Movement Anatomy PDF

\MOVEMENT Anterior and Posterior - used to indicate the front and back of the body Anterior - Front of the Body (PALMAR) Posterior - Back of the Body(DORSAL) Proximal and Distal - Distance from the roots Limbs Proximal - near to the roots of Limb Distal - Far from the limb Superficial and Deep -...

\MOVEMENT Anterior and Posterior - used to indicate the front and back of the body Anterior - Front of the Body (PALMAR) Posterior - Back of the Body(DORSAL) Proximal and Distal - Distance from the roots Limbs Proximal - near to the roots of Limb Distal - Far from the limb Superficial and Deep - Relative distances of structures from the surface of the body Super - Near surface Deep - Far Internal and External - Used to describe the relative distance of a structure from the center of an organ or cavity Internal - Inside External - Outside Ipsilateral - Same side of the body Contralateral - Opposite Supine - Position of the body is lying on the back Prone - Position is lying face downwards Lateral - Side of the body Medial - Inner part of structure Joint - Two bones come together Flexion - Movement That takes place in a sagittal plane Extension - Backwards Abduction - Movement of a limb away from the body Adduction - Towards the body Rotation - internal and external movement from the axis Pronation - Medial rotation of the forearm in such a manner that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly Supination - Interiorly Circumduction - Combination of , flexion,extension,abduction, and adduction Inversion - Movement of the foot so that the sole faces in medial direction Eversion - Lateral Direction Protraction - Move forward Retraction - Backward  CHAPTER 1: Basic Concepts in Kinesiology: Kinematics 2 Kinesiology is actually a combination of art and science Human Movement: Kinetics and Kinematics Kinetics concentrates on the forces that produce or resist the movement Kinematics, on the other hand, deals with types of motion or movement without regard for the forces that produce that motion. kinematics, we include descriptors such as the type of motion, the direction of the motion, and the quantity of the motion. Quantity of motion is discussed in units such as degrees of motion or the amount of linear distance a body or segment moves. Kinematics uses the three-dimensional system used in mathematics and physics to describe the orientation of the body and its segments in space. The use of this system helps us identify and predict motion of the body and its segments.. Osteokinematics concerns the movements of the bony partners or segments that make up a joint arthrokinematics focuses specifically on the minute movements occurring within the joint and between the joint surfaces. Planes of Motion and Axes of Motion The body and its segments move in planes of motion around axes of motion These planes of motion are called cardinal planes of motion. The three axes around which these planes rotate, in physics terms, are x, y, and z. the x or medial-lateral axis runs side to side -located in the frontal plane the y or vertical axis runs up and down or superior-inferior and is in a transverse plane the z or anterior-posterior axis runs from front to back and is in the sagittal plane Anatomical position is a reference position of the body in a static, or nonmoving, position. - described as a standing position with the feet, knees, body, and head facing forward, and the shoulders rotated so the palms of the hands also face forward with the fingers extended three planes of motion are the frontal, sagittal, and horizontal planes, axes include the anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and superior-inferior axes of motion, respectively. The frontal plane is also known as the coronal plane (XY plane) It rotates around an axis that is perpendicular to it: the anterior-posterior axis. Motions that occur within the frontal plane: Abduction and adduction (hip, shoulder, digits) Ulnar and radial deviation (a type of abduction/ adduction at the wrist) Lateral flexion or bending (neck, trunk) these motions occur within the frontal plane and around an axis that lies at right angles to the The sagittal plane (YZ plane) or Lateral plane is so named because it is parallel to the sagittal suture of the skull, dividing the body into right and left sides. Examples of joint motions that occur in the sagittal plane are defined as flexion and extension (neck, trunk, elbow and many others) and dorsiflexion and plantarflexion (ankle). The horizontal or transverse plane is so named because it is parallel to the horizon and the floor (XZ plane). It divides the body into upper and lower parts. Rotations occur in this plane around a longitudinal or y-axis. axis lies perpendicular to the transverse plane in a cephalocaudal direction Medial and lateral rotation (hip and shoulder) Pronation and supination (forearm) Eversion and inversion (foot) Extension is the movement of one bone segment away from the other bone, If extension goes beyond the anatomic reference position, it is called hyperextension. dorsum of the foot moves toward the anterior surface of the tibia, but this motion is called dorsiflexion rather than flexion. dorsum moves away from the tibia is called