Final Prep PDF

12/8/24, 11:33 AM OneNote Final prep December 4, 2024 2:02 PM Chp 9: pro sport 3 main sectors -public -non-profit -commercial For profit focus on co...

12/8/24, 11:33 AM OneNote Final prep December 4, 2024 2:02 PM Chp 9: pro sport 3 main sectors -public -non-profit -commercial For profit focus on commercial sport is responsible for development of sport administration as a profession Professional sport: any sport activity or skill in which athletes receive compensation for performance -pro sports teams have a profound economic impact -pro sports have become a source of significant personal and cultural events Collaborators that form the professional sport industry -labour -management -governance Players of pro sport Labour: athletes typically organized into unions and represented by a union head, seek to aggressively protect and procure additional compensation Management: collective group of owners, managers and coaches that negotiate with athletes Governance: represented by a league commissioned, negotiates players collective agreements, develops/implements league, handles disputes and regulates/ controls labour and represents management History of professional sport Ancient history -Olympic games -athletia- professional sport class -recruited from mercenary armies and compensated Modernity : resurgence of Olympic movement -initial adoption of amateurism, abolished late 20th century -boxers, sprinters and jockeys first athletes to get paid -baseball was the first team sport to employ professional athletes ( 1896 Cincinatti reds) Inclusion and exclusion -professional teams have existed for over 140 years -professional opportunities only available to minorities and women in the last 80 years Segregated professional sport -unwritten agreements banned African Americans from baseball and football, negro leagues were formed -integration in baseball began in 1947 with Jackie Robinson and Brooklyn dodgers -integration in football began in 1946 with Kenny Washington and LA rams Professional sport outlets for women Early leagues All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (1943) Women’s professional football League (1974) Limited success Resurgence 1996-Women’s Basketball-WNBA, ABL(folded) 1997- Women’s Softball, Women’s Professional Faspitch Early 21st century-Women’s Soccer, WUSA, WPS (folded) 2013-Women’s Soccer, NWSL https://onedrive.live.com/edit.aspx?resid=76D6183E41D1AFCD!307&migratedtospo=true&wd=target%28kine 2380.one%7C0f9c316d-9042-465c-b2d5-271f5e7da… 1/17 12/8/24, 11:33 AM OneNote While many women’s leagues have met with limited success the LPGA (1950) and the WTA (1973)have enjoyed continued existence Unique aspects of professional sport Interdependence -pro teams have to cooperate and compete with each other simultaneously -teams must recognize importance of competition and share revenue to ensure competiion stays strong -meant to minimize the disparity between higher and lower earning teams to level the playing field with respect to being able to attract the most talented athletes -some teams is various leagues generate greater revenues, NY yankees eg -teams employ a salary cap or luxury tax to discourage mass different payrolls Structure and governance Each league has an office consisting of League commissioner -elected executive director of league -oversees administrative unit and acts as dispute arbitor within league Board of governors or committee structure composed of team owners Central administrative unit -negotiates contracts and agreements on behalf of the league -assumes responsibility for: Scheduling, licensing, record keeping, discipline and fines, Financial management and revenue sharing , marketing, developing and managing special events, Labour management relations Circumstances present in the labour management relationship in north American professional sport -run counter to traditional business practices -are considered essential to preserving the financail stability of the professional sport product Includes Baseball’s antitrust exemption Collective Bargaining Free agency Salary caps Player draft Basballs anti trust exemption -MLB is exempt from the Sherman anti trust act, the legislation regulates companies to limit their ability to create monopolies -MLB excemption from act prohibits professional baseball leagues forms -protections gives team owners leverage over cities they operate in Collective bargaining Workers in professional sports teams are covered by the National Labour Relations Act Provides three basic rights -The right to self organize and unionize -The right to bargain collectively -The right to engage in concerted efforts Free agent: ability of players after fufiling contract to sell their service to another team with no or little compensation for the orignal team -free agency is not automatic and is outlined in the CBA -has been responsible for rise in salaries -increased power of play unions and increased salaries of players have resulted in number of work stoppages Salary caps : due to increased spending on player contracts as a result of free agency, those teams with higher levels of revenue were able to attract the best athletes Salary caps were created in response to Setting a ceiling on player payrolls Act as a protection for owners from overbidding for talent Negotiated league wide Typically set using a percentage of the league’s gross revenue as a starting point Ensures players will receive an established percentage of gross revenue Player draft : equitable system of distributing new talent among teams