Questions and Answers
Pain may also be due to stretching or pinching of noncontractile (inert) tissues, such as ligaments, joint capsules, bursa, fascia, and ______.
skin
Active assistive ROM is the arc of motion produced by the individual’s muscle contraction assisted by an external ______.
force
Passive ROM is the arc of motion produced by the application of an external force by the ______.
examiner
If pain occurs during passive ROM, it is often due to moving, stretching, or pinching of noncontractile (inert) ______.
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The term hypomobility refers to a decrease in ROM that is substantially less than normal values for that joint, given the individual's age and ______.
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Hypomobility has been associated with many orthopaedic conditions such as ______, spinal disorders, and metabolic disorders.
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Decreased ROM is also a common consequence of immobilisation after ______ and scar development after burns.
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Neurological conditions such as stroke, head trauma, cerebral palsy, and complex regional pain syndrome can result in hypomobility owing to loss of voluntary ______.
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An empty end feel denotes pain on motion but absence of ______.
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In a closed kinematic chain (CKC), the distal segment is ______, and proximal parts move.
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Arthrokinematics is concerned with how the two articulating joint ______ actually move on each other.
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A synarthrodial joint is one in which the two bones are separated only by an intervening ______.
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A syndesmosis joint is a type of ______ joint.
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An amphiarthrosis joint has ______ mobility.
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Joints whose purpose is primarily to provide ______ are called diarthrosis joints.
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The most common joint classification system focuses on the ______ of joints.
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The root word of 'condyloid'—'______'—means knuckle.
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A condyloid-joint shape is a spherical convex surface partnered with an opposing ______ surface.
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An ellipsoidal structure has a ______-like shape.
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A saddle joint contains each bony partner with a ______ and convex surface oriented perpendicular to each other.
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Ball-and-socket joints are classified as ______ and have three degrees of freedom.
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When a normal joint is moved ______ to the end of its range of motion, resistance to further motion is palpated.
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A ______ end feel is felt when motion is stopped by contact of bone on bone.
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Pathologic end feels occur either at a different place in the range of motion than ______.
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Study Notes
Pain and Range of Motion (ROM)
- Pain may arise from stretching or pinching of noncontractile tissues: ligaments, joint capsules, bursa, fascia, and skin.
- Active assistive ROM involves muscle contraction aided by an external force.
- Passive ROM is generated by an external force applied by an examiner.
- Passive ROM can protect joint structures by absorbing extrinsic forces.
- Pain during passive ROM is typically linked to noncontractile structures, while pain at the end of passive ROM can involve both contractile and noncontractile structures.
- Pain during passive ROM does not result from active contraction of contractile tissues.
Hypomobility and Joint Restrictions
- Hypomobility indicates a significant decrease in ROM compared to normal values for the individual's age and gender.
- Causes of limited passive ROM include joint surface abnormalities and passive shortening of connective tissues.
- Common orthopaedic conditions linked to hypomobility include osteoarthritis, spinal disorders, and diabetes.
- Decreased ROM can also result from immobilization after fractures and scar formation following burns.
- Neurological conditions like stroke, cerebral palsy, and complex regional pain syndrome may contribute to hypomobility due to loss of voluntary movement or increased muscle tone.
- An empty end feel, indicating pain without resistance, suggests lack of normal tissue stability in the joint.
Kinematic Chains and Joint Movement
- A kinematic chain consists of several joints connecting segments.
- Open kinematic chain (OKC) allows distal movement in space; closed kinematic chain (CKC) involves a fixed distal segment with moving proximal parts.
- Osteokinematics pertains to voluntary bone movement, while arthrokinematics focuses on movement of articulating joint surfaces.
Classification of Joints (Arthrology)
- Joint classification systems typically emphasize structure, identifying three main types: synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis.
- Synarthrodial joints feature tight bony fit and are bound by strong fibrous tissue (e.g., cranial sutures).
- Syndesmosis joints, a type of synarthrodial joint, include connections like between the radius and ulna.
- Amphiarthrosis joints provide limited mobility and combine stability with some motion.
- Diarthrosis joints focus primarily on mobility, characterized by various shapes like condyloid and saddle joints.
Joint Structures and Functions
- Condyloid joints exhibit a spherical convex surface with an opposing concave surface (e.g., metacarpophalangeal joints).
- Saddle joints showcase a bony structure with both concave and convex surfaces (e.g., carpometacarpal joint of the thumb).
- Ball-and-socket joints allow the most movement, featuring three degrees of freedom (e.g., hip, glenohumeral joints).
Goniometry and Measuring Joint Motion
- Goniometry is a clinical measurement tool to evaluate the quantity of joint motion, both actively and passively.
- Resistance to movement at the end of a joint's range of motion is referred to as end feel, categorized into hard, firm, or soft.
- A hard end feel occurs when motion stops due to bone contact.
- A firm end feel provides a springy sensation, stemming from capsular or ligamentous resistance (e.g., wrist flexion).
- A soft end feel is noted when soft tissues approximate each other.
- Pathologic end feels may occur unexpectedly or differ from the normal characteristics of the joint.
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Description
Test your understanding of kinematic chains in kinesiology, focusing on the differences between open and closed kinematic chains. Learn about concepts like empty end feel and joint stability. This quiz will help reinforce your knowledge of joint mechanics.