plantarflexion. As with flexion and extension, the wrist (radiocarpal) joint also has unique terms for some of its abduction-adduction motions. Adduction is called ulnar deviation or ulnar flexion because it is a sideways motion moving the little finger toward the ulna, and abduction is called radial deviation or radial flexion because it is a sideways motion moving the thumb toward the radius. Osteokinematics describes the movement that occurs between the shafts of two adjacent bones as the two body segments move with regard to each other. Osteokinematic motions are described as taking place in one plane of the body (frontal, sagittal, or transverse) and around their corresponding axes. The body and its segments move one of two ways: Motion is either translatory or rotary. In translatory, or linear, motion, the motion occurs along or parallel to an axis. means that all points on the moving object travel the same distance, in the same direction with the same velocity, and at the same time Rectilinear motion - motion of the body in a straight line also known as translation motion. Curvilinear is another subset of linear motion in which the object travels in a curved path such as that which occurs when tossing a ball to a friend In rotary, or angular, motion, the motion occurs in a circle around an axis.. Rotary motions take place about a fixed or relatively fixed axis, and the pivot point for this angular or rotary motion is called the axis of rotation, located within or near the surface of the joint. Functional motion involves a combination of linear and rotary movements. Degrees of freedom is the number of planes within which a joint moves. Joints that move in one plane around one axis have one degree of freedom. These joints are uniaxial (moving around a single axis) include two types because of their structural anatomy: hinge or pivot. Examples of uniaxial hinge joints are the interphalangeal and elbow joints, which perform motions of flexion and extension in the sagittal plane around the medial-lateral axis. In summary, uniaxial joints are restricted to an arc of motion in a single plane around a single axis. The radioulnar joint is another uniaxial joint that permits supination and pronation within the transverse plane around a longitudinal or vertical axis. If a joint moves around two axes, the segments moves in two planes, and the joint has two degrees of freedom of motion. These joints are biaxial and include three structural types: condyloid, ellipsoidal, and sad dle. The root word of “condyloid”—”condyle”—means knuckle a condyloid-joint shape is a spherical convex surface partnered with an opposing concave surface, as seen in the metacarpophalangeal joints of the hand (your knuckles) and the metatarsophalangeal joints of the foot An ellipsoidal structure has a spindle-like shape in which one somewhat flattened convex surface articulates with a fairly deep concave surface such as A saddle joint is a biaxial joint in which each bony partner has a concave and convex surface oriented perpendicular to each other, like a rider in a saddle  The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is a saddle joint, but this joint is actually a modified biaxial joint Ball-and-socket joints, such as the hip and glenohumeral joints, are triaxial and have three degrees of free dom. Goniometry (Gr. gonia, angle, and metron, measure) is a valuable clinical measurement used to define the quantity of joint motion, either actively or passively When a normal joint is moved passively to the end of its range of motion, resistance to further motion is palpated First described by Cyriax,14 this resistance is called the end feel and is normally dictated by the joint’s structure. Resistance is described as hard, firm, or soft. A hard, or bony, end feel is felt when motion is stopped by contact of bone on bone - A firm, or capsular, end feel is one in which the limitation feels springy because it occurs from the resistance encountered from the capsular, or ligamentous, structures. Wrist flexion is an example of firm end feel. A soft end feel is felt at the end of available range of motion when soft tissues approximate each other, Pathologic end feels occur either at a different place in the range of motion than expected or have an end feel that is not characteristic of the joint. An empty end feel is a pathologic type denoting pain on motion but absence of resistance An empty end feel is present when the joint lacks normal soft tissue stability and a supporting structure is not intact, In kinesiology, a combination of several joints uniting successive segments constitutes a kinematic chain an open kinematic chain (OKC), the distal segment of the chain moves in space whereas in a closed kinematic chain (CKC), the distal segment is fixed, and proximal parts move Whereas osteokinematics is concerned with the movement of the shafts of the bones and is primarily under voluntary control, arthrokinematics is concerned with how the two articulating joint surfaces actually move on each other. Arthrology (Gr. arthron, joint) is the study of the classification, structure, and function of joints. The most common and simplest joint classification system focuses on the structure of joints with three main types