https://onedrive.live.com/edit.aspx?resid=76D6183E41D1AFCD!307&migratedtospo=true&wd=target%28kine 2380.one%7C0f9c316d-9042-465c-b2d5-271f5e7da… 2/17 12/8/24, 11:33 AM OneNote -teams with weaker record have an advantage to get higher picks then strong teams -draft limits competition for new talent and allows drafting team to control new players destination and salary Role of electronic and new media -drove the popularity of pro sport recently -increased popularity has generated additional revenue for teams -television has the greaterst impact on sport -new media sources will be pivotal in broadening the reach of professional team sport and enhancing league revenue streams Revenue sources for professional sport teams Gate receipts -major source of team revenue -as media revenues grow, reliance on gate recipets falls -most important source of revenue for newer pro leagues -majority goes to home team with varying amounts going to league and visiting team Media contracts -leagues increase media revenue by creating new ways to deliver game video and associated content -revenue may be limited in future with many leagues owning networks sponsorship contracts rev being limited by economic crisis of 2008 Licensing and merchandising revenue -occurs when team and league allows merchandise and apparel to be manufactured with names and logo being used -teams receive royalites for items sold -agreements made by league and revenue is distributed among member teams -domestic licensing has plateaued, growth will come from video games and merchandise oversees Sponsorship :acquisition of rights to affiliate or associate directly with a product, service or event to derive benefits -main source of rev for pro teams -eg. Scotia bank paying 800 million for naming rights of the arena Three major challenges that professional sport must deal with Maintaining labor–management harmony -issues between players and owners -owners attempting to manage rising costs -players desire a fair share of ever rising revenues Managing new technology -tech has lead to new revenue sources but also created the most competitive entertainment and leisure landscape ever -eg hundreds of channels compared to 20 30 years ago -wide range of entertainment sources like tv, video games, texting and streaming Dealing with globalization -sport is available across borders with new technology Globalization has occurred through -sale of distribution rights of media outside of the sport country of origin -merchandise sales outside of sport country of origin -games being played outside of USA and canada, eg. NFL in london -social media content outside of national border of country that produced the content, eg. Nfl social media ads seen in mexico Carrer opportunities in professional sport Chief executive or operating officer(CEO,COO) -responsible for the day to day operations of the entire organization Chief financial officer (CFO) -responsible for the organizations accounting and financial planning Chief marketing officer (CMO) -responsible for coordinating marketing efforts including communication, ticket and partnership sales and corporate sponsorship General counsel -responsible for overseeing all legal matters https://onedrive.live.com/edit.aspx?resid=76D6183E41D1AFCD!307&migratedtospo=true&wd=target%28kine 2380.one%7C0f9c316d-9042-465c-b2d5-271f5e7da… 3/17 12/8/24, 11:33 AM OneNote -eg. Player contracts, liability issues General managers -responsible for player development -acquiring, developing, trading and releasing talent -creating development system for young players Player personnel positions Player personnel -identifying, evaluating and developing potential talent Medical, training and team support -readiness and preparation of athletes Coaching staff -managing, developing and training players on their roster Player education and relations -player support liaison between players and team for players public appearances Video support staff -produces videos and acquiring video capturing equipment -coordinates broadcast feeds from home venue Stadium and facility staff -maintenance and upkeep of playing surface -prep team offices, locker rooms and practice facilities -coordinates between venue management and sport team Business positions -reponsible for generating revenue , marketing, developing fan base and working with customers and stakeholders Ticket and corporate sales -responible for selling tickets and higher end view options likes suites at venue Game experience/ promotions -enhances experience for fans attending event Advertising -designing, writing and placing advertising Community relations -Creating and administering grassroots functions -Implement league wide programs Database marketing coordinator -Building customer database to better understand needs and desires of customers and fans Hospitality coordinators -See to game related needs of higher end customers Media relations -Working with media by providing information necessary for game coverage Ticketing -Responsible for ticket operations, game day box office sales and financial settlement for the visiting team Chp 12 Sport marketing: process of designing and implementing activities for the production, pricing and promotion of a sport or sport business product to satisfy the needs or desires of consumers and achieve the company's objective in a manner that creates socially responsible exchange relationships Broken down into Marketing of sport: production, pricing / promoting sport related products directly to consumers Marketing through sport: non sport related companies use