Karst Landforms PDF

Karst Landforms Sinkhole • a depression with common form that is funnel-shaped and broadly open upwards • depth in mere indentations to few feet with a maximun of 100 feet • developed slowly through downward dissolution of rock beneath the soil mantle and produced by collapse of rock above an under...

Karst Landforms Sinkhole • a depression with common form that is funnel-shaped and broadly open upwards • depth in mere indentations to few feet with a maximun of 100 feet • developed slowly through downward dissolution of rock beneath the soil mantle and produced by collapse of rock above an underground void Cdn.theatlantic.com Karst Landforms Cave or Cavern • a natural cavity or a system of chambers beneath the surface of the Earth • can form large enough for a person to enter, called a cave system if a group of cave are connected • formed by wave action against cliffs, or they maybe cut into glacier bottoms by meltwater streams Kota Gelanggi Cave, Jerantut Fluvial Landforms Valley • a linear low-lying tract of land bordered on both sides by higher land and frequently traversed by a stream or river • cut by running water over time; their cross profiles change due to various factors • Glacial erosion1 weathering, sheetwash ana mass wasting pakistansource.com/shalman-valley-stunning-valley Marine/ Transitions Landforms Transition/ Marine Landforms Sea mount • are underwater mountains that rise hundreds or thousands of feet from the seafloor. How are seamounts formed? By Submarine volcanism, after repeated eruptions, the volcano builds upwards into shallower water. If a sea mount eventually breaches the water's surface, it becomes an island. Wave action can then erode the exposed rock, and the peak may be flattened or leveled off. http:/ /ma noa .hawa ii .ed u/ ka u na na/ scie ntists-cha rt-seafloo r-of-on e-oft he-largest-marine-protected-areas-on-earth/ Transition/Marine Landforms Lagoon • a shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by barrier islands or reefs • form around slightly sloping coasts which makes them highly dependent on the sea level. Usually located at water level height, lagoons are highly vulnerable to even the slightest change in water level. http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/sseop/E FS/photoinfo. pl? PHOTO=STS073-701-33 Transition/Marine Landforms Atoll • a ring-shaped coral reef including a coral rim that encircles a lagoon partially or completely • more than 20 m deep in some parts • Sometimes coral reefs from around volcanic islands. The island has been sinking over millions of years, but the coral ring around it remains. The reef becomes an atoll protecting an enclosed lagoon in the place of the volcano. Satellite picture of the Ataful atoll in Tokelau in the Pacific Ocean ---- Dome Structural/ Tectonic Landforms • is a round or oval-shaped formation that has risen above the ground around it. A roughly circular, up folded structure How are domes are formed? 1. Some natural domes develop when magma from deep within the Earth pushes up surface rock layers 2. Domes can be created by the upward movement of salt layers due to the low density of salt, therefore bulging overlying strata https://www.civilsdaily.com/ the-4-types-of-mountains-and-thei r-det ailedcharactersitics/ Structural/Tectonic Landforms Pull-apart basins a structural basin where two overlapping faults or a fault bend creates an area of crustal extension undergoing tension, which causes the basin to sink down .... I Geologycafe.com Image of a pull-apart basin redrawn from Frisch et al. 2010 Structural/Tectonic Landforms Graben • a fault bounded crustal unit or block, generally elongate, that has been depressed relative to the blocks on either sides ~ -- - -- ~ ~~ Normal Fault geomorfolog4eso. biogs pot.com -~ - ~ r,,,-.;.:..--=.:::;cc_~ Volcanic Landforms Volcanic Neck • a hill resulting from differential weathering and erosion between the former feeder tube of a volcano and its surrounding rocks. How are Volcanic Necks formed? Created when lava hardens within a vent on an active volcano. If a plug is preserved, erosion may remove the surrounding rock while the erosionresistant plug remains, producing a distinctive la ndform. htt ps://flyi ngfish photogra phy.com/sl ide/agath la/ Volcanic Landforms Crater • Steep-sided unless eroded, at the top or on the flank of a volcanic cone • Formed by eruption, explosion or subsidence videohive.net/item/aerial-view-of-volcano-crater-iniceland/20730957 Volcanic Landforms Caldera • A very large, bowl shaped volcanic depression the horizontal dimension of which is much greater than its vertical dimension • Range in size from 1km to 20km in diameter and are circular or eIIi ptica I in out Ii ne • Formed by the combination of the explosion and collapse of the top of a volcanic cone or group of cones hawaiitribune-herald.com Mountain • A large natu ra I elevation of the earth's surface rising abruptly from the surrounding level; a large steep hi 11. How are Mountains Formed? Mountains are most often formed by movement of the tectonic p Iates in the Earth's crust. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/earth/surface-of-the-earth/mountains/ Erosional Landform Canyon • A deep, steep-walled gorge cut by a river or stream, generally into bedrock • Frequently found in arid or semi-arid regions where the effect of stream action greatly outweighs weathering National Trust for Historic Preservation savingplaces.org/places/gra n d-ca nyon#.W_Hkl Ogzbl U Other Landforms Impact Craters • a depression formed by an impact of a meteor, asteroid or comet • nearly circular, some elliptical in low angled collision • occur widely on the surface of planets and their satellites in the solar system, analogous to cratering by high explosives References: https ://www. brita nnica .com/science/a rete-glacia I-la ndform https://revisionworld.com/gcse-revision/geography/work-ice/landforms-glacial-erosion https://www.whoi.edu/main/topic/seamounts http://science .j ran k.o rg/ pages/60 25 /Seam o u nts. ht m I https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/dome/ https://www.civilsdaily.com/the-4-types-of-mountains-and-their-detailed-charactersitics/ http://www.edu.pe.ca/southernkings/hillmc.htm •