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Questions and Answers
Which law of stratigraphy states that beds were deposited nearly horizontal due to gravitational pull?
Which law of stratigraphy states that beds were deposited nearly horizontal due to gravitational pull?
- Unconformity Law
- Law of Lateral Continuity
- Law of Original Horizontality (correct)
- Law of Superposition
What does the Law of Superposition in stratigraphy state?
What does the Law of Superposition in stratigraphy state?
- Older strata lies at the top of younger strata
- Strata is deposited laterally until the sediment supply lasts
- Younger strata lies at the top of older strata (correct)
- It describes a break in time in a continuous rock sequence
What does the branch of geology concerned with the order and relative position of strata and their relationship to the geological time scale refer to?
What does the branch of geology concerned with the order and relative position of strata and their relationship to the geological time scale refer to?
- Structural geology
- Paleontology
- Stratigraphy (correct)
- Mineralogy
What does the study of facies in stratigraphy help interpret?
What does the study of facies in stratigraphy help interpret?
What is the difference between bedding and lamination?
What is the difference between bedding and lamination?
How are massive beds formed?
How are massive beds formed?
What causes the grain size to range from coarser at the bottom to finer at the top in graded beds?
What causes the grain size to range from coarser at the bottom to finer at the top in graded beds?
How are cross-bedding and cross-lamination primarily formed?
How are cross-bedding and cross-lamination primarily formed?
What type of sediment does flaser bedding favor?
What type of sediment does flaser bedding favor?
What type of sediment does lenticular bedding favor?
What type of sediment does lenticular bedding favor?
What causes wavy bedding to occur?
What causes wavy bedding to occur?
What is hummocky cross stratification a type of?
What is hummocky cross stratification a type of?
What are ripple marks?
What are ripple marks?
What is the ripple index a measure of?
What is the ripple index a measure of?
Which type of structure can determine paleocurrent directions?
Which type of structure can determine paleocurrent directions?
What are tool marks aligned parallel to?
What are tool marks aligned parallel to?
What are rain imprints likely made by?
What are rain imprints likely made by?
What are tafoni?
What are tafoni?
What are pot holes created by?
What are pot holes created by?
What do penecontemporaneous structures refer to?
What do penecontemporaneous structures refer to?
What do erosional structures provide valuable information about?
What do erosional structures provide valuable information about?
What do soft sediment deformation processes aid in?
What do soft sediment deformation processes aid in?
What are diastems and unconformities examples of?
What are diastems and unconformities examples of?
What are flute casts preserved on?
What are flute casts preserved on?
What are the three principal processes of soft sediment deformation recognized for?
What are the three principal processes of soft sediment deformation recognized for?
What is a characteristic of rain imprints?
What is a characteristic of rain imprints?
What is the process of converting granular material from a solid to a fluid-like state?
What is the process of converting granular material from a solid to a fluid-like state?
Which structure forms in rapidly deposited mudstone and sandy mudstone beds due to sediment instabilities?
Which structure forms in rapidly deposited mudstone and sandy mudstone beds due to sediment instabilities?
What do load casts and flame structures relate to?
What do load casts and flame structures relate to?
What is the result of clastic dikes fluidization?
What is the result of clastic dikes fluidization?
What do dish and pillar structures encompass?
What do dish and pillar structures encompass?
What are sand volcanoes formed from?
What are sand volcanoes formed from?
What do ball and pillow structures represent?
What do ball and pillow structures represent?
What is the process of separating particles based on size, shape, and density using a stream of gas or liquid?
What is the process of separating particles based on size, shape, and density using a stream of gas or liquid?
What are diapirs formed due to?
What are diapirs formed due to?
What is the characteristic of fluidization structures?
What is the characteristic of fluidization structures?
What do slump structures show?
What do slump structures show?
What do fluidization structures encompass?
What do fluidization structures encompass?
How are sinkholes primarily formed?
How are sinkholes primarily formed?
What is the main process that forms sea mounts?
What is the main process that forms sea mounts?
What characterizes a valley as a fluvial landform?
What characterizes a valley as a fluvial landform?
What is the distinguishing feature of a cave system?
What is the distinguishing feature of a cave system?
What landform is highly vulnerable to even the slightest change in water level?
What landform is highly vulnerable to even the slightest change in water level?
What landform is formed by the upward movement of salt layers due to the low density of salt?
What landform is formed by the upward movement of salt layers due to the low density of salt?
What volcanic landform is formed by the combination of the explosion and collapse of the top of a volcanic cone or group of cones?
What volcanic landform is formed by the combination of the explosion and collapse of the top of a volcanic cone or group of cones?
How are mountains most often formed?