sport as a means to promote their products to sport consumers Marketing plans: comprehensive strategic and tactical framework for identifying and achieving a sport organizations marketing goals and objectives https://onedrive.live.com/edit.aspx?resid=76D6183E41D1AFCD!307&migratedtospo=true&wd=target%28kine 2380.one%7C0f9c316d-9042-465c-b2d5-271f5e7da… 4/17 12/8/24, 11:33 AM OneNote -trend analysis -target customer profiling -competitor analysis -marketing mix Marketing mix(four P's) -Integrated into 10 step process for developing a comprehensive marketing plan Central to the sport marketing plan and includes -Product-product or service that satisfies a need (2,4,6) -Price-value or cost that a consumer must accept to obtain the product -Place-method by which the product is delivered to the consumer -Promotion-integrated communications and public relations activities that inform consumers about the product and motivate them to purchase it Process for dveloping sport marketing plan Step 1 Identify the purpose of the sport marketing plan -develop a number of goals and objectives that are tied to the organizations overall mission -goals: general statements of expected outcomes -objectives: specific expected results of well defined activities Step 2 MM Analyze the sport product attributes, dynamic and complex nature of the sport product Dimensions of sport product The event, core product, actual competition that consists of sport type, the team and participants Product extension, ancillary elements that increase and broadens the appeals for consumers Support services: activities and services required for sport to function optimally Tangible goods: clothing and equipment Step 3 Analyze marketing conditions -interal and external factors influence how sport is perceived and what consumers desire from it Managers examine past market conditions to identify historical markers of success and failure and current market conditions to determine relevance of current markeing practices -enhances sport marketers ability to adapt to future changes SWOT analysis -asses internal strengths and weaknesses -asses external opportunities and threats Markets plan should use strength and opportunities and limit effect of weakness and threats Step 4 MM Position the product -process of establishing the product in the mind of the target customer, differentiating the product from competing products -done through verbal and non verbal communication -products are positioned by creating a brand Branding :Using a name, design, or symbol to differentiate a sport product Stages of the branding process -Brand awareness–recognition and recollection of the brand name -Brand image—perceptions and beliefs about a product that affect c-onsumer attitudes -Brand equity—value of the brand contributes to a product -Brand loyalty– repeat purchase of a product over another Successful branding -Allows products to sell themselves -Allows organizations to transfer loyalty to brand extensions Step 5 target customer Segment and target consumer groups -grouping and selecting the right consumers Marketing segmentation -identify target audience -demographics; age, gender, ethnicity, education, income -geographics, province, region -psychographics, attitude, interest, lifestyle https://onedrive.live.com/edit.aspx?resid=76D6183E41D1AFCD!307&migratedtospo=true&wd=target%28kine 2380.one%7C0f9c316d-9042-465c-b2d5-271f5e7da… 5/17 12/8/24, 11:33 AM OneNote Purchasing behaviour: frequency of usage Step 6 MM Package the sport product -presenting the product in the best possible manner Packaging: core product communicating expectations -product extensions assist to package core product -licensed merchandise Sport sponsorship -specialized packaging of sport to attract additional corporate support Step 7 MM Price is the most visible and flexible element Factors to be considered in pricing Consumer- analysis based on segmentation factors Competitor- product value with respect to competing products and prices Company- consideration of costs to produce product Climate- external factors Complexity of sport pricing: psychological attachment, equating price with quality, disposable income Step 8 MM Promote the sport product -communicating the desired image Key elements -open and honest -socially responsible images and messages -cooperation and sensitivity with public interest -good faith relationships Educating and informing target audience -persuading target audience to purchase Elements of the promotional mix Advertising-paid message about the product Publicity-non paid communication as product is newsworthy Sales promotions-endeavours meant to encourage purchase Public relations -Public programs to help the organization develop positive relationships with its target customer -Community relations-fostering community relationships -Media relations-fostering media relationships Personal selling -Direct face to face communication to sell -Tickets -Sponsorship Step 9 MM Place the sport product -the way sport is distributed to the consumer -product location -geographic location of target market -distribution from point of origin Step 10 Evaluate the sport marketing plan -evaluate extent the marketing plan met its objectives -obtain and analyze feedback from internal and external sources Internal sources-ticket/merchandise sales, database of inquiries, complaints and suggestions External sources-consumers, sponsors, advertisers and media personnel Sport communication : process where people in sport, a sport setting or through a sport endeavor share information