Communicate! - Communication Textbook PDF

 Communicate! Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppr...

 Communicate! Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Communicate! Fifteenth Edition Kathleen S. Verderber Northern Kentucky University Deanna D. Sellnow University of Central Florida Rudolph F. Verderber Distinguished Teaching Professor of Communication, University of Cincinnati Australia Brazil Mexico Singapore United Kingdom United States Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the product text may not be available in the eBook version. Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Communicate!, Fifteenth Edition © 2017, 2014, 2010 Cengage Learning Kathleen S. Verderber, Deanna D. Sellnow, WCN: 02-200-202 Rudolph F. Verderber ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright Product Director: Monica Eckman herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited Product Manager: Kelli Strieby to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, web distribu- Content Developer: Kassi Radomski tion, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, Associate Content Developer: Karolina Kiwak except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 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Printed in the United States of America Printed Number: 01 Printed Year 2015 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Brief Contents Preface................................................................. xv Unit I: Foundations of Communication........................ 1 Chapter 1: Foundations of Communication................................................. 2 Chapter 2: Perception of Self and Others................................................. 22 Chapter 3: Intercultural Communication.................................................. 42 Chapter 4: Verbal Messages........................................................... 64 Chapter 5: Nonverbal Messages........................................................ 82 Chapter 6: Listening.................................................................. 100 Unit II: Interpersonal Communication & Relationships.......... 119 Chapter 7: Interpersonal Relationships................................................... 120 Chapter 8: Interpersonal Communication................................................. 142 Unit III: Group Communication............................ 167 Chapter 9: Communicating in Groups.................................................... 168 Chapter 10: Group Leadership and Problem Solving........................................ 186 Unit IV: Public Speaking................................. 213 Chapter 11: Topic Selection and Development............................................. 214 Chapter 12: Organizing Your Speech.................................................... 242 Chapter 13: Presentational Aids........................................................ 272 Chapter 14: Language and Oral Style.................................................... 290 Chapter 15: Delivery................................................................. 308 Chapter 16: Informative Speaking....................................................... 342 Chapter 17: Persuasive Speaking....................................................... 366 Appendix: Interviewing............................................. 400 References........................................................ 421 Index............................................................ 437 v Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Contents Preface................................................................. xv Unit I. Foundations of Communication....................... 1 Chapter 1: Foundations of Communication........................................ 2 The Nature of Communication........................................................ 5 Canned Plans and Scripts.......................................................... 5 Communication Context........................................................... 6 Communication Settings........................................................... 8 The Communication Process......................................................... 9 Message Production.............................................................. 9 Message Interpretation............................................................ 9 Interaction Coordination.......................................................... 9 Channels....................................................................... 9 Interference/Noise................................................................. 10 A Model of the Communication Process............................................... 11 Characteristics of Communication...................................................... 12 Communication Has Purpose........................................................ 12 Communication Is Continuous....................................................... 12 Communication Is Irreversible........................................................ 12 Communication Is Situated.......................................................... 13 Communication Is Indexical.......................................................... 13 Communication Messages Vary in Conscious Thought.................................... 14 Communication Is Guided by Cultural Norms........................................... 14 Communication Ethics............................................................... 14 Bright Side and Dark Side Messages.................................................. 15 Communication Competence......................................................... 16 Communication Apprehension....................................................... 16 Communication Improvement Plans................................................... 18 Chapter 2: Perception of Self and Others........................................... 22 The Perception Process.............................................................. 24 Attention and Selection............................................................. 24 Organization..................................................................... 25 Interpretation..................................................................... 25 Dual Processing................................................................... 26 Perception of Self.................................................................. 26 Self-Concept..................................................................... 26 Self-Esteem...................................................................... 27 Cultural Norms and Self-Perceptions.................................................. 28 Accuracy and Distortion of Self-Perceptions............................................. 29 Communication and Self-Perception.................................................... 31 Perception of Others................................................................ 35 Uncertainty Reduction.............................................................. 35 Inaccurate and Distorted Perceptions of Others......................................... 36 Communication and Perceptions of Others.............................................. 37 vi Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Chapter 3: Intercultural Communication............................................ 