How are mountains most often formed?
What erosional landform is generally cut by a river or stream into bedrock?
What erosional landform is generally cut by a river or stream into bedrock?
What landform is a shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by barrier islands or reefs?
What landform is a shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by barrier islands or reefs?
What volcanic landform results from differential weathering and erosion between the former feeder tube of a volcano and its surrounding rocks?
What volcanic landform results from differential weathering and erosion between the former feeder tube of a volcano and its surrounding rocks?
What tectonic landform is a round or oval-shaped formation that has risen above the ground around it?
What tectonic landform is a round or oval-shaped formation that has risen above the ground around it?
What tectonic landform is a structural basin where two overlapping faults or a fault bend creates an area of crustal extension undergoing tension, which causes the basin to sink down?
What tectonic landform is a structural basin where two overlapping faults or a fault bend creates an area of crustal extension undergoing tension, which causes the basin to sink down?
What tectonic landform is a fault-bounded crustal unit or block, generally elongate, that has been depressed relative to the blocks on either side?
What tectonic landform is a fault-bounded crustal unit or block, generally elongate, that has been depressed relative to the blocks on either side?
What is the characteristic of a volcanic neck?
What is the characteristic of a volcanic neck?
What is the distinguishing characteristic of a dome?
What is the distinguishing characteristic of a dome?
What is the characteristic of a lagoon?
What is the characteristic of a lagoon?
How are atolls formed?
How are atolls formed?
What causes the formation of domes?
What causes the formation of domes?
What defines a pull-apart basin?
What defines a pull-apart basin?
How are volcanic necks formed?
How are volcanic necks formed?
What forms a crater?
What forms a crater?
What characterizes a caldera?
What characterizes a caldera?
How are mountains most often formed?
How are mountains most often formed?
What characterizes a canyon?
What characterizes a canyon?
What is the characteristic of an impact crater?
What is the characteristic of an impact crater?
What is the characteristic of a volcanic neck?
What is the characteristic of a volcanic neck?
What characterizes a graben?
What characterizes a graben?
What determines the plate tectonic processes and is originally referred to the ocean's depth relative to sea level?
What determines the plate tectonic processes and is originally referred to the ocean's depth relative to sea level?
What landform is characterized by a flat depositional surface on the seafloor at the edge of the ocean margins?
What landform is characterized by a flat depositional surface on the seafloor at the edge of the ocean margins?
What are the transition areas from ocean crust to continental crust that underlie the continental slope characterized by?
What are the transition areas from ocean crust to continental crust that underlie the continental slope characterized by?
What are the deepest parts of the oceans and can reach a depth of approximately 10,000 meters?
What are the deepest parts of the oceans and can reach a depth of approximately 10,000 meters?
What is the region of the shelf between the low-tide mark and the depth to which waves normally affect the sea bottom?
What is the region of the shelf between the low-tide mark and the depth to which waves normally affect the sea bottom?
What causes exceptionally strong gravitational forces, resulting in very low tides?
What causes exceptionally strong gravitational forces, resulting in very low tides?
What type of tides occur during the full moon and the new moon?
What type of tides occur during the full moon and the new moon?
What is the region between mean high water and mean low water marks of the tides and is part of the littoral zone?
What is the region between mean high water and mean low water marks of the tides and is part of the littoral zone?
What is the cyclic rising and falling of Earth’s ocean surface caused by the tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun acting on the Earth?
What is the cyclic rising and falling of Earth’s ocean surface caused by the tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun acting on the Earth?
What is the deeper shelf area between the fair weather and storm wave bases?
What is the deeper shelf area between the fair weather and storm wave bases?
What is the bulge of water due to strong gravitational attraction between water and moon?
What is the bulge of water due to strong gravitational attraction between water and moon?
What occurs when the sun and moon are aligned, causing exceptionally strong gravitational forces?
What occurs when the sun and moon are aligned, causing exceptionally strong gravitational forces?
What are the tides that occur when the sun and moon are perpendicular, resulting in cancellation of gravitational forces?
What are the tides that occur when the sun and moon are perpendicular, resulting in cancellation of gravitational forces?
What are the tides that are not as dramatically high and low, occurring during quarter moons?
What are the tides that are not as dramatically high and low, occurring during quarter moons?
What is the region below the storm wave base and extends out to the shelf edge break at around 200 meters depth?
What is the region below the storm wave base and extends out to the shelf edge break at around 200 meters depth?
What is the region between the low-tide mark and the depth to which waves normally affect the sea bottom?
What is the region between the low-tide mark and the depth to which waves normally affect the sea bottom?
What is the depth range of the continental slope?
What is the depth range of the continental slope?