as they create meaning through interaction -complex, pervasive and multidimensional Theoretical framework of sport comm Genres -differing approaches by which to study communication -individual, societal, critical, interpretive https://onedrive.live.com/edit.aspx?resid=76D6183E41D1AFCD!307&migratedtospo=true&wd=target%28kine 2380.one%7C0f9c316d-9042-465c-b2d5-271f5e7da… 6/17 12/8/24, 11:33 AM OneNote Context -interpersonal, group, organizational, mass mediated Process -involves multiple particpants, sharing symbols and meaningful interactions -complex Elements Effects -Varied results of communication on audience members and society in general -A number of theories exist to explain the effects of mass communication -Uses and gratification-people self select which mass media messages to embrace based psychological disposition and needs -Agenda setting-mass media influence public agenda by influencing which issues people think about -Innovation-by providing information about innovations mass media can influence which innovations are adopted -Diffusion of information-media can effect even larger numbers when people who receive a message through the media share it with others -Modelling-children and young adults are inclined to change their behaviors based on the message they received through the media -Cultivation-the influence of media is dependent on the consumption patterns of the audience Strategic sport communication model -shows the dynamics of communication and the various setting in which communication occurs in sport Personal and organizational communication SSCM component 1 Personal sport communication Intrapersonal- a persons internal communication Interpersonal- communication between two people Small group- communication between greater than 3 people Organizational sport communication Intraorganizational- personal communication within an organization Interorganizational – personal communication between members of different organizations Communication skills -writing, speaking -clear, concise, interesting, well researched and organized Mediated communication SSCM component 2 -conducted through a myriad of mass and social media channels -convergence between different forms of mediated communication over the past decade Publising and print communication- books, magazines, new papers Electronic and visual communication -broadcast media radio, television, movies and pictures -new media- internet based communication platforms, websites, social media sport blogs Sport communication services and support SSCM component 3 Elements -integrated marketing and communication -public relations and crisis communication -research Public/community/ media relations -managerial communication based function designed to identify a sport organizations key stakeholders, evaluate relationship with those stakeholders with the intent to foster a positive relationship with them https://onedrive.live.com/edit.aspx?resid=76D6183E41D1AFCD!307&migratedtospo=true&wd=target%28kine 2380.one%7C0f9c316d-9042-465c-b2d5-271f5e7da… 7/17 12/8/24, 11:33 AM OneNote Sport public relations Operate using 2 one-way models and 2 two-way models What model to use is driven by -assumptions made bu the communication process -the organizations purpose for communicating Sport public relations one-way models Publicity and press agentry -goal to push out a message that reaches a wide audience -input form key publics not sough and feedback is limited Public information -organization provides useful services to members of the mass media by providing information in a credible manner -aide in setting up interviews -providing work areas and wireless internet access Two- way models Based on assumption that most effective forms of communication require input from target publics -communication involves give and take Asymetrical approach -use information about a public in order to communicate with them more effectively and induce a desired behaviour Symmetrical approach -employs information gathering but recognizes that the outcomes of the communication process will require both the organization and the public to change their intial position or behaviours Media relations in sport -media relations specialists create, coordinate and organize information about the organization they represent and disseminate it to the public directly or indirectly -write new releases, disseminating information to public in most positive light -plan new conferences, disseminating information in a more interactive format -manage game services, providing members of the medida adequate workspaces to be able to record and report Careers in media relations are hight sought after, have long hours and little pay Community relations CR in sport -community relations professionals focus on charitable initiatives and facilitating face to face interactions with stakeholder Careers in CR -paid positions only in larger organizations -CR roles often fulfilled by volunteer individuals Sport consumer behaviour Success of any ongoing sport busines or event depends on attracting repeat customers -CB is made up of process whereby consumers search out, selects, purchases, uses and reuses products, services or experiences that fufil their needs or desires -study of CB allow marketers to better understand why consumers make the decisions they do Behavioural process Understanding the individual as a sport consumer Segmentation -attempt to group people with common characteristics Market segments: groups that share a number of characteristics Target markets: market segment that a marketer