorial (many sources contribute to the problem) like:** - Heart disease - Cancer - Diabetes - Malnutrition - Asthma or other respiratory problems **These sources/conditions** **are categorized between 2 levels** 1. **Individual level (downstream)** - Genetics - Choices they make for their lifestyle - Immediate family environment (blood related) 2. **Structural conditions (upstream)** - Factors beyond the individual, recognizing that there are some people who are more accessible to lifestyle changes than others. - Takes a population **health perspective or social determinants of health** - Recognizes that health and disease are unequally distributed amongst the population as others have a better "environment." - These health defining factors are: - Food in/security - Safe and good quality house - Access to education - Job in/security - Income in//equality - Social supports - Whether an individual experiences discrimination due to their identity **Healthism** - Societal ideology revolved around health on the individual lens rather than structural conditions **Body size and stigma** - Bigger body sizes are perceived to have less self-control and discipline - Thinner sizes are perceived to have good self-restraint, discipline, and good character **Week 8 lecture 1** **BMI** - Isn't meant for clinical use at the individual level, used to measure the population level instead. **Social class** - Group of people who share a common economic position based on their income **life chances** - Odds of an individual reaching economic power and financial success **Social Mobility** - Changes in wealth within a generation to the other **Rags to riches** - Stories on Life chances that were used by an individual to make social mobility. From being poor to rich by playing professional sports - Sports media corps promote this narrative (sports mediation) **Week 8 Lecture 2** **Meritocracy** - Canada and USA are seen as a meritocratic society which contradicts the promotion of equal chance of success. - Hierarchal ranking where a person of great ability is rewarded to a greater degree than those below of ranking - Seen as an illusion as to truly be a meritocratic society, **equal opportunity, and equal condition** (fundamental equalities in the meritocratic system) must be fulfilled. However, its often not met as there could be equipment, league, coach disparity, etc... (conditions and opportunity not fulfilled) **Social mobility and professional sports** - Social mobility in professional sports is limited as a minuscule amount of high school athletes reach the pro leagues. However, there are other concerns on social mobility if you do reach the pro leagues such as. - **Longevity of the professional career** - **Injuries and disabilities** - **Opportunity costs of getting to the league** - The association between social class and pro sports was showed by scholars in the 1970 - One's social class also links to the type of sport they do (golfing is accessible to the richer folks hence why it is played by wealthy people) - Olympic athletes come from privileged backgrounds - Professional athletes tend to have parents with professional careers - The rags to riches narrative is a consequence of this but is also misleading as it is a narrative that pushes against the insurmountable disadvantage.\\ **Patterns of social class and participation in sports** - Who participates - How they participate - Who watches sports - Are all related to social class, as they have the most access to these. Due to organized sports being regarded as luxury items. **Those In lower income or in poverty rarely have regular sports participation** - This can affect health, development of children morally, etc... - Women mostly make up the population of those in poverty - They have less time for sports and leisure as they must take care of their children. **Week 8 Lecture 3** **Trickle down effect** - People see other people do it -- they do it too - Govt of Canada justifies funding high-performance sports in Canada to inspire citizens to join sports **Sport Participation** **Transferring public money to the upper classes and corps** - Public subsidy in the form of taxes used to renovate/build facilities for international events - These facilities are then used for the professional sport teams - The upper classes and corporations then benefit from these as upper classes use businesses to profit income from sports games, while corporations gain revenue from sold tickets. - Costs of tickets outpaced inflation rates, making it hard for people to watch these games. **Does the public benefit from this?** - The public does not benefit from this as to use the facilities, one must pay to get in - Cuts were made to public supported sports programs, which makes formerly free user fees to becoming paid, decreasing participation. **Week 9 Lecture 1 Race, Racial ideology, and Sports** **Ethnicity** - Form of identification, that is based on common history, social, and cultural norms/practices **Race** - Socially constructed forms of identifying people between groups that are referenced from their physical/genetic characteristics. **Racial ideology** - Ideas & beliefs that are used to give meaning to physical traits Ex. Black people are made to play sports, that is why they have long Achilles tendon. **Racism** - Made by Europeans, during the European expansion period - Made by the thought process of them being higher class than those of other races - Scientific racism is that scientists claimed that Europeans were superior intellectually, physically, and culturally **All