27_Social Science I Eng.pdf

SOCIAL SCIENCE I Part -1 Standard IX Government of Kerala...

SOCIAL SCIENCE I Part -1 Standard IX Government of Kerala Department of General Education ST-427-1-SOC. SCI.-I-(E)-9-VOL-1 State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) Kerala 2024  THE NATIONAL ANTHEM Jana-gana-mana adhinayaka, jaya he Bharatha-bhagya-vidhata Punjab-Sindh-Gujarat-Maratha Dravida-Utkala-Banga Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga Uchchala-Jaladhi-taranga Tava subha name jage, Tava subha asisa mage, Gahe tava jaya gatha. Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he Bharatha-bhagya-vidhata Jaya he, jaya he, jaya he, Jaya jaya jaya, jaya he! PLEDGE India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and sisters. I love my country, and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage. I shall always strive to be worthy of it. I shall give respect to my parents, teachers, and all elders, and treat everyone with courtesy. To my country and my people, I pledge my devotion. In their well-being and prosperity alone lies my happiness. SOCIAL SCIENCE I 9 State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in e-mail : [email protected], Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Typesetting and Layout : SCERT First Edition : 2024 Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi-30 © Department of General Education, Government of Kerala Dear Students, We must be able to understand the contemporary society and lead a responsible civic life by making effective interventions. The Study of Social Science helps us in this. The book begins from the period when the basic characteristics of human life were formed in the Stone Age. Following this, there is a discussion on ideologies and early sates, and the history of state formation in India. The background of the emergence of Jainism and Buddhism and the relationship between state formation and material development are also explained. The chapter on 'Land Grant and Indian Society' unveils the history of the formation of feudal system in India through the process of land grant. The book also explains the distribution of power in the Indian Constitution and the demographic trends in India. Chapters are designed in such a way that knowledge is constructed by familiarising, analysing and interpreting related source materials. There is provision for utilising possibilities of science and technology in learning. The book aims at inculcating democratic and secular values along with scientific and pluralistic outlook in the students. With love and regards, Dr. Jayaprakash R. K. Director SCERT Kerala  TEXTBOOK WRITING COMMITTEE Adviser Chairperson Dr. K.N. Ganesh Dr. Sivadasan P. Chairman, Kerala Council for Professor, Department of History Historical Research University of Calicut Experts Dr. K.K. Radha Dr. Pradeep Kumar K. Principal (Rtd.) Associate Professor & Head Govt. College for Women Department of Political Science Thiruvananthapuram Govt. College, Attingal, Thiruvananthapuram Dr. Baiju K.C. Professor & Vice Chancellor (in charge) Department of Economics Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod Members Bino P. Jose Pradeepan T. Assistant Professor, HSST, History GHSS, St. Dominic's College Palayad, Kannur Kanjirappally, Kottayam Najeem A. Dr. Nandakumar B.V. Principal, GHSS, Kadakkal, Kollam Assistant Professor, S N College Rajan M. Varkala, Thiruvananthapuram HST, Social Science Yusuf Kumar S. M. GHS Nagalassery, Palakkad Principal, GHSS, Chithara Mr. Sreejith M. Muthadath Kollam HST Social Science CNN GHS Cherpu, Thrissur Aju S. HSST, History GHSS Sandhyarani P.S. Vechoochira Colony HST, Social Science Pathanamthitta GHSS Anchal West, Kollam Academic Coordinator Suresh Kumar S. Research Officer, SCERT, Kerala State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) Vidhyabhavan, Poojappuram, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012  CONTENTS 01 Moving Forward from the Stone Age 07-24 02 Ideas and Early States 25-44 03 Land Grants and the Indian Society 45-62 04 Distribution of Power in the 63-82 Indian Constitution 