chooses to focus on Segmenting sport consumers based on psychographic characteristics -motives, perceptions and attitudes Consumer needs and motivations Identifying and satisfying customers unfulfilled needs -non physiological needs are usually described as wants or desires -wants and desires vary from culutre to culture and from person to person https://onedrive.live.com/edit.aspx?resid=76D6183E41D1AFCD!307&migratedtospo=true&wd=target%28kine 2380.one%7C0f9c316d-9042-465c-b2d5-271f5e7da… 8/17 12/8/24, 11:33 AM OneNote Motivation: unfulfilled wants and desires that drive behaviour Participant motivation Over 100 motivations for participating in sport 3 key 1. Achievement -desire to compete, win and be the best 2. Social -desire to interact in a social setting 3. Mastery -desire to learn, dvelop skills and be personally challenged -extrinsic rewards: given to a person by someone else -intrinsic rewards: received from the experience itself Spectator motivation Different reasons for watching and participating Spectator motives vary considerably -Diversion- escape the stress and boredom of everyday life -Eustress-a positive level of arousal resulting from enhanced self esteem when one associates with a successful team or player -Economic gain-betting on sport -Aesthetic motive- the innate beauty of athletic performance -Affiliation-desire to be a part of something -Socialization-desire to spend time with family and friends Consumer perceptions Perceptions -Process by which a person selects, organizes, and interprets stimuli to create a meaningful picture of the world -Impacted by physiological and cognitive inputs -Selectively attentive to elements that are relevant Consumers act and react based on perceptions rather than objective reality Consumer attitudes Attitudes are an expression of like or dislike for something Based on three components -Behavioral component-person’s experiences -Affective component-person’s feelings -Cognitive component-person’s beliefs Marketing efforts -Directed at influencing people’s perceptions of a particular product, service, or brand -Attempting to form or change customers’ attitudes about the product or service Involvement, loyalty and identification -The more involved people are with sport the more deeply the feel towards it. -As people become more emotionally attached to sport they tend to become increasingly more loyal and begin to accept it as part of their identity. -Involvement, loyalty and identification cause consumers to buy more and more often and to become less sensitive to price Group influences on the sport consumer -Sport consumers rarely make decisions or form attitudes or preferences in a vacuum. -External groups can exert tremendous influence, both subtle and obvious on consumption decisions External factors that influence buying behavior -People closest to us -Groups with whom we choose to associate -Broader society in which we live Reference group :Reference groups influence our values, perceptions, attitudes and behaviors by providing a valued point of comparison. Direct- face to face interaction -Influence and reinforce your sport consumption decisions https://onedrive.live.com/edit.aspx?resid=76D6183E41D1AFCD!307&migratedtospo=true&wd=target%28kine 2380.one%7C0f9c316d-9042-465c-b2d5-271f5e7da… 9/17 12/8/24, 11:33 AM OneNote -Family, friends, culture, society Indirect-direct contact not required but are still highly influential -Individuals-athletes, coaches, entertainers, politicians, religious leaders -Groups or subcultures -Influence derives from an individual’s aspirations to be like or to be liked by someone they like. -aspirational reference groups Consumer socialization Reference groups -Chosen based on what a consumer has learned -Can affect what a consumer learns subsequently The influence of reference groups on the individual develops through socialization process Socialization process Three main mechanisms by which socialization occurs -Modeling-learning a behavior by copying what we’ve seen before -Prompting-being reminded to behave in the ‘appropriate’ way -Reinforcement-repeated behavior followed by positive feeling towards the behavior or someone in your reference group indicating that the behavior was enjoyable The process of socialization often goes unnoticed Situational influences on the sport consumer Isolating influences of internal and external forces is difficult -A person’s relationship to a certain reference group forms and reinforces internal perceptions, attitudes and experiences Different situations result in different decisions A situation is a set of factors that are -Outside the individual consumer -Removed from the product or advertisement Awareness of how purchase situations influence consumers imperative to marketers Situational influences -Physical surroundings-location, decor, sound, smells, lighting -Social surroundings-the effect of others -Task requirements-context of the purchase(intent vs. requirement) -Time pressures-time of day and/or season of the year -Antecedent states-anxiety, excitement, hunger Sport consumer behaviour challenges and issues Meaning and emotion of sport consumption -Globalization of sport -Virtual consumption -Compulsive consumption Ch 10 Sport management and marketing agency: a business that acts on behalf of a enity (client) involved in the sport industry Four major clients or stakeholders -person -corporate brands -media companies -properties Agencies have evolved from representing athletes to now being apart of lifestyle activities like fashion, entertainment and