42 Culture and Communication........................................................... 44 Dominant Cultures, Co-Cultures, and Cultural Identity.................................... 45 How Cultures Differ................................................................. 49 Individualism/Collectivism........................................................... 49 Context......................................................................... 50 Chronemics...................................................................... 51 Uncertainty Avoidance............................................................. 51 Power Distance................................................................... 52 Masculinity/Femininity.............................................................. 53 Long-Term/Short-Term Orientation.................................................... 53 Potential Barriers to Intercultural Communication Competence............................... 56 Developing Competent Intercultural Communication Strategies.............................. 58 Acquire Accurate Knowledge........................................................ 58 Adopt an Appropriate Attitude...................................................... 58 Develop Culture-Centered Skills..................................................... 60 Chapter 4: Verbal Messages..................................................... 64 Language......................................................................... 66 What Is a Language?............................................................... 66 Characteristics of Language......................................................... 69 The Relationship Between Language and Meaning......................................... 70 Semantics....................................................................... 71 Guidelines for Improving Semantics................................................... 72 Pragmatics....................................................................... 74 Guidelines for Improving Pragmatics.................................................. 75 Sociolinguistics................................................................... 76 Guidelines for Improving Sociolinguistic Understanding................................... 78 Chapter 5: Nonverbal Messages.................................................. 82 Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication............................................. 85 Types of Nonverbal Communication.................................................... 86 Use of Body: Kinesics.............................................................. 86 Use of Voice: Paralanguage.......................................................... 88 Use of Space: Proxemics............................................................ 90 Use of Time: Chronemics........................................................... 91 Physical Appearance............................................................... 92 Guidelines for Improving Nonverbal Communication....................................... 94 Sending Nonverbal Messages........................................................ 94 Interpreting Nonverbal Messages..................................................... 95 Chapter 6: Listening........................................................... 100 What Is Listening?.................................................................. 102 Listening Challenges............................................................... 103 Listening Apprehension............................................................ 103 Listening Style................................................................... 103 Processing Approach.............................................................. 106 vii Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Active Listening Strategies........................................................... 106 Attending...................................................................... 106 Understanding................................................................... 108 Remembering................................................................... 110 Evaluating...................................................................... 111 Responding..................................................................... 112 Listening Response Strategies........................................................ 112 Unit II. Interpersonal Communication & Relationships.......... 119 Chapter 7: Interpersonal Relationships............................................ 120 Types of Relationships.............................................................. 122 Acquaintances................................................................... 122 Friends......................................................................... 124 Intimates....................................................................... 125 Disclosure in Relationship Life Cycles................................................... 128 Social Penetration................................................................ 128 The Johari Window............................................................... 129 Stages of Relationships.............................................................. 130 Coming Together: Beginning and Developing Relationships............................... 130 Staying Together: Maintaining Relationships........................................... 132 Coming Apart: Declining and Dissolving Relationships................................... 134 The Role of Technology in Interpersonal Relationship Formation, Development, and Dissolution................................................................... 135 Dialectics in Interpersonal Relationships................................................ 136 Relational Dialectics.............................................................. 136 Managing Dialectical Tensions...................................................... 137 Chapter 8: Interpersonal Communication.......................................... 142 Providing Emotional Support......................................................... 144 Comforting Guidelines............................................................ 144 Managing Privacy and Disclosure...................................................... 145 Effects of Disclosure and Privacy on Relationships....................................... 148 Disclosure Guidelines............................................................. 149 Privacy Management Guidelines..................................................... 152 Expressing Desires and Expectations................................................... 154 Passive Communication Style....................................................... 154 Aggressive Communication Style.................................................... 154 Passive-Aggressive Communication Style.............................................. 155 Assertive Communication Style..................................................... 155 Cultural and Co-cultural Considerations............................................... 156 Managing Interpersonal Conflict...................................................... 157 Avoiding (Lose–Lose).............................................................. 