05 Demographic Trends in India 83-100 Some symbols are used in this book for ease of study For additional reading - not for Note taking assessment Learning activity Collage making Assessment Questions Placard making Extended Activities Let's discuss  MOVING FORWARD 1 FROM THE STONE AGE We saw in our last letter that his enemies. He could only the chief difference between throw stones at them. Then he man and the other animals was began to make out of stone: the intelligence of man. This axes, spears and many other intelligence made him clever things, including fine stone and stronger than enormous needles. We saw many of these wild animals who would stone weapons in the South otherwise have destroyed him... Kensington (London) Museum The primitive humans had and also in the museum in no special weapons to fight Geneva. This excerpt is taken from Jawaharlal Nehru’s ‘Letters from a Father to his Daughter.’ This letter refers to the life of primitive humans. What does he say about the kind of tools that were used by humans to protect themselves from wild animals? z Stone axe  z  z  Chapter 1 What could be the purposes for which humans in that period used such tools?  z For protecting themselves from animals z For hunting z The tools developed for the above mentioned purposes were made of stone in the beginning. Later, stone was replaced by metal. Archaeologists divide human history into different stages on the basis of the materials used for making tools. Palaeolithic Age Stone Age Mesolithic Age Neolithic Age Bronze Age Metal Age Iron Age Stone Age +DYH\RXHYHUWKRXJKWZK\WKHÀUVWSKDVHRIKXPDQKLVWRU\ZDV called the Stone Age? Humans used stones to make tools and weapons during that period. So, historians describe this phase as Stone Age. Based on the method used to make stone tools, the stone age is divided into three: Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic. 8 Social Science I  Moving Forward from the Stone Age Let's look at the features of each of these. Palaeolithic Age The characteristic feature of the Palaeolithic age is the use of rough (unpolished) stone tools. The term ‘Palaeolithic’ is derived from two Greek words 'palaeos' (old) and 'lithos' (stone). The making of tools is related to the means of subsistence of primitive humans. Archaeologists point out that there were three main stages in the use of tools. They are given below. A method of using available stones Utilisation without changing their shape The method of using available stones Fashioning by changing the shape according to the need 7KH PHWKRG RI PDNLQJ VSHFLÀF Standardisation tools for each purpose The pictures given below are the different tools used by primitive humans during different phases of Palaeolithic Age. Observe them and list out the features of these tools. Pebble tools Biface core tools Flake tools Standard IX 9  Chapter 1 Core and Flakes When a piece of stone is broken into two or more pieces, the largest piece is called the core and the smaller pieces are called flakes. Stone tools made, using blade Chopper-Chopping Those made of core tools technique stones are called core tools and those made of stone flakes are Towards the end of the Palaeolithic period, humans FDOOHGÁDNHWRROV used tools made of bones in addition to stone tools. Observe the pictures given below. Core Flake Do the tools in the picture resemble any tool that you are familiar with? If yes, which are they? z z z 10 Social Science I  Moving Forward from the Stone Age Conduct a discussion on the topic 'Tool making and Technological Development during the Palaeolithic Period.' Chauvet, France Lascaux, France Ivory Sculpture, =DUD\VN5XVVLD &DUYHGÀJXUHVLQ&XVVDF )UDQFH &DYH Carvings on bones found in La Garma Cave, Spain The pictures given above are the artistic creations of primitive humans. What do you understand from these pictures? It is clear from the pictures that various communication WHFKQLTXHV VXFK DV VLPSOH ÁRZLQJ OLQHV FDUYHG LPDJHV and sculptures were employed during the late Palaeolithic period. Archaeologists are of the opinion that the depiction RIDQLPDOV &KDXYHWDQG/DVFDX[&DYHV WKHFDUYHGÀJXUH