leisure Functions of sport management and marketing agencies Agencies vary not only in the stakeholders they represent but also in spectrum of services they offer their clients Functions offered by agencies -Strategic planning and management -Sponsorship and licensing -Event creation -Contract negotiation https://onedrive.live.com/edit.aspx?resid=76D6183E41D1AFCD!307&migratedtospo=true&wd=target%28kine 2380.one%7C0f9c316d-9042-465c-b2d5-271f5e7d… 10/17 12/8/24, 11:33 AM OneNote -Marketing, community and philanthropic activation -Content development -Financial planning -Research and evaluation Strategic planning and management :agencies provide consulting services in business and planning to help clients determine and reach their goals Area of primary focus is sponsorship -teams, venues and athletes(endorsements) use agencies to determine the value of their sponsorship offerings and to find sponsors -sponsors will employ agencies to identify properties that may assist them in achieving their corporate goals Sponsorship and licensing For athletes -endorsements, personal appearances, book contracts, movie and tv roles, video game presence For properties -assists in the sale of their marquee inventory/ assets Securing entitlements: associating the name of the sponsor with the name of the venue or event in exchange for cash or other considerations -consult on the best way to package the sale assets to derive max value Event creation -sport tv has grown in popularity, there is an increasing drive to create compelling content through special events -agencies often assist stakeholders with creating new and engaging special events Contract negotiation -agencies often retained to represent clients during contract negotiations -sensitive process, requires highly specialized skill set and a deep knowledge of the sport marketplace -agencies are incentivized in contract negotiations with compensation tied to the final financial terms of agreement Marketing, community and philanthropic activation :Stakeholders make use of agencies to manage and market various special events Marketing -golf/tennis tournaments, festivals, bowl games or other lifestyle events Community/philanthropic -engagement events made to create an initial involvement to eventually build a greater following for a product, service or organization in an organic way Management of special engagement events may involve -operations, hospitality, public relations, licensing, merchandising and promotion Content development -agencies have capitalized on the ever growing opportunities to develop programming -as digital and social media become more prevalent, stakeholders have need for guidance to develop and distribute broadcast content according to the developing taste of clients and fans Research and evaluation -as sponsorship and licensing spending increases, stakeholders must show success of investments -research is instrumental in assisting decision makers in justifying a programs cost, value and relevance and ensuring the organization sees an acceptable ROI Types of sport management and marketing agencies -thousands of agencies and in house groups -vary in size ,budget, type of clientele and scope of services -types include full service, general and speciality agencies and in house groups Full service agencies Full range of services -strategic planning and sponsorship solicitation -event management and marketing activation -contract negotiation -research and evaluation Tend to have multiple divisons -employees cover all aspects of clients management and marketing needs General and speciality agencies General https://onedrive.live.com/edit.aspx?resid=76D6183E41D1AFCD!307&migratedtospo=true&wd=target%28kine 2380.one%7C0f9c316d-9042-465c-b2d5-271f5e7d… 11/17 12/8/24, 11:33 AM OneNote -agencies that fall between the scope of full service agencies and speciality agencies -generally tend to be smaller agencies with ambitions to grow their offerings Speciality -agency specializes either in a specific type of service or a specific clientele -often times used by larger agencies for particular speciality In house grouping -departments that guide sport involvement on behalf of the parent company -works with other units within the corporation to create or implment sport related programing to achieve the organizations goals -have only one client; themselves -function as gatekeepers in reviewing opportunities presented to the organization Challenges facing agencies Uncertainty in client base -athletes may choose new representation -corporations may step back from sponsorship -short term nature of many projects In house versus outsourcing -clients bringing consulting services in house -pilfering of agency employees to perform the same function for client exclusively -cost cutting measure Conflicts of interest -with full service agencies representing so many clients, likelihood for conflicts of interest become inevitable -firms must act in best interest of all parties while maximizing profits Mergers and acquisitions -traditional growth is slow and organic -recent trends of aggressive acquisitions allow smaller firms to grow rapidly and expand their suite of services Labour unrest -results in difficulties from employees towards owners -diligent agencies refocus their efforts in talent management towards marketing and endorsements -without a CBA in place an athlete may be able to pursue certain endorsement agreements normally not available to them Careers in sport management and marketing agencies -opportunities are diverse, challenging and require wide