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This document is a textbook chapter for a 10th-grade social science class. It includes information about the national education policy and textbook content for the social science subject in India.
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lkekftd foKku ledkyhu Hkkjr&2 d{kk 10 osQ fy, Hkwxksy dh ikB~;iqLrd Reprint 2024-25 1069 – ledkyhu Hkkjrµ2 ISBN 81-7450-667-5 d{...
lkekftd foKku ledkyhu Hkkjr&2 d{kk 10 osQ fy, Hkwxksy dh ikB~;iqLrd Reprint 2024-25 1069 – ledkyhu Hkkjrµ2 ISBN 81-7450-667-5 d{kk 10 OksQ fy, ikB~;iqLrd lokZf/dkj lqjf{kr izFke laLdj.k q izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk bl izdk'ku osQ fdlh Hkkx dks Nkiuk rFkk i- Qjojh 2007 ek?k 1928 bySDVªkWfudh] e'khuh] iQksVksizfrfyfi] fjdkWfMZ±x vFkok fdlh vU; fof/ ls iqu% iz;ksx i¼fr }kjk mldk laxzg.k vFkok izlkj.k oftZr gSA iqueqæZ.k q bl iqLrd dh fcØh bl 'krZ osQ lkFk dh xbZ gS fd izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk ;g iqLrd vius ewy vkoj.k vFkok ftYn osQ vykok fdlh vU; izdkj ls uoacj 2007] tuojh 2009] O;kikj }kjk m/kjh ij] iqufoZØ; ;k fdjk, ij u nh tk,xh] u csph tk,xhA tuojh 2010] tuojh 2011] q bl izdk'ku dk lgh ewY; bl i`"B ij eqfæzr gSA jcM+ dh eqgj vFkok fpidkbZ xbZ iphZ (fLVdj) ;k fdlh vU; fof/ }kjk vafdr dksbZ Hkh la'kksf/r ewY; xyr gS rFkk ekU; tuojh 2012] tuojh 2013] ugha gksxkA i- Qjojh 2014] fnlacj 2014] fnlacj 2015] fnlacj 2016] ,u lh bZ vkj Vh osQ izdk'ku izHkkx osQ dk;kZy; tuojh 2018] i- Qjojh 2019] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- oSaQil Jh vjfoan ekxZ tuojh 2020] tqykbZ 2021 vkSj u;h fnYyh 110 016 iQksu % 011&26562708 uoacj 2021 108, 100 iQhV jksM gsyh ,DlVsas'ku] gksLMsosQjs la'kksf/r laLdj.k cuk'kadjh III bLVst cSaxyq# 560 085 iQksu % 080&26725740 flracj 2022 Hkkæin 1944 uothou VªLV Hkou iqueqæZ.k Mkd?kj uothou vgenkckn 380 014 iQksu % 079&27541446 ekpZ 2024 pS=k 1946 lh-MCY;w-lh- oSaQil fudV% /udy cl LVkWi ifugVh dksydkrk 700 114 iQksu % 033&25530454 PD 65T SU lh-MCY;w-lh- dkWEIySDl ekyhxk¡o © jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuql/ a ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ ] 2007] xqokgkVh 781 021 l iQksu % 0361&2674869 2022 izdk'ku lg;ksx vè;{k] izdk'ku izHkkx % vuwi oqqQekj ` 95.00 I+kQ jktiwr eq[; laiknd % 'osrk mIiy eq[; mRiknu vfèkdkjh % v#.k fprdkjk eq[; O;kikj çca/d (izHkkjh)% vferkHk oqQekj laiknd % efj;e ckjk ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- okVjekoZQ 80 th-,l-,e- isij ij eqfnzrA lgk;d mRiknu vf/dkjh % jkts'k fiIiy izdk'ku izHkkx esa lfpo] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vj¯on ekxZ] u;h fnYyh vkoj.k] lTtk ,oa fp=kkadu 110 016 }kjk iz d