of an animal and a woman (Cussac Cave) and the Venus ÀJXULQH =DUD\VN 5XVVLD  DUH UHODWHG WR ULWXDOV RU EHOLHIV The carvings on bone found in La Garma Cave in Spain are evidences of human artistic skills of that time. Standard IX 11  Chapter 1 Various colours were used to draw the cave paintings. These colours were made by grinding plants, tree bark and fruits, and mixing with red stone powder. Such pictures were drawn on the inner walls of the caves where sunlight could not reach. These stone carvings were made using stone needles and sharp-edged weapons. Paintings can also be seen on the ceilings of the caves. Such pictures and sculptures are considered to be the evidence of the intellectual and technical skill attained by primitive humans. Let’s see what information could be gathered on human life from the tools and art of the Palaeolithic Age. Used rough stone tools Lived in caves and open spaces Hunting and gathering were the means of livelihood Palaeolithic Bands were the basic units of Age society Bands Bands are Men were engaged in hunting small groups and women, in gathering of fewer than hundred members. Food was not stored Band members were bound Nomadic life prevailed by blood relation. 12 Social Science I  Moving Forward from the Stone Age Map 1 =DUD\VN Lascaux cave Cussac Cave La Garma cave Chauvet cave Note down the features of the Palaeolithic centres mentioned on the world map. Mesolithic Age The Mesolithic is the stage of transition from the Palaeolithic to the Neolithic. The word ‘Mesolithic’ is derived from two Greek words ‘mesos’ (middle) and ‘lithos’ (stone). Look at the given picture. Examine the difference between Palaeolithic tools and Mesolithic tools. z These are smaller tools than the ones used in the Palaeolithic Age. z This is the period when microliths (very small tools) were used. Mesolithic tools It has already been mentioned that the development of human communication began towards the end of the Palaeolithic period. But, in India, this development is Standard IX 13  Chapter 1 mainly seen during the Mesolithic Age. The works of art in the cave centres of Bhimbetka, Lakhajoar and Kathotia in Madhya Pradesh help us understand the ways of life of humans during that period. Bhimbetka Bh him imbe betkaa Lakhajoar Ka Kathotia ath hot o ia Lakhajoar L La akh khajoa hajoa ar Lakhajoar Lakh khaj ajoa oarr Lakhajoar 14 Social Science I  Moving Forward from the Stone Age Look at the pictures given above and list down the activities depicted in them.  z Hunting z z z   z z The ways of life of Mesolithic humans can be understood from these pictures. The characteristics of this period are given below. z Use of microliths or very small stone tools z $SDUWIURPKXQWLQJDQGJDWKHULQJÀVKLQJDOVREHFDPHDPHDQV of livelihood z Indications of domestication of animals z Amusements z Division of labour based on gender Mesolithic centres Star Carr England Fahien Cave Sri Lanka 6DUDL1DKDU5DL India (Uttar Pradesh) Star Carr - the Mesolithic Site in Europe It is a Mesolithic open-air settlement in northeast England. The main attraction of this site is the presence of organic remains. Tools made of stone and bone were found here. Evidences of early carpentry have also been found here. It is believed that early humans used this area as a temporary settlement. Standard IX 15  Chapter 1 Sarai Nahar Rai: A Mesolithic Site in India 6DUDL1DKDU5DLLVORFDWHGRQWKHEDQNVRIWKH2[ERZ/DNHLQWKH3UDWDS1DJDUGLVWULFW in Uttar Pradesh. Microliths, a major feature of the Mesolithic culture period, have EHHQ IRXQG KHUH 7KH WDOO KXPDQ ERQHV IRXQG KHUH DUH VLJQLÀFDQW DUFKDHRORJLFDO evidences. The height of men is 180 cm and that of women is 170 cm. It is believed that bows and arrows were used for hunting. There is evidence to show that seeds were collected and stored, and animal hide was used as clothing. List the differences between Palaeolithic and Mesolithic human life. Neolithic Age This is the period of radical change in human life; The word ‘Neolithic’ is derived from the words ‘neos’ (new) and ‘lithos’ (stone). The book Man Makes Himself by Gordon Childe refers to two important changes in the Neolithic Age that transformed human life. 7KHÀUVWUHYROXWLRQWKDWWUDQVIRUPHGKXPDQHFRQRP\JDYHPDQFRQWURO RYHU KLV RZQ IRRG VXSSO\ 0DQ EHJDQ WR SODQW FXOWLYDWH DQG LPSURYH E\VHOHFWLRQHGLEOHJUDVVHVURRWVDQGWUHHV$QGKHVXFFHHGHGLQWDPLQJ DQG ÀUPO\ DWWDFKLQJ WR KLV SHUVRQ FHUWDLQ VSHFLHV RI DQLPDO LQ UHWXUQ IRUWKHIRGGHUKHZDVDEOHWRRIIHUWKHSURWHFWLRQKHFRXOGDIIRUGDQGWKH IRUHWKRXJKWKHFRXOGH[HUFLVH7KHWZRVWHSVDUHFORVHO\UHODWHG What are the changes in the Neolithic Age mentioned in this description?  