range of skills and abilities Entry requirements -agencies seek individuals with skills that complement existing employee base -experience is necessary, agencies are more interest in poteinal Educational background -business degree(marketing), sport management degrees, advanced degree in business, sport management and law Chp 2 Professional perspective -compeition for entry of sport management is fierce -successful entry requires one to act and be professional previous to entry Managerial leadership skills Organizational management -budgeting -accounting -coordinating -data analytics Communication management -writing -selling -working with media -promoting -advertising https://onedrive.live.com/edit.aspx?resid=76D6183E41D1AFCD!307&migratedtospo=true&wd=target%28kine 2380.one%7C0f9c316d-9042-465c-b2d5-271f5e7d… 12/17 12/8/24, 11:33 AM OneNote Professional preparation General education -important to demonstrate capabilities beyond your focused area of education -foundation from general education makes you better able to deal with ever changing soicety -critical thinking that is expected can be honed in general education courses Major courses in sport management -SM courses are in a variety of programs -recent growth of SM programs in business schools -knowledge of SM should be supplemented with reading form associated trade journals Cocurricular activities -opportunities outside of classroom, eg participation in organizations for leisure and recreation or employment -provide skill development in teamwork, decision making, problems solving and leadership -build networks -makes applicants more sought after by employers Field experiences : hands on learning opportunities where students gain professional experience in an organization -allows students to observe, assist in and learn managerial responsiblities -facilitates the development of professional network -students should seek out and prepare for field experience as they would for employment Advanced education -may be necessary to pursue advanced degree to further your career -consideration for advanced degree should begin early into undergraduate Choice of graduate programs should be based on -will added credentials help achieve the goals you seek -does the program applied for specialize in the areas your interested in Professional attitude :a mind set for success that must be cultivated in order to enhace employment opportunities Reflected in -ethical decision making -critical thinking skills -personal image -adjustment to the workplace -business etiquette Ethical decision making : choice to adhere to established codes of conduct within an organization -key to success in business is to understand expectations and recognize norms that regulate the behaviours of members of an organization Normals usually communicated in two forms -explicit norms: formally communicated rules that govern behaviour -implicit norms: uncodified understanding of how things happen within an organization Guidelines for making ethical decisions -recognize an ethical issue -get the facts -evaluate alternative actions -make a decision -act and reflect on the outcome Professional attitude :mind set for success that must be culitvated in order to enhance employment opportunities Reflected in -ethical decision making -critical thinking skills -personal image -adjustment to the workplace -business etiquette Critical thinking skills : systematic evaluation of arguments according to explicit standards of rationality in an ongoing effort to improve our opinions, decisions or judgments Requires -awareness of a set of interrelated critical questions -ability to ask and answer critical questions at appropriate times -willingness to accept the answers of critical questions as a guide to behaviour Necessary to make sound decisions with respect to todays issues and tomorrows issues that have yet to be considered Examples of issues that sport management needs to address https://onedrive.live.com/edit.aspx?resid=76D6183E41D1AFCD!307&migratedtospo=true&wd=target%28kine 2380.one%7C0f9c316d-9042-465c-b2d5-271f5e7d… 13/17 12/8/24, 11:33 AM OneNote -Should sport programs be geared only for talented athletes? -Should professional athletes undergo more intensive testing for drugs? -Should sport organizations avoid hosting events in areas that have laws or practices the violate human rights or exclude certain individuals? Adopting an appropriate disposition for critical thinking -Seek and offer clear statements and clear reasons -Try to be well informed and use credible sources and observations -Consider the entire situation and context -Take a position only with sufficient evidence and reasons Critical thinking questions Central to the success of being a critical thinker is having a good understanding of a set of questions whose answers are needed to evaluate someone’s reasoning -What are the issues and the conclusion? -What are the reasons? -What words or phrases are ambiguous? -What are the value conflicts and assumptions? -What are the descriptive assumptions? -Does the reasoning contain fallacies? -How good is the evidence? -What significant information is omitted? Professional image 55% of a persons initial impression is based on what they see Grooming -attention to hair, nails, teeth Posture -how you sit, stand and walk conveys a lot about your attitude Attire and accessories -choice of clothing will be influenced by the organization with which you choose to affiliate Social media -What’s posted by you and about you on your social media account can have an impact on your