identified: synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis synarthrodial joint is one in which the two bones are separated only by an intervening membrane, such as the cranial sutures. the prefix syn comes from Greek meaning “together” or “joined,”16 These joints are bound by fibrous connective tissue, known for its strength, and the fit between the two bony segments is very tight, with the joint surfaces highly congruent. A syndesmosis joint is a synarthrodial joint such as the joints between the radius and ulna and between the tibia and fibula. An amphiarthrosis is a joint that has limited mobility Joints that provide both stability and mobility are called amphiarthrosis (noun) or amphiarthrodial joints (adjective).The prefix amphi comes from Greek meaning “on both sides” or “double,”16 Joints whose purpose is primarily to provide mobility are called a diarthrosis (noun) or diarthrodial joints (adjective). The prefix di meaning “twice, double or two,”16 The structural component of diarthrodial joints is that they all have a joint capsule. This capsule connects the distal end of one joint segment to the proximal end of the other joint segment. The capsule maintains a small amount of fluid, called synovial fluid, within the joint space. For this reason, diarthrodial joints are also called synovial joints. The six types of freely movable joints include ball and socket, saddle, hinge, condyloid, pivot and gliding. A joint capsule or articular capsule is an envelope surrounding a synovial joint. Each joint capsule has two parts: an outer fibrous layer or membrane, and an inner synovial layer or membrane. Joint capsule. The outer layer is thicker than the inner layer and is primarily comprised of dense irregular fibrous tissue, called the stratum fibrosum. stratum synovium. It produces and secretes a pale, viscous synovial fluid into the joint space. Synovial fluid constantly nourishes and lubricates the mobile joint surfaces. The surfaces of these synovial joints are not purely geometric with flat, cylindrical, conic, or spherical designs. All joint surfaces are described as either ovoid (egg-shaped) or sellar (L., saddle) in shape. Most synovial joints are ovoid. In an ovoid shape,The ovoid articular surfaces of two bones forming a joint create a convex-concave paired relationship. The concave-convex joint relationship may range from “nearly planar,” as in the carpal and tarsal joints, to “nearly spheroid,” There are three types of cartilage: fibrous, hyaline or articular, and elastic. fibrous cartilage is known for its strength and shock absorption Hyaline cartilage is very smooth and actually slippery. Hyaline cartilage is also known as articular cartilage because it covers the ends of the articulating ends of the bones forming the joints. Joints may also contain fibrous cartilaginous discs; the joint capsule to strengthen the capsule and provide it with additional reinforcement and stability. These ligaments are called intracapsular ligaments. Ligaments not meshed with the capsule are extracapsular ligaments. A bursa is a fluid-filled sac whose purpose is to reduce friction between structures and offer additional protection or shock absorption between joint surfaces. Tendons attach muscle to bone and are sometimes enveloped in a bursal sheath, called a tendon sheath. A subluxation, on the other hand, occurs when there is a separation of the two bony partners, and the joint partners are partially dissociated from each other. arthrokinematic movement, three types of basic motion can occur between the two surfaces: (1) rolling or rocking, (2) sliding or gliding, and (3) spinning Rolling (or rocking) is a rotary, or angular, motion in which each subsequent point on one surface contacts a new point on the other surface, such as in “rolling” a ball across the floor Sliding (or gliding) is a translatory, or linear, motion in which the movement of one joint surface is parallel to the plane of the adjoining joint surface, such as when a figure skater “glides” across the ice. Spinning, as in “spinning” a top, is a rotary, or angular, motion in which one point of contact on each surface remains in constant contact with a fixed location on the other surface. These small arthrokinematic motions are called accessory movements, component movements,22 or joint play.23 The surfaces of a joint’s segments usually match each other perfectly in only one position of the joint. This point of congruency (coinciding exactly) is called the close-packed position the joint surfaces do not fit perfectly and are incongruent; these are called open packed, or loose-packed, In the open-packed positions, the ligamentous and capsular structures are slack, and the joint surfaces may be distracted several millimetres. Open-packed positions allow the necessary motions of spin, roll, and slide typically with an increase in accessory movements and decreased joint friction. Range of Motion Range of motion (ROM) is the arc of motion in degrees between the beginning and the end of a motion in a specific Plane. The arc of motion may occur either at a single joint or at a series of joints. The three notation systems used to define ROM are the 0- to 180-degree system, the 180- to 0-degree system, and