z  z The change in human interaction with his surroundings is the reason for these changes. Humans started new ways of living during the Neolithic period. They are: 16 Social Science I  Moving Forward from the Stone Age z Domestication of animals z Beginning of agriculture Black Sea Map 2 Observe the map. You can see the area marked in the shape of a crescent. Based on available evidence, archaeologists say that agriculture began in this area. This region is known as the ‘Fertile Crescent.’ Can you identify the countries in this region? Let us see the factors that led humans to begin agriculture and domestication of animals. Population growth ST-427-2-SOC. SCI.-I-(E)-9-VOL-1 An increase in the number of human settlements Complex social organisation Shortage of food products Change in technology Standard IX 17  Chapter 1 3LFWXUHVRI1HROLWKLFWRROVDUHJLYHQKHUH2EVHUYHWKHPDQGÀQG out their features. z Polished tools z z These tools helped humans to cultivate the land. They helped them in tilling the soil and cutting down trees. This marked the beginning of great changes in human life. Agriculture and domestication of animals ensured the steady availability of food products. As a result, permanent settlements and agrarian villages came into existence. The storage of grains became possible with the introduction of pottery and the use of bricks made of clay. When the surplus production in agriculture became possible, a section of society became free from agrarian activities. They began to engage in other occupations such as pottery making, weaving, etc. Thus, the society came to include GLIIHUHQWRFFXSDWLRQDOJURXSV7KLVUHVXOWHGLQVLJQLÀFDQWFKDQJHV in the social formation. The basis of the progress humans have achieved today can be seen in the changes during the Neolithic age. With reference to these changes, Gordon Childe, a renowned DUFKDHRORJLVWQDPHGWKLVSHULRG¶1HROLWKLF5HYROXWLRQ· Present the information given above on Neolithic changes in WKHIRUPRIDÁRZFKDUW 18 Social Science I  Moving Forward from the Stone Age z Domestication of animals z z z z &RPSOHWHWKHWDEOHEHORZE\REVHUYLQJWKHZRUOGPDSDQGÀQG out the countries in which Neolithic sites are located. Map 3 Jarmo Ali Kosh Jericho Mehrgarh Neolithic centre Country Jericho ------------------------------------------------- Jarmo ------------------------------------------------- Ali Kosh ------------------------------------------------- Mehrgarh ------------------------------------------------- Standard IX 19  Chapter 1 Jarmo in the Kurdish Hills of Iraq 5REHUW - %ULGHZRRG OHG WKH DUFKDHRORJLFDO excavations in Jarmo in the Kurdish Hills (modern Iraq). The people of Jarmo cultivated barley and two varieties of wheat. There were clear indications that they domesticated goat and some other animals. Their dwellings were small huts. They PDGH ÀJXUHV RI DQLPDOV DQG KXPDQV ZLWK FOD\$PRQJWKHKXPDQÀJXUHVWKH\PDGH the most prominent was that of a pregnant woman. Analyse the different Stone Age periods on the basis of the hints given Mehrgarh: M eh The below, prepare a digital magazine and Neolithic Site in the present it in the Social Science Club. Indian Subcontinent z Tools Archaeologists consider z Ways of living that Mehrgarh (now in z Communication Pakistan) was a site in ancient India, where the important features Metal Age of Neolithic Age, like domestication of animals The Metal Age began when humans started using metals and plants began first. LQVWHDG RI VWRQH 7KLV DJH FOHDUO\ UHÁHFWV WKH KXPDQ This region is called SURJUHVVLQWHFKQRORJ\&RSSHUZDVWKHÀUVWPHWDOXVHG 'the bread basket of Baluchistan.' by humans. During this period humans