species, humans too, contain some variation among members** **This was due to isolation causing genetic differences, seen in plans and animal species** - However, in human history, no human group was isolated long to develop big differences to classify each other as different races. - Human genome project shows that humans are 99.9% identical in genetic level **The concept of Race** - Racial categories/classifications are socially constructed, based on meanings that was given to specific physical traits - Race is not a valid biological concept verified by human genome experiment **Race as a social construction** - Race is not a biological concept but rather a terminology that was built to differentiate physical characteristics. **Racial Classification System** - Race is a primitive and powerful classification system - It was based on a two-category classification system, revolving around the one drop rule -The one-drop rule was made to ensure purity of the white race and to control the property of the white men **Week 9 Lecture 3** **Sports and Radicalized athletes** - Sports are producers and are products of racial ideology (a dialectical relationship) - Racial minorities (black people) within a sport are structured and reflective based on the era\'s racial hierarchy. (Black people are highly celebrated in basketball during the period of BLM) **Scientific Racism** - In the early 1900s, there were strong societal connections between race, masculinity, and sporting excellence - They then questioned the success of black people - Their conclusion was that physical prowess was given at the expense of intelligence. **Sports and Biological Essentialism** - Black Athleticism is devalued and exaggerated - Their success in the 20^th^ century was said to be unfair natural advantages as it was a threat to white racial superiority - Example is Jack Johnson (first black American to hold world heavyweight championship title) fighting the great white hope. **Black Girls Run** - The need to run with those who look like them - Make social connections with the community - Beat the statistical disadvantages and dominant narratives of being a black woman **Week 10 Lecture 1** **Person-First language** - Refers person first then disability (person with disability) - Current standard **Identity First Language** - Refers to their disability first then person (disabled person) - Standard terminology on how disabled people describe themselves **Ableism** - Using ideas and beliefs that related to each other, to identify other people as either physically or intellectually disabled. - By using these ideas, it allows for justification of treating people with disabilities as inferior - Rejects that varying physical and intellectual differences is normal. **Medical model of Disability** - Disability is individualized and its their responsibility to overcome such disability - The medical\'s goal is to turn the disabled person as close to normal - Significant difference between disabled and normal, no in between **Social model of disability** - Has rights enshrined in United Nations on rights of disabled persons - The problem is inaccessible environment not the person - Rejects/goes away from "it's the persons responsibility to overcome their disability" **Universal Design** - Includes products/building features that is accessible/usable to everyone - Minimizes unnecessary add-ons to manage expenses and stigmatization - Utilizes the environment to support all kinds of individuals at all levels of ability **"Empire of the Normal"** - Society overall promoting normalcy - Visible impairments in the empire of the normal are often asked polite but repetitive questions like... 1. What happened to you 2. Why are you this way - Competitive and high-performance sports are often highly prioritized in the empire of the normal **Paralympics History** - Ludwig Guttman used sports as rehab for injured veterans (after WW2) - Before Guttman there were... 1. Deaf Games, founded in 1888 Berlin 2. Blind Games, founded in 1909 3. Injured Veterans competing in games in Canada, US, Europe around the same time as Guttman - Canadas earliest parasport was sport competitions for war veterans - It was in the 1960s-1970s for white men with spinal cord injuries, amputation, visual impairments - However, there was movement to include those with cerebral palsy, intellectual disabilities, etc... to paralympics. **Modern Paralympics** - Focuses on advertising, competition, sponsorship, and spectator interest. Since they prioritize spectator interest, they tend to cut out events that do not do as well. - The consequences with this are that woman, with more intensive impairments like intellectual impairments are undermined. Decreasing their participation. - Overall, those with more visual impairments or low-level impairments are celebrated compared to intensive impairment counterparts. **Special Olympics** - For people with intellectual disabilities, inclusion and neurodiversion **Inspiration porn** - Shows that disabled people as heroic for accomplishing ordinary thing - Disability is showed as a terrible thing to overcome - Therefore, their struggles and success mean a purpose for the able-bodied -A heart warming spectacle -Provokes shame of "if they can do it why can't i?" **What's so wrong about it?** - Although it is better than viewing people with disabilities as pity or abnormal, but it presents them as fundamentally different that the able bodied - However, some people do the disabled community find that it does resonate with them, only under right circumstances.