Jainism and charvaka school.pdf
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GS-1 (History) JAINISM..............................................................................................................
GS-1 (History) JAINISM...................................................................................................................................2 Creation........................................................................................................................................................5 JainaCouncil................................................................................................................................................5 DifferencebetweenDigambar&Shwetambar............................................................................................6 JainaLiterature............................................................................................................................................7 JainaFestivals..............................................................................................................................................9 JainaArchitecture........................................................................................................................................9 DifferencebetweenJainism&Buddhism.................................................................................................10 AjivikaSchoolofIndianPhilosophy..........................................................................................................10 CharvakaSchoolofIndianPhilosophy.....................................................................................................11 PYQs............................................................................................................................................................12 “All material appearing on the “Sarrthi IAS” ("content") is protected by©copyright.Youmaynotcopy, reproduce, distribute, publish, display, perform, modify, create derivative works, transmit, or in any way exploit any such content” ©Sarrthi IAS 9569093856 www.sarrthiias.com 1 GS-1 (History) JAINISM There are a total24 TirthankarasandMahavira is24th. 1st Tirthankar-Adinath / Rishabhdev-Bull. 22nd Tirthankara-Neminath-Conch 23rd Tirthankara - Parshvanath - Snake 24th Tirthankara - Mahavira - Lion Parshwanathallowed womento enter into Jainism. ©Sarrthi IAS 9569093856 www.sarrthiias.com 2 GS-1 (History) There are5 vows of Jainism ○ Ahimsa(Non-violence) ○ Satya(Truth) ○ Asteya(Non-stealing) ○ Aparigraha(Do not acquire property) ○ Brahmacharya(Celibacy) (First 4 were added by the previous 23 Tirthankaras &5th added by Mahaveera.) Vardhaman Mahaveer: ○ Born atKundagram near Vaishali. ○ Father -Sidharth. ○ Mother -Trishala ○ Wife- Yashodha ○ Clan- Jantrika ○ Mahaveeralefthomeattheageof30andattainedtheKaivalya(salvation)attheageof 42 yearsunder aSal tree. ○ Mahaviradied at Pavapuri. ○ Mahavira used thePrakrit languageto teach his followers. Jainismrecognized the existence of God, but placethem under Jina (the conqueror) Jainismdidn’t condemn the Varna system. (As Buddhismdid). Jainismbelieved in the theory of Karma&transmigrationof soul. Jainism believed inSoul.Every object, even the smallestparticle has a soul. The main aim in Jainism is attainment of freedom from worldly wants and that freedom is known asKaivalya. No ritual is required to attain Kaivalya. Kaivalya can be attained throughTriratnas ○ Samyak Gyan(Right Knowledge) ○ Samyak Darshan(Right faith) ○ Samyak Charitra(Right action) ©Sarrthi IAS 9569093856 www.sarrthiias.com 3 GS-1 (History) Mahaveera mentioned the2 steps to liberate the soul- Samvara and Nirjara. Jainism prohibited the practice of war & agriculture as they persuaded extreme forms of non-violence& because of this practice, (Jains) peopleinvolved in trading & Mercantile. The first split in JainismbyJamali,hewastheson-in-lawofMahaveerajust4yearsafterthe enlightenment of Mahaveera. Thesecond splitin Jainismby Makkhali Goshala: ○ He wasone of the twelve disciplesof Mahaveer knownasGandhara. ○ After the split, hefoundeda new sect known asAjivika. ○ Ajivika philosophy based on Niyati and the crux of Ajivika philosophy “everything is pre-defined & human can not change it”. According to one view MahaveerawassucceededbyIndrabhutiandaccordingtootherview Mahaveera was succeeded bySudharma. A famine in Magadha region during the Mauryan period for 12 years. One group under Bhadrabahu went south from Magadha and another group under Sthulbahu/ Sthulbhadra stayed in Magadha. After the end of famine adifference developedamongthese 2 groups. To sort out these differences and compilation of main teachings of Jainism. Jaina teacher organized aPatliputra council but it was boycottedby a southern group. ©Sarrthi IAS 9569093856 www.sarrthiias.com 4 GS-1 (History) So,thefinalsplitinJainismin142ADintoShwetambar&Digambar,Andatthattimeheadof Jainism was“Vajrasen”. Hemchandra Suri(11th & 12th century AD) is consideredas thelast great Jaina scholar. Mahaveera gave stress onmonastic life and it is consideredas important to attain Kaivalya. Sallekhana-Acceptance of deathinspired by religiousideas.Also known as Santhara. Another important aspect of Jainism is Jaina logic i.e. Tark. It is based on the idea that knowledge is very comprehensive and it is beyond the conception of ordinary people. For the complete perception it requires Kaivalya. Thus, the emergence of Jaina doctrine of logic. Mahaveera considered thatcreation is permanentandit is made up of6 matters. Creation 1. Jiva 2. Anu (Pudgal) 3. Dharma 4. Adharma 5. Akash 6. Kal Jaina Council 1. FirstJaina Council ○ Period around300 BC ○ Patliputra ©Sarrthi IAS 9569093856 www.sarrthiias.com 5 GS-1 (History) ○ Presided bySthulbhadra ○ Under thepatronage of Chandragupta Maurya ○ Compilation of 12 Angas. 2. 2ndJaina Council ○ Period512 A.D. ○ Place -Vallabhi(Gujarat) ○ Presided byDevardhigani Kshama Sramana ○ Final compilation of 12 Angas & 12 Upangas Difference between Digambar & Shwetambar Digambar Shwetambar 1. Orthodoxsect. 1. LiberalSect. 2. Follows the basic teachings of 2. Deviated from basic teachings Jainism. of Jainism. 3. Followed the 5 vows i.e. Ahinsa, 3. Follow only the first 4 vows Satya, Asteya, Aparigraha, except Brahmacharya. Brahmacharya. 4. Sthulbahu was an exponent of 4. Bhadrabahu was the exponent of the Shwetambar sect. Digambar sect. 5. Both monks & nuns wear white 5. Monks are naked & nuns wear cloth. white unstitched saree. 6. Mahavira is consideredmarried. 6. Mahaveera is considered as Bal 7. Womencan attain Kaivalya. brahmachari. 8. According to them, the 19th 7. Women can not attain Kaivalya. Tirthankar wasFemale. 8. According to them,19th 9. Ideal monk can take a meal Tirthankar Mallinath was a male. after salvation. 9. Ideal monk should not take a 10.Sub sects meal. Murtipujak 10.Sub sect Sthanakvasi Mulyasangh Tera panthi ©Sarrthi IAS 9569093856 www.sarrthiias.com 6 GS-1 (History) Bispantha Tera pantha. Taran pantha Guman pantha Tota pantha Jaina Literature 1. Purva - oldest text. ○ Teachings of Tirthankara before Mahaveer was included ○ 14 in number ○ Prose form ○ Lost. 2. Anga ○ 12 in number ○ Inproseform ○ Subject matter -ethics, doctrines, rituals and thelegends related to Jainism. ○ 5th Angais the most important among the 12 knownas“Bhagwati Sutra”. 3. Upanga ○ 12in number ○ Explanation of Angas. ○ Subject matter - deals with the doctrine of Jainism & represents the technical treatment(application of doctrine) 4. Prakirnaka Sutra ○ 10 in numbers ○ Subject matter -Jaina doctrine & miscellaneous matter. ○ Inverses form 5. Cheyya Sutra/ Cheda sutra ○ 6 in numbers ○ Subject matter -monastic rules. ○ Most important Cheyya Sutra is theAcharanga sutra. ©Sarrthi IAS 9569093856 www.sarrthiias.com 7 GS-1 (History) 6. Mul Sutra ○ 4in number ○ Subject matter -basic principles of Jainism. ○ It provided thebase for early stages of monkhood. ○ Most important Mul Sutra isUttaradhya. 7. Nirukt & Churni ○ Commentaries on Purva. ○ These are related to theDigambar sect. JainaAagam:JainaliteratureisknownasJainaAagam,itconsistsofAnga,Upanga,PrakirnakaSutra, Cheda Sutra, Mulsutra These texts were accepted by Shwetambar. Some important Jain texts 1. Kalpasutra ○ Written byBhadrabahu ○ Biography of Jaina Tirthankaras. 2. Anekantvijay 3. Dharmabindhu 4. Mahavir Charitra. 5. Nyayavtar Vriddhi 6. Parishishta Parvan. ○ 12th-century Sanskrit mahakavya by Hemachandra which details the histories of the earliest Jain teachers. 7. Labdhisar ○ Written byNemichandra 8. Dravya Sangrah ○ Written byNemichandra. 