learned the technique of turning raw copper into weapons and tools. The presence of copper was found in the early agrarian villages of Catal Huyuk (Turkey), Cayonu (northern Syria) and Ali Kosh (Iran). It is believed to have existed around 7000 BCE. 20 Social Science I  Moving Forward from the Stone Age What are the advantages of copper tools over stone tools? z Can be changed into suitable shape and form z Durability z z Chalcolithic Age We have already discussed the Stone Age. Even in the age of copper tools, humans did not give up stone. This period, when copper tools were used along with stone tools, is called the Chalcolithic Age. In India, many remains of the Chalcolithic Age DUHIRXQGLQ5DMDVWKDQ0DGK\D3UDGHVKDQG0DKDUDVKWUD Urn burials recovered from Daimabad Artistic creations in clay and stone (Maharashtra) from Nevasa (Maharashtra). Bronze Age %HWZHHQ  DQG  %&( KXPDQV OHDUQHG WR KDUQHVV WKH IRUFH RIR[HQDQGRIZLQGV3ORXJKZKHHOFDUWDQGERDWEHJDQWREHXVHG 0HWDOOXUJ\ DOVR GHYHORSHG IXUWKHU $V D UHVXOW DJULFXOWXUH EHFDPH ZLGHVSUHDGDQGVXUSOXVSURGXFWLRQEHFDPHSRVVLEOH1RQDJULFXOWXUDO SURGXFWLRQEHFDPHVWURQJHUDQGWKHUHE\KXPDQVHTXLSSHGWKHPVHOYHV IRUXUEDQOLIH Gordon Childe, Man Makes Himself Standard IX 21  Chapter 1 This is a description of human's entry into urban life. Urbanisation begins, when a region comes to be densely populated, where the majority earned their means of living through non-agrarian activities, such as crafts, trade, etc. Bronze B Wide streets, public buildings, better facilities, busy life and Bronze is an alloy entertainment are the hallmarks of such an urban life. You made by mixing have already learned that 'urban' life began in the Bronze copper and tin. Age. Bronze is a metal stronger than copper. List out the Bronze Age civilisations. z z z z The Harappan civilization in India belongs to the Bronze Age. Cities like Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Lothal, etc., the well planned public buildings, Great Bath, houses, streets, drainage system, granaries and the presence of various types of crafts and trade are clear evidences of urbanisation. That LV ZK\ WKH +DUDSSDQ FLYLOL]DWLRQ LV FDOOHG WKH ¶ÀUVW Sapta Sindhu Region urbanisation’ in Indian history. The Sapta Sindhu region Vedic Age is the region that includes WKH ,QGXV 5LYHU DQG LWV After the decline of the Harappan civilization, the tributaries. Aryans entered the Sapta Sindhu (north-west India) region. They spoke a language that belonged to the Indo-European family of languages. Based on linguistic Indo-European evidence, Aryans are believed to be the natives of Languages Central Asia. Indo-European languages include Sanskrit, Latin, We get to know about this age from the Vedas. Greek, German, English, Therefore, this period is called Vedic Age, which falls 6ZHGLVK5XVVLDQ3ROLVK between 1500 BCE and 600 BCE. Italian, Spanish, French DQG5RPDQLDQ 22 Social Science I  Moving Forward from the Stone Age The Vedic period is divided into two. Early Vedic Period (the period when 5LJYHGDZDVFRPSRVHG Vedic literature Vedic Age ‘Veda’ means knowledge Later Vedic Period (vid). There are four (the period when Yajur, 9HGDV7KH\DUH5LJYHGD Sama and Atharva Yajurveda, Samaveda and Vedas were composed) Atharvaveda. The earliest RI WKHVH LV WKH 5LJYHGD Let us compare the life of the people l in i the h early l Vedic V di Apart from the four Vedas, and the later Vedic periods. the Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Upanishads are also Early Vedic Period Later Vedic Period part of Vedic literature. Vedic literature is the z Sapta Sindhu region z Extended up to the most important source Gangetic plain of information about the z Pastoral economy z Agriculture was given Vedic period. importance z Semi nomads z Settled life z Comparatively z The social status of higher social status women declined Varna System for women There were four Varnas. z The forest was z Use of iron Brahmins were those cleared and burned who engaged in priestly for cultivation rites, Kshatriyas were z The society consisted z The Varna system became those who governed of many tribes stronger and guarded the z The