157 Accommodating (Lose–Win)........................................................ 158 Competing (Win–Lose)............................................................ 158 Compromising (Partial Lose–Lose)................................................... 158 Collaborating (Win–Win)........................................................... 159 Collaboration Guidelines........................................................... 159 viii Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Unit III. Group Communication............................ 167 Chapter 9: Communicating in Groups............................................. 168 The Nature and Types of Groups...................................................... 170 Families........................................................................ 170 Social Groups................................................................... 171 Support Groups.................................................................. 171 Interest Groups.................................................................. 171 Service Groups.................................................................. 172 Work Groups and Teams........................................................... 172 Virtual Groups................................................................... 173 Characteristics of Healthy Groups..................................................... 175 Healthy Groups Have Ethical Goals.................................................. 175 Healthy Groups Are Interdependent.................................................. 175 Healthy Groups Are Cohesive....................................................... 176 Healthy Groups Develop and Abide by Productive Norms................................ 177 Healthy Groups Are Accountable.................................................... 179 Healthy Groups Are Synergetic...................................................... 179 Stages of Group Formation and Development........................................... 180 Forming........................................................................ 180 Storming....................................................................... 180 Norming....................................................................... 180 Performing...................................................................... 181 Adjourning and Transforming....................................................... 181 Conflict in Groups.................................................................. 181 Pseudo-Conflict.................................................................. 181 Issue-Related Group Conflict....................................................... 181 Personality-Related Group Conflict................................................... 182 Culture and Conflict.............................................................. 182 Virtual Groups and Conflict......................................................... 182 Chapter 10: Group Leadership and Problem Solving................................. 186 Leadership....................................................................... 188 Task Roles...................................................................... 189 Maintenance Roles............................................................... 189 Procedural Roles................................................................. 191 Meetings......................................................................... 193 Guidelines for Meeting Leaders/Conveners............................................ 193 Guidelines for Meeting Participants.................................................. 196 Systematic Problem Solving.......................................................... 197 Step One: Identify and Define the Problem............................................ 198 Step Two: Analyze the Problem..................................................... 198 Step Three: Determine Criteria for Judging Solutions.................................... 199 Step Four: Generate a Host of Solutions.............................................. 200 Step Five: Evaluate Solutions and Decide.............................................. 201 Step Six: Implement the Agreed-Upon Solution and Assess It.............................. 202 Communicating Group Solutions...................................................... 202 Written Formats.................................................................. 202 Oral Formats.................................................................... 204 Virtual Formats.................................................................. 204 ix Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Evaluating Group Effectiveness....................................................... 205 Group Dynamics................................................................. 205 Group Presentations.............................................................. 207 Unit IV. Public Speaking................................. 213 Chapter 11: Topic Selection and Development...................................... 214 Determine an Appropriate Speech Topic and Goal....................................... 216 Identify Potential Topics........................................................... 217 Select a Topic................................................................... 223 Write a Speech Goal Statement..................................................... 225 Locate and Evaluate Information Sources............................................... 227 Personal Knowledge and Experience................................................. 227 Secondary Research.............................................................. 228 Primary Research................................................................. 232 Identify and Evaluate a Variety of Information............................................ 234 Factual Statements............................................................... 234 Expert Opinions.................................................................. 235 Elaborations..................................................................... 235 Diverse Cultural Perspectives....................................................... 235 Record Information and Sources...................................................... 236 Annotated Bibliography........................................................... 236 Research Cards.................................................................. 236 Cite Sources...................................................................... 237 Chapter 12: Organizing Your Speech............................................. 242 Develop the Body.................................................................. 245 Identify Main Points............................................................... 245 Word Main Points................................................................ 247 Select a Main Point Pattern........................................................ 248 Write the Thesis Statement......................................................... 250 Outline the Speech Body.......................................................... 250 Develop Main Points.............................................................. 252 Create Transitions................................................................ 