kf'kr rFkk vkn'kZ izk- fy-] fuf/ ok/ok f'k[kj okrkZ&4] bafnjk izSl dkWEIysDl] ,e-ih- uxj] dkVksZxzkI+kQh Hkksiky 462 011 (e-iz-) }kjk eqfnzrA dkVksZxzkfI+kQd fM”kkbu ,tsalh Reprint 2024-25 vkeq[k jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk (2005) lq>krh gS fd cPpksa osQ LowQyh thou dks ckgj osQ thou ls tksM+k tkuk pkfg,A ;g fl¼kar fdrkch Kku dh ml fojklr osQ foijhr gS ftlosQ izHkkoo'k gekjh O;oLFkk vkt rd LowQy vkSj ?kj osQ chp varjky cuk;s gq, gSA u;h jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ ij vkèkkfjr ikB~;ozQe vkSj ikB~;iqLrosaQ bl cqfu;knh fopkj ij vey djus dk iz;kl gSA bl iz;kl esa gj fo"k; dks ,d e”kcwr nhokj ls ?ksj nsus vkSj tkudkjh dks jVk nsus dh izo`fÙk dk fojksèk 'kkfey gSA vk'kk gS fd ;s dne gesa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) eas of.kZr cky&osaQfnzr O;oLFkk dh fn'kk esa dkI+kQh nwj rd ys tk,¡xsA bl iz;Ru dh liQyrk vc bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd LowQyksa osQ izkpk;Z vkSj vè;kid cPpksa dks dYiuk'khy xfrfofèk;ksa vkSj lokyksa dh enn ls lh[kus vkSj lh[kus osQ nkSjku vius vuqHkoksa ij fopkj djus dk volj nsrs gSaA gesa ;g ekuuk gksxk fd ;fn txg] le; vkSj vk”kknh nh tk, rks cPps cM+ksa }kjk lkSaih xbZ lwpuk&lkexzh ls tqM+dj vkSj tw>dj u;s Kku dk l`tu djrs gSaA f'k{kk osQ fofoèk lkèkuksa ,oa lzksrksa dh vuns[kh fd, tkus dk izeq[k dkj.k ikB~;iqLrd dks ijh{kk dk ,dek=k vkèkkj cukus dh izo`fÙk gSA ltZuk vkSj igy dks fodflr djus osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd ge cPpksa dks lh[kus dh izfozQ;k esa iwjk Hkkxhnkj ekusa vkSj cuk,¡] mUgsa Kku dh fuèkkZfjr [kqjkd dk xzkgd ekuuk NksM+ nsaA ;s mís'; LowQy dh nSfud f”kanxh vkSj dk;Z'kSyh esa dkI+kQh isQjcny dh ek¡x djrs gSaA nSfud le;&lkj.kh esa yphykiu mruk gh ”k:jh gS ftruh okf"kZd oSQysMa j osQ vey esa pqLrh] ftlls f'k{k.k osQ fy, fu;r fnuksa dh la[;k gdhdr cu losQA f'k{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu dh fofèk;k¡ Hkh bl ckr dks r; djsxa h fd ;g ikB~;iqLrd LowQy esa cPpksa osQ thou dks ekufld ncko rFkk cksfj;r dh txg [kq'kh dk vuqHko cukus esa fdruh izHkkoh fl¼ gksrh gSA cks> dh leL;k ls fuiVus osQ fy, ikB~;ozQe fuekZrkvksa us fofHkUu pj.kksa esa Kku dk iqufuZèkkZj.k djrs le; cPpksa osQ euksfoKku ,oa vè;kiu osQ fy, miyCèk le; dk è;ku j[kus dh igys ls vfèkd lpsr dksf'k'k dh gSA bl dksf'k'k dks vkSj xgjkus osQ ;Ru esa ;g ikB~;iqLrd lksp&fopkj vkSj foLe;] NksVs lewgksa esa ckrphr ,oa cgl vkSj gkFk ls dh tkus okyh xfrfofèk;ksa dks izkFkfedrk nsrh gSA ,ulhbZvkjVh bl iqLrd dh jpuk osQ fy, cuk;h x;h ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr osQ ifjJe osQ fy, o`QrKrk O;Dr djrh gSA ifj"kn~ lkekftd foKku ikB~;iqLrd lykgdkj lfefr osQ vè;{k izksI+ksQlj