employment opportunities Professional attitude :mind set for success that must be cultivated in order to enhance employment opportunities Reflected in -ethical decision making -critical thinking skills -personal image -adjustment to the workplace -business etiquette Adjustment to the workplace : process of facilitating your entry into and advancement within an organization Learn your job. -Understand your duties -Listen to directions -Clarify instructions as necessary -Set up periodic meetings with supervisor -Show interest -Understand the organizational culture. Demonstrate a positive work ethic. -Your attitude towards work -Accountability, dependability, initiative, accomplishment Develop your written communication skills. -Learn to organize your thoughts logically -Use proper punctuation and spelling Use electronic communication appropriately. -Appropriate content -Proper spelling and punctuation -Ensure professional and appropriate tone Thank others. https://onedrive.live.com/edit.aspx?resid=76D6183E41D1AFCD!307&migratedtospo=true&wd=target%28kine 2380.one%7C0f9c316d-9042-465c-b2d5-271f5e7d… 14/17 12/8/24, 11:33 AM OneNote -Express gratitude for time, assistance, and information -Usually within 24 hours of interaction Refine your teamwork skills. -Commitment, communication, collaboration, consensus building and demonstrating respect Learn to manage conflict. -Opportunity to appreciate and make the most use of differences -Be pleasant and respectful in the face of disagreement -Seek to fully understand the other persons point of view with limited assumptions Embrace diversity. -A proactive strategy that promotes diversity in an organization has a number of positive benefits -Improved group processes, better decision making, customer attraction, improved organizational performance Continue your professional development. -Important to pursue life long learning in order to improve your flexibility and adaptability in an ever changing professional environment -Further develops your professional network Business etiquette :Developing interpersonal skills and respectable qualities can maximize career success. Telephone -Answering professionally – Greeting, Name and organization -Natural, pleasant tone -Give other person your full attention and restate important information -When leaving a voice message for someone speak clearly and at a reasonable speed Automated phone message -Leave an appropriate message for callers -Avoid long message, silliness and loud music Language -Use appropriate language -Ensure language is inclusive and not gender specific Meeting participation -Be prepared -Be early -Turn of cellphones -Be attentive and on task -Participate fully Dining etiquette -Engage in light conversation -Indulge in appropriate alcohol consumption -Don’t dine hungry Office etiquette -Be conscious of others needs for quiet and privacy -Refrain from company gossip Romantic relationships -Limit or refrain from flirting or more overt forms of affectionate behavior -Be sensitive of how others perceive your actions Carrer planning and management -use information collected to make tentative decisions, formulate educational and vocational goals and develop plans to achieve them -is necessary as prospective employees can no longer expect to find employment immediately and spend their entire careers working in one position or organization Career decision steps The following steps will help facilitate your career planning -Perform a self assessment -Do occupational research https://onedrive.live.com/edit.aspx?resid=76D6183E41D1AFCD!307&migratedtospo=true&wd=target%28kine 2380.one%7C0f9c316d-9042-465c-b2d5-271f5e7d… 15/17 12/8/24, 11:33 AM OneNote Self assessment Values -Indicate what you consider most important in life and are fundamental to career planning -Influenced by cultural background, family influences, education, spiritual experiences and friends Interests -Activities you find enjoyable and subjects that arouse your attention -Shaped by personal experiences -Lead to competencies in the same area Skills :A developed aptitude needed to perform a task competently Job content skills -Specialized knowledge and abilities needed to fulfill specific job responsibilities Functional skills -General abilities that transfer to many jobs or situations Adaptive skills -Personal attributes that allow a person to approach changing workplace situations with flexibility Occupational research :A broad search of your career field to find organizations and positions that align with your self assessment -Gather extensive information about the occupations you want to consider. -Seek advice from career specialists to help focus your efforts -Interact with professionals in the occupation to which you aspire for advice -Investigate possible mentoring possibilities Gathering information -Nature of the work -Work setting and conditions -Educational and personal qualifications required -Earnings -Employment outlook and competition -Methods of entering the occupation -Opportunities for advancement -Opportunities for exploring the occupation -Related occupations Sources of information -Online sport management career resources -Career aptitude tests -Interviewing employees on site -York U Career Centre https://onedrive.live.com/edit.aspx?resid=76D6183E41D1AFCD!307&migratedtospo=true&wd=target%28kine 2380.one%7C0f9c316d-9042-465c-b2d5-271f5e7d… 16/17 12/8/24, 11:33 AM OneNote https://onedrive.live.com/edit.aspx?resid=76D6183E41D1AFCD!307&migratedtospo=true&wd=target%28kine 2380.one%7C0f9c316d-9042-465c-b2d5-271f5e7d… 17/17