253 Develop the Introduction............................................................ 254 Get Attention................................................................... 254 Establish Relevance............................................................... 257 Establish Credibility............................................................... 258 State the Thesis.................................................................. 258 Develop the Conclusion............................................................. 259 Summarize Goal and Main Points.................................................... 259 Clinch.......................................................................... 259 Compile the Reference List and Formal Outline.......................................... 261 Chapter 13: Presentational Aids................................................. 272 Benefits of Presentational Aids........................................................ 275 Types of Presentational Aids.......................................................... 275 Visual Aids...................................................................... 276 Audio Aids...................................................................... 280 x Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Audiovisual Aids................................................................. 280 Other Sensory Aids............................................................... 280 Choosing Presentational Aids......................................................... 281 Preparing Presentational Aids........................................................ 282 Displaying Presentational Aids........................................................ 283 Posters......................................................................... 283 Whiteboards or Chalkboards....................................................... 283 Flip Charts...................................................................... 284 Handouts....................................................................... 284 Document Cameras............................................................... 285 Computers, CD/DVD Players, and LCD Projectors....................................... 285 Using Presentational Aids............................................................ 285 Chapter 14: Language and Oral Style............................................. 290 Oral Style........................................................................ 292 Speaking Appropriately............................................................. 294 Relevance...................................................................... 294 Common Ground................................................................. 295 Speaker Credibility............................................................... 295 Linguistic Sensitivity............................................................... 296 Cultural Diversity................................................................. 297 Speaking Clearly................................................................... 298 Use Specific Language............................................................ 299 Choose Familiar Terms............................................................ 300 Provide Details and Examples....................................................... 300 Limit Vocalized Pauses............................................................. 301 Speaking Vividly................................................................... 301 Use Sensory Language............................................................ 301 Use Rhetorical Figures and Structures of Speech........................................ 302 Chapter 15: Delivery.......................................................... 308 Public Speaking Apprehension........................................................ 310 Symptoms and Causes............................................................ 310 Management Techniques.......................................................... 311 Characteristics of Effective Delivery Style............................................... 313 Use of Voice.................................................................... 314 Use of Body..................................................................... 316 Delivery Methods.................................................................. 321 Impromptu Speeches............................................................. 321 Scripted Speeches................................................................ 321 Extemporaneous Speeches......................................................... 321 Rehearsals........................................................................ 323 Preparing Speaking Notes......................................................... 323 Handling Presentational Aids....................................................... 325 Practice Rounds.................................................................. 326 Adapting While Delivering the Speech................................................. 327 Adapting Your Speech for Virtual Audiences........................................... 329 Evaluating Speeches................................................................ 330 xi Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Chapter 16: Informative Speaking................................................ 342 Characteristics of Effective Informative Speaking......................................... 344 Intellectually Stimulating........................................................... 344 Relevant........................................................................ 345 Creative........................................................................ 345 Memorable..................................................................... 346 Learning Styles.................................................................. 346 Methods of Informing............................................................... 347 Description..................................................................... 347 Definition....................................................................... 349 Comparison and Contrast.......................................................... 349 Narration....................................................................... 349 Demonstration................................................................... 350 Informative Process Speeches........................................................ 351 Informative Expository Speeches...................................................... 351 Chapter 17: Persuasive Speaking................................................ 366 The Nature of Persuasion............................................................ 368 Processing Persuasive Messages..................................................... 368 Persuasive Speech Goals............................................................ 369 Types of Propositions............................................................. 369 Tailoring Propositions to Your Target Audience......................................... 370 Rhetorical Appeals to Logos......................................................... 372 Types of Logical Arguments........................................................ 