gfj oklqnsou vkSj bl ikB~;iqLrd lfefr osQ eq[; lykgdkj izksI+ksQlj ,e- ,p- oqQjS'kh dh fo'ks"k vkHkkjh gSA bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ fodkl esa dbZ f'k{kdksa us ;ksxnku fd;k] bl ;ksxnku dks laHko cukus osQ fy, ge muosQ izkpk;ks± osQ vkHkkjh gSaA ge mu lHkh laLFkkvksa vkSj laxBuksa osQ izfr o`QrK gSa ftUgksua s vius lalkèkuks]a lkexzh vkSj lg;ksfx;ksa Reprint 2024-25 dh enn ysus esa gesa mnkjrkiwoZd lg;ksx fn;kA ge ekè;fed ,oa mPp f'k{kk foHkkx] ekuo lalkèku fodkl ea=kky; }kjk izksI+ksQlj e`.kky ehjh ,oa izksI+ksQlj th-ih- ns'kikaMs dh vè;{krk esa xfBr fuxjkuh lfefr (ekWfuVfjax desVh) osQ lnL;ksa dks viuk ewY;oku le; vkSj lg;ksx nsus osQ fy, èkU;okn nsrs gSaA O;oLFkkxr lqèkkjksa vkSj vius izdk'kuksa esa fujarj fu[kkj ykus osQ izfr lefiZr ,ulhbZvkjVh fVIif.k;ksa ,oa lq>koksa dk Lokxr djsxh ftuls Hkkoh la'kksèkuksa esa enn yh tk losQA funs'kd ubZ fnYyh jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku 20 uocaj 2006 vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ iv Reprint 2024-25 ikB~;iqLrdksa esa ikB~; lkexzh dk iqul±;kstu dksfoM&19 egkekjh dks ns rs gq,] fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ Åij ls ikB~; lkexzh dk cks> de djuk vfuok;Z gSA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 2020 esa Hkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, ikB~; lkexzh dk cks> de djus vkSj jpukRed uT+kfj, ls vuqHkokRed vf/xe osQ volj çnku djus ij T+kksj fn;k x;k gSA bl i`"BHkwfe esa] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ us lHkh d{kkvksa esa ikB~;iqLrdksa dks iqul±;ksftr djus dh 'kq#vkr dh gSA bl çfØ;k esa jk-'kS-v-ç-i- }kjk igys ls gh fodflr d{kkokj lh us osQ çfriQyksa dks è;ku esa j k x;k gSA ikB~; lkefxz;ksa osQ iqul±;kstu esa fuEufyf r fcanqvksa dks è;ku esa j k x;k gS&& ,d gh d{kk esa vyx&vyx fo"k;ksa osQ varxZr leku ikB~; lkexzh dk gksuk_ ,d d{kk osQ fdlh fo"k; esa mlls fupyh d{kk ;k Åij dh d{kk esa leku ikB~; lkexzh dk gksuk_ dfBukbZ Lrj_ fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, lgt :i ls lqyHk ikB~; lkexzh dk gksuk] ftls f'k{kdksa osQ vfèkd gLr{ksi osQ fcuk] os qn ls ;k lgikfB;ksa osQ lkFk ikjLifjd :i ls lh ldrs gksa_ orZeku lanHkZ esa vçklafxd lkexzh dk gksukA orZeku laLdj.k] Åij fn, x, ifjorZuksa dks 'kkfey djrs gq, rS;kj fd;k x;k iqul±;ksftr laLdj.k gSA Reprint 2024-25 Reprint 2024-25 ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr vè;{k] lkekftd foKku ikB~;iqLrd lykgdkj lfefr gfj oklqnsou] izksI+ksQlj] bfrgkl foHkkx] dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky;] dksydkrkA eq[; lykgdkj ,e- ,p- oqQjS'kh] izksI+ksQlj] {ks=kh; fodkl vè;;u osaQnz] tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky;] u;h