the 360-degree system. Normally, a ROM begins at 0 degrees and proceeds in an arc toward 180 Degrees. This 0- to 180-degree system of notation, also called the neutral zero method, the extension that occurs beyond the zero starting position. The term hyperextension is used to describe a greater than normal extension ROM. Two other systems of notation have been described. The 180- to 0-degree notation system, first described by Clark, defines the anatomical position as 180 degrees.13 The ROM begins at 180 degrees and proceeds in an arc toward 0 degrees. The 360-degree notation system, first described by West, also defines the anatomical position as 180 degrees.14 Active ROM is the arc of motion produced by the individual’s voluntary unassisted muscle contraction. active ROM provides the examiner with informa- tion about the individual’s willingness to move, coordination, muscle strength, and joint ROM. If pain occurs during active ROM, it may be due to contracting or stretching of “contrac- tile” tissues, such as muscles, tendons, and their attachments to bone. Pain may also be due to stretching or pinching of noncontractile (inert) tissues, such as ligaments, joint capsules, bursa, fascia, and skin. Active assistive ROM is the arc of motion produced by the individual’s muscle contraction assisted by an external force. Passive ROM is the arc of motion produced by the application of an external force by the examiner. This additional passive ROM helps to protect joint structures because it allows the joint to absorb extrinsic forces. If pain occurs during passive ROM, it is often due to moving, stretching, or pinching of noncontractile (inert) structures. Pain occurring at the end of passive ROM may be due to stretching of contractile structures as well as noncontractile structures.19 Pain during passive ROM is not due to active shortening (contracting) of contractile tissues. ROM when slight overpressure is applied at the end of the motion. This feeling, which is experienced by an examiner as a barrier to further motion, is called the end- Feel. The term hypomobility refers to a decrease in ROM that is substantially less than normal values for that joint, given the individual’s age and gender. expected. This limitation in passive ROM may be due to a variety of causes, including abnormalities of the joint sur- faces; passive shortening of joint capsules, ligaments, muscles, fascia, and skin; and inflammation of these structures. Hypomobility has been associated with many orthopaedic conditions such as osteoarthritis,31 spinal disorders,32 and metabolic disorders such as diabetes.33,34 Decreased ROM is also a common consequence of immobilisation after fractures and scar development after burns.35,36 Neurological conditions such as stroke, head trauma, cerebral palsy, and complex regional pain syndrome can result in hypomobility owing to loss of voluntary movement, increased muscle tone, immobilisation, and pain. Hypomobility also has been shown to impair function in the hand37 and the ankle.38 The capsular pattern is the proportional motion restriction in range of motion during passive exercises due to tightness of the joint capsule. have examined the construct validity of Cyriax’s capsular pattern in individuals with arthritis or arthrosis of the knee. capsular pattern of restriction can be classified into two general categories: 1. Conditions in which there is considerable joint effusion or synovial inflammation 2. Conditions in which there is relative capsular fibrosis Joint effusion and synovial inflammation accompany conditions such as traumatic arthritis, infectious arthritis, acute rheumatoid arthritis, and gout. Pain triggered by stretch- ing the capsule and muscle spasms that protect the capsule from further insult inhibit movement and cause a capsular pattern of restriction. Relative capsular fibrosis often occurs during chronic low-grade capsular inflammation, immobilisation of a joint, and resolution of acute capsular inflammation. A limitation of passive motion that is not proportioned similarly to a capsular pattern is called a noncapsular pattern of restricted motion.19 is usually caused by a condition involving structures other than the entire joint capsule. Internal joint derangement, adhesion of a part of a joint capsule, ligament shortening, muscle strains, and muscle contractures are examples of conditions that typically result in non capsular patterns of restriction. The term hypermobility refers to the ability of one or more joints to actively or passively move beyond normal limits given the individual’s age and gender. If the increased motion persists beyond the expected age range, it would be considered abnormal and hypermobility would be present. In some instances, the hypermobility may be due to abnormalities of the joint sur- faces. A frequent cause of hypermobility is trauma to a joint. Hypermobility also occurs in serious hereditary disorders of connective tissue such as Marfan syndrome, rheumatic dis- eases, osteogenesis imperfecta, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. females are more often reported to have slightly greater ROM than males. In general, gender differences appear to be more prevalent in adults than in young children.