373 Reasoning Fallacies............................................................... 374 Rhetorical Appeals to Ethos.......................................................... 377 Conveying Good Character......................................................... 377 Conveying Competence and Credibility............................................... 377 Rhetorical Appeals to Pathos......................................................... 378 Evoking Negative Emotions........................................................ 378 Evoking Positive Emotions......................................................... 380 Persuasive Speech Patterns.......................................................... 381 Statement of Reasons............................................................. 381 Comparative Advantages.......................................................... 382 Criteria Satisfaction............................................................... 382 Refutative...................................................................... 382 Problem–Solution................................................................ 383 Problem–Cause–Solution.......................................................... 383 Motivated Sequence.............................................................. 384 Appendix: Interviewing......................................................... 400 The Interview Protocol.............................................................. 402 Primary and Secondary Questions................................................... 403 Open and Closed Questions........................................................ 403 Neutral and Leading Questions..................................................... 403 xii Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Information-Gathering Interviews...................................................... 404 Choosing the Interviewee.......................................................... 404 Conducting the Interview.......................................................... 405 Following Up.................................................................... 406 Employment Interviews............................................................. 406 Employment Interviewers.......................................................... 407 Employment Seekers.............................................................. 408 Preparing Application Materials..................................................... 410 Conducting the Employment Interview............................................... 413 Following Up.................................................................... 417 Media Interviews................................................................... 417 Before the Interview.............................................................. 418 During the Interview.............................................................. 418 References................................................................... 421 Index....................................................................... 437 xiii Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Preface I am so happy to be sharing this revised version of Communicate! with you and hope you find the changes refreshing and relevant. As you will see, I have paid special attention to providing examples of communication as it occurs not only in face-to-face settings but also through technology-driven ones. I have also included examples of communica- tion in a variety of contexts including friends and family, as well as across cultures and co-cultures. I hope you find this approach compelling and useful. This edition marks the first time neither Rudy nor Kathie Verderber—the book’s original authors—were actively involved in the writing and revision process. However, I have worked hard to remain true to the hallmarks of their work, while also incorporat- ing examples that speak to the new realities of communicating today. To Students Congratulations! You are beginning to study communication, a subject that is impor- tant and useful to you in all parts of your life. When you want to establish or improve a relationship, when you need to work with others on a group project for class or work, or when you are asked to make a public presentation in person or online, your success will depend on how effectively you communicate in those settings. The primary goal of this book is and always has been to equip you with the communica- tion skills you need to be successful in your personal relationships and professional endeav- ors. Over the years, the Verderbers have worked to make sure that students, like you, have a book that is easy and enjoyable to read. Although both Rudy and Kathie are now enjoying retirement and are no longer playing a role in the revisions, the characteristics of their work remain. I have made sure that the information, theories, and skills discussed are relevant to the real relationships and communication situations you face. Today that means providing best practices for communicating effectively across multimodal channels and settings. As always, Communicate! is written with five specific goals in mind: 1. To explain important research-based communication concepts and theories of human communication. 2. To provide tools to practice and assess specific communication skills in interper- sonal, intercultural, group, and public speaking settings, as well as in both face-to- face and virtual environments. 3. To describe and encourage you to adopt ethical communication strategies when interacting with others. 4. To teach you the nuances of communicating effectively in different cultures. 5. To stimulate critical and creative thinking about the concepts and skills you learn as they apply to face-to-face interactions, as well as in technology-mediated ones. To Instructors Thank you for considering this new edition of Communicate! I believe the revisions will surprise and delight those of you who have used Communicate! in the past. I also believe xv Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  that those of you looking for a new textbook will find this edition of Communicate! to be refreshing and engaging. In the sections that follow, I detail what’s new and highlight the pre-existing features that have made Communicate! a perennial favorite among students and faculty alike. New to This Edition Increased emphasis on the role of technology and social media. Because tech- nology and social media now play such a central role in our lives, I have integrated discussions of research findings and best practices into each chapter. These discus- sions focus on how specific communication concepts operate both similarly and differently in technological and face-to-face environments. A revised chapter on listening (Chapter 6) that integrates contemporary research on cognitive processes being published today, as well as how technology and social media are changing the way we listen and bring new challenges to listening effectively. A revised chapter on presentational aids (Chapter 13) to honor the range of vi- sual, audio, and audiovisual aids used so often in speechmaking today. A new sample informative speech outline and transcript on Internet identity theft. New features: Student learning outcomes introduce each chapter to guide students to focus on main