What causes exceptionally strong gravitational forces, resulting in very low tides?
What causes exceptionally strong gravitational forces, resulting in very low tides?
What is the characteristic of diurnal tides?
What is the characteristic of diurnal tides?
What is the depth range of the abyssal zone?
What is the depth range of the abyssal zone?
What is the distinguishing feature of spring tides?
What is the distinguishing feature of spring tides?
What causes neap tides to occur?
What causes neap tides to occur?
What is the depth range of the neritic zone?
What is the depth range of the neritic zone?
What characterizes the region of the shelf between the low-tide mark and the depth to which waves normally affect the sea bottom?
What characterizes the region of the shelf between the low-tide mark and the depth to which waves normally affect the sea bottom?
What is the characteristic of the region between mean high water and mean low water marks of the tides?
What is the characteristic of the region between mean high water and mean low water marks of the tides?
What is the depth range of the hadal zone?
What is the depth range of the hadal zone?
What is the depth range of the bathyal zone?
What is the depth range of the bathyal zone?
What is the depth range of the shelf zone?
What is the depth range of the shelf zone?
Flashcards
Erosional Structures
Erosional Structures
Features formed by erosion before sediment deposition.
Diastems
Diastems
Breaks in sediment deposition.
Unconformities
Unconformities
Significant breaks in the sedimentary record.
Sole Marks
Sole Marks
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Paleocurrent Direction
Paleocurrent Direction
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Tool Marks
Tool Marks
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Rain Imprints
Rain Imprints
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Tafoni
Tafoni
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Pot Holes
Pot Holes
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Penecontemporaneous Structures
Penecontemporaneous Structures
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Liquefaction
Liquefaction
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Fluidization
Fluidization
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Elutriation
Elutriation
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Slump Structures
Slump Structures
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Slumped beds
Slumped beds
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Fluidization Structures
Fluidization Structures
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Dish and Pillar Structures
Dish and Pillar Structures
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Clastic Dikes
Clastic Dikes
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Sand Volcanoes
Sand Volcanoes
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Load Casts
Load Casts
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Flame Structures
Flame Structures
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Ball and Pillow Structures
Ball and Pillow Structures
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Diapirs
Diapirs
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Study Notes
Geological Erosional and Penecontemporaneous Structures
- Erosional structures are formed during high shear stress before bed deposition, including diastems and unconformities.
- Sole marks, such as flute casts, are preserved on the bottom surfaces of beds and can determine paleocurrent directions.
- Tool marks, like grooves and prod marks, are impressions formed by objects carried in water flow and are aligned parallel to current movement.
- Rain imprints are small craterlike pits with slightly raised rims, likely made by the impact of rain.
- Tafoni are small cave-like features in granular rock with round entrances and smooth, concave walls.
- Pot holes are circular depressions created by the abrasive action of particles swirling in fast-moving eddies.
- Penecontemporaneous structures refer to changes in the fabric and layering of recently deposited sediment.
- Three principal processes of soft sediment deformation are recognized: 1. [not specified in the text].
- The text is sourced from "Correlations 1: Basic Geology / HDAR" and various external sources like "https://www.stephanielarmagnat.com/research" and "http://www.seddepseq.co.uk/SEDIMENTOLOGY/Sedimentology_Features/ToolMarks/ToolMarks.htm".
- Erosional structures are crucial in understanding the geological history and processes of sediment deposition.
- The formation and preservation of these structures provide valuable information about past environmental conditions and depositional settings.
- The study of these structures aids in paleoenvironmental and paleogeographic reconstructions.
Sedimentary Structures in Geology
- Liquefaction occurs when saturated sediment becomes momentarily liquid due to a shock, like an earthquake
- Fluidization is the process of converting granular material from a solid to a fluid-like state
- Elutriation is used to separate particles based on size, shape, and density using a stream of gas or liquid
- Slump structures form in rapidly deposited mudstone and sandy mudstone beds due to sediment instabilities
- Slumped beds show a fold structure with the noses of the anticlines oriented downslope
- Fluidization structures encompass features that form when fluids escape following deposition, commonly found in turbiditic successions
- Dish and pillar structures are concave disruptions and vertical water escape channels formed by the upward movement of fluids
- Clastic dikes fluidization results in the formation of vertical clastic dykes
- Sand volcanoes are formed from extruded liquefied sediment brought to the surface in isolated pipes
- Load casts and flame structures are related to loading, with the latter formed by water-saturated material injection upward into soft sediment
- Ball and pillow structures are masses of clastic sediment taking the form of isolated pillows or protruding ball structures
- Diapirs form due to density differences between layers of unconsolidated sediment, resulting in large-scale movements of material
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