fnYyh lykgdkj ch- ,l- cqVksyk] izksI+ksQlj] {ks=kh; fodkl vè;;u osaQnz] tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky;] u;h fnYyhA lnL; vijkftrk Ms] ysDpjj] Hkwxksy foHkkx] fnYyh LowQy vkWiQ bdukWfeDl] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyhA xhrk nqXxy] iwoZ izèkkukpk;kZ] fnYyh ifCyd LowQy] jsokM+hA banq 'kekZ] ih-th-Vh-] Mh-,e- LowQy] {ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkku] vtesjA osQ- t;k] ih-th-Vh- dkWUosaV vkWI+kQ thll ,aM esjh] caxyk lkfgc jksM] u;h fnYyhA iwue fcgkjh] jhMj] fejkaMk gkmQl] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyhA ljkst 'kekZ] Vh-th-Vh- (vodk'k izkIr)] enlZ baVjus'kuy LowQy] Jh vjfoanks ekxZ] u;h fnYyhA fganh vuqokn ,e- ,l- tkxyku] jhMj] Hkwxksy foHkkx] oqQ#{ks=k fo'ofo|ky;] oqQ#{ks=kA jkts'ojh tkxyku] ysDpjj] Hkwxksy foHkkx] oqQ#{ks=k fo'ofo|ky;] oqQ#{ks=kA lnL;&leUo;d vi.kkZ ikaM;s ] ysDpjj] lkekftd foKku ,oa ekufodh f'k{kk foHkkx] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlèa kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] u;h fnYyhA Reprint 2024-25 Reprint 2024-25 vkHkkj jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] bl iqLrd osQ vuqokn osQ iqujh{k.k gsrq vk;ksftr] dk;Z'kkyk esa Hkkx ysus vkSj viuk cgqewY; ;ksxnku nsus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr lHkh osQ izfr vkHkkj O;Dr djrh gS& ohjflag vk;kZ] izèkku oSKkfud vfèkdkjh (vodk'k izkIr)] oSKkfud rFkk rduhdh 'kCnkoyh vk;ksx] ekuo lalkèku fodkl ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj_ Hkkouk eksgu] mÙke uxj] u;h fnYyh_ v'kksd fnokdj] ysDpjj] xouZesaV ih-th- dkWyst] xqM+xk¡o rFkk jatu oqQekj pkSèkjh] ih-th-Vh- (Hkwxksy)] xouZesaV lg&f'k{kk mPprj ekè;fed fo|ky;] [ksM+k Mkcj] u;h fnYyhA ifj"kn~ fuEu lHkh O;fDr;ksa ,oa laxBuksa dk vkHkkj O;Dr djrh gS] ftUgksua s bl ikB~;iqLrd dks lgt cukus gsrq fofHkUu iQksVksxzkI+kQ ,oa vU; ikB~; lkexzh miyCèk djokbZµ 'osrk mIiy] ,ulhbZvkjVh] u;h fnYyh dks fp=k 1-11] 2-2] 4-3] 4-10] 4-11] 7-3] 7-4 rFkk 7-5_ dY;k.k cSuthZ] ,ulhbZvkjVh dks fp=k 7-9 osQ fy,_ lsVa j iQkWj lkbal ,aM buok;juesVa ] u;h fnYyh dks fp=k 2-2 (ladVxzLr µ fudksckj esxkikWM)] 3-3] 3-5] 3-6] 3-7] 4-1 rFkk 5-14 osQ fy,_ lhlh,l,p,;w] fglkj dks fp=k 4-4 (d)] 4-13_ Mk;jsDVksjsV vkWiQ ,DlVsa'ku] o`Qf"k ea=kky;] vkbZ,vkjvkbZ] oSQEil] U;w iwlk] u;h fnYyh dks fp=k 4-2] 4-4 ([k)] 4-5] 4-6] 4-7] 4-8] 4-9 (ew¡xiQyh rFkk ljlksa)] 4-12 (lsc rFkk vukj)] 4-15 rFkk 4-18 osQ fy,_ i;kZoj.k ,oa ou ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj dks fp=k 2-1] 5-10 rFkk 6-8 osQ fy,_ dks;yk ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj dks fp=k 5-11 (d) rFkk ([k) osQ fy,_ [kuu ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj dks fp=k 5-3] 5-5 rFkk 5-8 osQ fy,_ Hkkjr lM+d ifjogu vkSj jktekxZ foHkkx] Hkkjr ljdkj] u;h fnYyh dks fp=k 7-2 rFkk 7-10 osQ fy,_ Hkkjh m|ksx ,oa lkoZtfud m|e ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj] u;h fnYyh dks fp=k 5-12] 6-3] 6-6 rFkk 6-7 osQ fy,_ iksr ifjogu foHkkx] iksr&ifjogu] lM+d ifjogu o jktekxZ ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj dks fp=k 7-6] 7-7 rFkk 7-8 osQ fy,_ oqQ#{ks=k if=kdk dks dksykt (i`"B la[;k 26) osQ fy,_ VkbEl vkWiQ bafM;k] u;h fnYyh dks ftuosQ izdkf'kr lekpkjksa osQ dksykt i`"B la[;k] 22] 26] 31] 49] 60] 98 ij fn, x, gSa_ n fgUnw rFkk fgUnqLrku lekpkj i=kksa dks ftuosQ izdkf'kr lekpkj osQ dksykt ozQe'k% i`"B 22 rFkk 98 ij fn, x, gS_a ,ulhbZvkjVh] lkekftd foKku Hkkx&2 dh d{kk&vkB dh ikB~;iqLrd dks fp=k 1-12 rFkk 3-2 osQ fy,A ifj"kn~ Hkkjrh; los{Z k.k foHkkx dks Hkh èkU;okn nsrh gS ftlus ikB~;iqLrd esa izdkf'kr ekufp=kksa dks izekf.kr fd;kA ifj"kn~] lfork flUgk] izkIs k+ Qs lj ,oa foHkkxkè;{k] lkekftd foKku ,oa ekufodh f'k{kk foHkkx osQ izfr Hkh viuh o`QrKrk vfiZr djrh gS ftUgksaus izR;sd Lrj ij bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa viuk vewY; lg;ksx fn;kA Reprint 2024-25 ifj"kn~ ikB~;iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa lg;ksx osQ fy, bZ'oj flag] Mh-Vh-ih- vkWijsVj_ usgky vgen] dkWih ,fMVj_ mesn flag xkSM+] izwI+kQ jhMj_ fnus'k oqQekj] oaQI;wVj LVs'ku izHkkjh osQ lg;ksx gsrq viuk gkfnZd vkHkkj Kkfir djrh gSA blh lanHkZ esa izdk'ku foHkkx ,ulhbZvkjVh dk lg;ksx Hkh mYys[kuh; gSA ifj"kn~] bl laLdj.k osQ iqul±;kstu osQ fy, ikB~;Øeksa] ikB~;iqLrdksa ,oa fo"k; lkexzh osQ fo'ys"k.k gsrq fn, x, egRoiw.kZ lg;ksx osQ fy, dqyçhr flag] ih-th-Vh- Hkwxksy] uo;qx Ldwy] fou; ekxZ] pk.kD; iqjh] u;h fnYyh_ iq"isaæ flag] ih-th-Vh- Hkwxksy] çwMsal Ldwy] v'kksd fogkj] u;h fnYyh_ vi.kkZ ikaMs; ,oa ruq efyd] çksI+ksQlj] Mh-bZ-,l-,l-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ çfr vkHkkj O;Dr djrh gSA fuEufyf[kr fcanq bl ikB~;iqLrd esa bLrseky fd, x, Hkkjr osQ ekufp=kksa osQ fy, ykxw gSa 1. © Hkkjr ljdkj dk izfrfyI;kfèkdkj] 2006 2. vkUrfjd fooj.kksa dks lgh n'kkZus dk nkf;Ro izdk'kd dk gSA 3. leqnz esa Hkkjr dk tyizns'k] mi;qDr vkèkkj&js[kk ls ekis x;s ckjg leqnzh ehy dh nwjh rd gSA 4. paMhxs vkSj mldk ifjj{k.k djs_ (N) izkd̀frd i;kZoj.k dh] ftlds varxZr ou] >hy] unh vkSj oU; tho gSa] j{kk djs vkSj mldk laoèkZu djs rFkk izkf.kek=k osQ izfr n;kHkko j[ks_ (t) oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k] ekuookn vkSj KkuktZu rFkk lq/kj dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djs_ (>) lkoZtfud laifRr daaks lqjf{kr j[ks vkSj fgalk ls nwj jgs_ (×k) O;fDrxr vkSj lkewfgd xfrfof/;ksa osQ lHkh {ks=kksa esa mRd"kZ dh vksj c