points as they read. Chapter summaries have been replaced with a Reflection and Assessment section asking students to answer key questions about the chapter before moving on to the next chapter. “Apply It” boxes in the margins encourage readers to reflect on and apply a specific communication concept or skill to their lives. Revised features: “Pop Comm!” features have been revised and renamed as “Communicating in the World” to better reflect the nature of this feature, which illustrates key com- munication concepts and theories played out in daily life. Diverse Voices essays have been streamlined in ways that target cross-cultural com- munication challenges as told by real people who have experienced them. The Appendix on interviewing has been updated and revised throughout. Chapter-by-Chapter Revisions Chapter 1, “Foundations of Communication,” continues to focus on the fun- damental processes of communication and is still organized so that students see the primacy of messages and the canned plans and scripts we use to encode and xvi Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  decode them in different communication settings and through various channels. The chapter now also includes sections on media richness, social presence, and synchronicity as they impact communication and relationships online. The section on communication ethics has been expanded to address both the bright side and dark side of communication. Chapter 2, “Perception of Self and Others,” has been updated to reflect current research about self-concept, self-esteem, and how they influence and are influenced by communication. The chapter has also been expanded to explore more fully the role perception processes play in social media interactions. Chapter 3, “Intercultural Communication,” includes all of the foundational concepts we use to differentiate cultural perspectives from each other. In addition, the chapter focuses on how cultural identity affects communication and presents guidelines for demonstrating empathy and respect when communicating with people from cultures other than your own. Chapter 4, “Verbal Messages,” describes the nature of language and how lan- guage and speech communities influence message interpretation. The chapter then explains how message meanings are derived from the words themselves (semantics), the conversational context (pragmatics), and social and cultural con- texts (sociolinguistics). Special attention is also paid toward how communicating through technology-mediated channels influences semantic, pragmatic, and socio- linguistic meanings. Finally, specific guidelines for improving skills in constructing and interpreting verbal messages are proposed throughout the chapter. Chapter 5, “Nonverbal Messages,” has been updated with current research and examples of how nonverbal messages are communicated, interpreted, and misin- terpreted in online environments. The chapter also describes the role proxemics (personal space, territorial space, and acoustic space) play when communicating in face-to-face and virtual settings. Chapter 6, “Listening,” has been updated to reflect what current research tells us about listening processes and challenges, particularly in light of the tendency to multitask at the expense of listening effectiveness. The chapter proposes active listening as a way to overcome these challenges. Chapter 7, “Interpersonal Relationships,” has been updated with current research and uses the friendship of Whitney and Paige to understand the stages of coming together and apart, as well as the nature of dialectical tensions in relationship. Chapter 8, “Interpersonal Communication,” has been updated with contempo- rary research and examples. It focuses on the role of communication in developing and maintaining a positive communication climate and a section on interpersonal conflict management styles. Chapter 9, “Communicating in Groups,” offers updated examples of types of groups and effective communication within them. It also provides an expanded discussion of virtual groups and effective virtual group communication based on current research. xvii Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Finally, the chapter offers an extended discussion about conflict in groups and how to manage it effectively when interacting in face-to-face or virtual environments. Chapter 10, “Group Leadership and Problem Solving,” focuses specifically on the nature of effective leadership and problem solving in meetings and on work group teams, which includes a comprehensive discussion about communicating group decisions in written, oral, and virtual formats. Chapter 11, “Topic Selection and Development,” continues to focus on topic selection, research, and speech development based on ongoing audience analysis and adaptation. The chapter also includes a discussion of the pros and cons of using an annotated bibliography or research cards to document information you might use in the speech. Chapter 12, “Organizing Your Speech,” includes a sample outline on the abuses of the prescription drug Adderall among college students today, as well as an ex- panded discussion of the rhetorical strategies one can use to gain attention in the introduction. Chapter 13, “Presentational Aids,” illustrates the role of visual, audio, and au- diovisual aids in speechmaking today. In addition to choosing, preparing, and dis- playing presentational aids, this edition adds a section on using presentational aids during the actual speech. Chapter 14, “Language and Oral Style,” is devoted exclusively to effective formal oral language style used in public speaking as it differs from written style and casual conversational style. The chapter also highlights what is considered appropriate and inappropriate language, as well as strategies to improve clarity and vivid descriptions. Chapter 15, “Delivery,” focuses on how to practice conversational and animated delivery using your voice and body. The chapter also illustrates how to use technol- ogy to conduct effective rehearsals and to give speeches to multiple audiences when doing speeches online. Chapter 16, “Informative Speaking,” has been updated to include current examples and reflect current research. This edition also introduces a new informa- tive speech on Internet Identity Theft. Chapter 17, “Persuasive Speaking,” has been updated with current examples and research. It continues to explain the nature of persuasion as a form of argument developed with strategies of logos, ethos, and pathos. The Appendix on interviewing has been revised to focus on the fact that many jobs are now posted and applied to online. It includes the types of questions to include in an effective interview protocol and some guidelines to follow when conducting an information-gathering interview, media interview, or employment interview as both interviewer and as interviewee. The chapter gives considerable attention to employment seekers and how to locate job openings through formal and informal networks, as well as how to prepare application materials, conduct the interview, and follow up afterward. xviii Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Hallmark Features “Communication Skill” boxes provide a step-by-step guide for each of the com- munication skills presented in the text. Each of these boxes includes the definition of the skill, a brief description of its use, the steps for enacting the skill, and an example that illustrates the skill. “Speech Plan Action Steps” in Chapters 11–15 guide students through a sequen- tial speech-planning process. The activities that accompany each of these action steps guide students through an orderly process that results in better speeches. Sample student speeches appear in the text, each accompanied by an audience adaptation plan, an outline, and an annotated transcript. A new sample speech is introduced in Chapter 16: “Internet Identify Theft: Self-Protection Steps.” For some of these speeches, students can use the MindTap® Speech for Communicate! to view videos, see the transcript and two different kinds of outlines and sample note cards, and prepare their own critiques. “Communicate on Your Feet” speech assignments in Units I and II encour- age students to begin building their public-speaking skills immediately while also addressing the needs of instructors who assign prepared speeches throughout the course. In Unit IV, these assignments correspond to the speech types discussed in Chapters 16 and 17. “What Would You Do? A Question of Ethics” are short case studies that appear near the end of chapters. These cases present ethical challenges and require students to think critically, sorting through a variety of ethical dilemmas faced by com- municators. Conceptual material presented in Chapter 1 lays the groundwork for the criteria on which students may base their assessments, but each case focuses on issues raised in a specific chapter. MindTap® Speech for Communicate is a fully online, highly personalized learning experience that enhances learner engagement and improves outcomes while reducing instructor workload. By combining readings, multimedia, activities, and assessments into a singular Learning Path, MindTap guides students through their course with ease and engagement. Videos are available in the Speech Video Library so that stu- dents can better comprehend the key concepts of each chapter. Activities, powered by MindApps developed specifically for this discipline, guide students through the pro- cess of analyzing sample speeches, creating topics, building outlines, and practicing and presenting their speech. Instructors personalize the Learning Path by customiz- ing Cengage Learning resources and adding their own content via apps that integrate into the MindTap framework seamlessly with any Learning Management System. Teaching and Learning Resources Communicate! is accompanied by a full suite of integrated materials that will make teaching and learning more efficient and effective. Note to faculty: If you want your students to have access to the online resources for this book, please be sure to order them xix Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  for your course. The content in these resources can be bundled with every new copy of the text or ordered separately. Contact your local Cengage Learning Consultant. If you do not order them, your students will not have access to the online resources. Student Resources The Speech Video Library available in MindTap provides instructors an easy way to keyword search, review, evaluate, and assign exemplar student speeches into their classroom and online learning environment. There are more than 70 videos, including both famous historical speeches and realistic student classroom speeches. Student speech types include informative, persuasive, invitational, impromptu and group presentations. All speeches are accompanied by activities to help students refine and develop their speech preparation and critical thinking skills. The Speech Plan Action Steps can be completed with the Outline Builder available in MindTap. Outline Builder is a speech preparation resource that provides step-by-step support for students to select an appropriate topic, design balanced and organized main points and sub points, formulate citations that follow guidelines, and create succinct note cards. Students arrive well prepared and confident on speech day, with a complete and well-organized outline in hand. Outline Builder can also be customized based upon instructor preferences and expectations. Practice and Present available in MindTap, powered by YouSeeU, is a synchro- nous (live capture) and asynchronous speech video delivery, recording, and grading system. It compiles student video submissions in one, easy-to-access place that allows self-review, peer review, and instructor grades in one system. Instructors are able to provide feedback via rubrics and time-stamped comments so that students no longer have to wait until future class sessions to receive timely, meaningful feed- back on their presentations. It can be also used to allow students to practice their speech outside of class ahead of time and get feedback, providing students with the tools to help reduce speech anxiety. It gives students the ability to synchronize visual aids to videos and also provides group presentation functionality. CengageBrain.com Online Store is a single destination for more than 15,000 new print textbooks, textbook rentals, eBooks, single eChapters, and print, digital, and audio study tools. CengageBrain.com provides the freedom to purchase Cengage Learning products à la carte—exactly what you need, when you need it. Visit cengagebrain.com for details. A Guide to the Basic Course for ESL Students can be bundled and is designed to assist the nonnative speaker. The Guide features FAQs, helpful URLs, and strategies for accent management and speech apprehension. Service Learning in Communication Studies: A Handbook is an invaluable resource for students in the basic course that integrates, or will soon integrate, a service-learning component. This handbook provides guidelines for connecting service-learning work with classroom concepts and advice for working effectively with agencies and organi- zations. It also provides model forms and reports and a directory of online resources. xx Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Instructor Resources Instructor’s Resource Web site. This Web site is an all-in one resource for class prepa- ration, presentation, and testing for instructors. Accessible through Cengage.com/login with you faculty account, you will find an Instructor’s Manual, Chapter-by-Chapter PowerPoint presentations, and Cengage Learning Testing files powered by Cognero. The Instructor’s Resource Manual includes a sample syllabi, chapter-by-chapter outlines, summaries, vocabulary lists, suggested lecture and discussion topics, classroom exercises, assignments, and a comprehensive test bank with answer key and rejoinders. In addition, this manual includes the “Spotlight on Scholars” boxes that were in previous editions of the main text. These boxes feature the work of eight eminent communications scholars, putting a face on scholarship by telling each scholar’s “story.” These boxes can be used as discussion starters, as enrichment for students who are interested in communication scholarship, or in any other way instructors would like to integrate them into the course. Special-topic instructor’s manuals. Written by Deanna Sellnow, University of Central Florida, these three brief manuals provide instructor resources for teach- ing public speaking online, with a service-learning approach, and with a problem- based learning approach that focuses on critical thinking and teamwork skills. Each manual includes course syllabi; icebreakers; information about learning cycles and learning styles; and public speaking basics such as coping with anxiety, outlining, and speaking ethically. Cengage Learning Testing, powered by Cognero. Accessible through Cengage. com/login with your faculty account, this test bank contains multiple choice, true/false, and essay questions for each chapter. Cognero is a flexible, online system that allows you to author, edit, and manage test bank content. Create multiple test versions instantly and deliver through your LMS platform from wherever you may be. Cognero is compatible with Blackboard, Angel, Moodle, and Canvas LMS platforms. The Teaching Assistant’s Guide to the Basic Course, based on leading communi- cation teacher training programs, covers general teaching and course management topics as well as specific strategies for communication instruction—for example, providing effective feedback on performance, managing sensitive class discussions, and conducting mock interviews. The Media Guide for Interpersonal Communication provides faculty with media resource listings focused on general interpersonal communication topics. Each list- ing provides compelling examples of how interpersonal communication concepts are illustrated in particular films, books, plays, Web sites, or journal articles. Discussion questions are provided. CourseCare training and support. Get trained, get connected, and get the sup- port you need for the seamless integration of digital resources into your course. This unparalleled technology service and training program provides robust online resources, peer-to-peer instruction, personalized training, and a customizable pro- gram you can count on. Visit cengage.com to sign up for online seminars, first xxi Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  days of class services, technical support, or personalized, face-to-face training. Our online and onsite trainings are frequently led by one of our Lead Teachers, faculty members who are experts in using Wadsworth Cengage Learning technology and can provide best practices and teaching tips. Flex-text customization program. With this program you can create a text as unique as your course: quickly, simply, and affordably. As part of our flex-text pro- gram, you can add your personal touch to Communicate! with a course-specific cover and up to 32 pages of your own content—at no additional cost. The Media and Media Literacy bonus chapter can also be added. A single chapter on public speaking is available through Cengage Custom Pub- lishing for survey courses in which developing public speaking skills is not an em- phasis. This chapter, written by the Communicate! authors, presents a concise over- view of public speaking and the speech-making process. It is designed to substitute for Chapters 11–17 of Communicate! and to provide an overview, rather than a comprehensive guide to the speech-making process. Acknowledgments This fifteenth edition of Communicate! has benefitted from the work of many people I would like to recognize. First, the instructors who provided their feedback, which helped shape this new edition: Eric Batson, Community College of Baltimore County; Kimberly Batty-Herbert, South Florida State College; Glen Beck, Dowling College; Susan Cain, South- western Community College; Shera Carter, San Jacinto College; Keith Corso, Westminster College; Steven Epstein-Ferrero, Suffolk Community College; Diane Ferrero-Paluzzi, Iona College; Joseph Ganakos, Lee College; Khalil Islam-Zwart, Spokane Falls Community College; Doreen Kutufam, Carroll College; Amy Lenoce, Naugatuck Valley Community College; Jennifer McCullough, Kent State University; Virginia McDermott, High Point University; Laurie Metcalf, Blinn College; John Parrish, Tarrant County College; Chris Sawyer, Texas Christian University; Christy Takamure, Leeward Community College; Charlotte Toguchi, Kapiolani Community College; Joseph Velasco, Sul Ross State University; Chaffey College; Jim Wilson, Shelton State Community College; Carleen Yokotake, Leeward Community College. Second, thanks to the great editorial team that has been instrumental in getting this edition launched: Monica Eckman, product director; Nicole Morinon and Kelli Strieby, product managers; Jessica Badiner, senior content developer; Karolina Kiwak, associate content developer; Colin Solan, product assistant; Sarah Seymour, marketing manager; Dan Saabye, content project manager; Marissa Falco, senior art director; Ed Dionne, project manager at MPS Limited; Maura Brown, copy editor; Ann Hoffman, intel- lectual property analyst; Farah Ford, intellectual property project manager; Nazveena Syed, image researcher; and Manjula Subramanian, text permission researcher. Most important, however, huge thanks go to Kassi Radomski, content developer. She is an amazing champion for this project. Thanks, Kassi. You are the best! Finally, thanks be to God who undergirds everything I do. Deanna D. Sellnow xxii Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Communicate! Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.  I U n it On e Foundations of Communication In the words of educational philosopher, Robert M. Hutchins, former dean of the Yale Law School and former president and chancellor of the University of Chicago, A world community can only exist with world communication, which means something more than extensive software facilities scattered about the globe. It means common understanding, a common tradition, common ideas and common ideals. The title of the book you are about to read is Communicate! and from it you will gain skills designed to help you achieve what Hutchins describes. Before we embark on our journey, however, we ought to begin with a common understanding of what communication means. We know that communication has to do with things like reading, writing, talking, and listening. What people sometimes fail to realize, however, is that communication is something we can learn to do more effectively through study and practice. At its core, communication stems from the desire to share our thoughts, feelings, and ideas with others. We do this through the messages we send and receive every day. Messages are made up of a combination of verbal symbols (words), nonverbal cues (behaviors), and perhaps visual images. Through reflection and analysis, we interpret the messages of others—sometimes accurately and sometimes not. New technologies provide new channels for communicating and new challenges. For example, e-mailing, texting, tweeting, blogging, Facebook messaging, Skyping, and Snapchatting are expanding our ability to stay in touch with distant others. With these opportunities, however, comes an intensified need to improve our communication com- petence as we tailor our messages to be appropriate for these different communication channels. So this book focuses on effective communication (1) in various settings such as interpersonal encounters, small groups, and public forums, as well as (2) using a variety of channels ranging from flat print to face-to-face to mediated and technology-driven ones. This first unit consists of six chapters devoted to the fundamental elements of ef