9. TrishashtilakshanaMahapurana:ThisisamajorJaintextcomposedlargelybyAcharyaJinasena during the rule of Rashtrakuta ruler Amoghavarsha. ©Sarrthi IAS 9569093856 www.sarrthiias.com 8 GS-1 (History) Jaina Festivals Paryushanais one of the most important festivalsfor the Jains. MahaviraJayanti,thebirthdayofMahavira,iscelebratedonthethirteenthdayofthefortnight of the waxing moon, in the month of Chaitra. Mahamastakabhisheka - ○ It is an anointing ceremonyof the statue of LordBahubali. ○ The ceremony is performedonly once in 12 years. ○ Lord Bahubali was the son of lord Rishabhanathawhowas the first Jain Tirthankaras. ○ GomateshwaraBahubalistatueatShravanabelagola(Karnataka),whichwasbuiltin983 AD by the minister of the Ganga dynasty,Chamunda-Raya. Jaina Architecture Manstambh - Ornamentedpillarstructure,carrying image of Tirthankar on top and on all four sides of structure. Basadi - Jaina monasticestablishment in Karnataka. Rulers who patronized Jainism- Bimbisar. Ajatshatru. Chndragupta Maurya. ©Sarrthi IAS 9569093856 www.sarrthiias.com 9 GS-1 (History) Kharavela- Kalinga king in the first century BC. Mahendravarman I- Pallava king(In the initial yearsof reign). Kadamba rulers. Ganga Rulers. Amoghvarsha- Rashtrakuta king. Kumarpal-Solanki Rulers of Gujarat. Difference between Jainism & Buddhism Jainism Buddhism 1. Accept the existence of God. 1. Doesn’taccept. 2. Didn’t condemn the Varna 2. Condemnedthe Varna System. system. 3. Creation istransient. 3. Creation is permanent. 4. No Transmigration. 4. Transmigration of soul. 5. Middle Path. 5. Complete austerity. Ajivika School of Indian Philosophy Ajivika School is one of the Nastika or heterodox schools of Indian Philosophy. It was ashramana movementand a major rival of Vedicreligion, early Buddhism and Jainism. Time period – 5th century BCE, It was a school of thought that developed in India during the same time as Jainism and Buddhism. Founded by Makkhali Goshala.He was one of the twelve disciples of Mahaveer known as Gandhara. AjivikaphilosophyisbasedonNiyati(Fate),itisdoctrineofabsolutedeterminismandthecruxof Ajivika philosophy“everything is pre-defined & humanscan not change it”. Ajivika metaphysics includeda theory of atomswhichwas later adapted in Vaisheshika school. But the aggregation and nature of these atoms waspredetermined by cosmic forces. ĀjīvikaphilosophyreachedtheheightofitspopularityduringtheruleoftheMauryanemperor Bindusara, around the 4th century BCE. ©Sarrthi IAS 9569093856 www.sarrthiias.com 10 GS-1 (History) Barabar Caves andNagarjuniCavesinBihardatingfromtheMauryanEmpire,weremadefor Ajiviks. Asceticism-Like Jains, Ajiviks woreno clothes,andlived asascetic monks in organised groups. They were known to practiceextremely severe austerities. It was Open for all.There was no caste discrimination and people from all walks of life joined them. The Ājīvika philosophy appealed most to the warrior, industrial and mercantile classes of ancient Indian society. Charvaka School of Indian Philosophy Charvaka also known asLokāyata. It is an ancient school ofIndian materialism. Charvaka is one of theNastika or “heterodox”schoolsof Indian Philosophy. Unlike Buddhism and Jainism, it wasnot a DharmicPhilosophy. Founder– Brihaspati,Source – Brihaspati Sutra (lost) Time Period– Around 5-6th century BCE. Although materialist schools existed before Charvaka, it was the only school which systematisedmaterialistphilosophybysettingthemdownintheformofaphorismsinthe6th century BCE. Charvaka holds directperceptionandconditionalinferenceasapropersourceofknowledge, embraces philosophical skepticism and rejects ritualism and supernaturalism. Charvaka School rejects supernatural concepts like God and soul and also metaphysical concepts like afterlife (or reincarnation) and moksha. In Charvaka Philosophy, Perception is of 2 types – External and Internal. ○ Externalperceptionisdescribedasthatarisingfromtheinteractionoffivesensesand worldly objects, while internal perception is described by this schoolasthatofinner sense, the mind. Charvakas further state that full knowledge is reached when we know all observations, all premises and all conditions Pratyaksha (Perception) is the onlyvalidwaytoknowledgeandothermeansofknowledge are either always conditional or invalid. ©Sarrthi IAS 9569093856 www.sarrthiias.com 11 GS-1 (History) Charvakabelievedthattherewasnothingwrongwithsensualpleasure.Charvakathoughtthat wisdom lay in enjoying pleasure and avoiding painas far as possible. Lokayat believed thatVedas were invented by man and had no divine authority. PYQs Q.1) The concept of Anuvrata was advocated by (1995) (a) Mahayana Buddhism (b) Hinayana Buddhism (c) Jainism (d) the Lokayukta school Q.2)Assertion(A):TheemphasisofJainismonnon-violence(ahimsa)preventedagriculturalistsfrom embracing Jainism. Reason (R) :Cultivation involved killing of insectsand pests Select the correct answer using the code given below: (2000) (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A (c) A is true but R is false (d) A is false but R is true Q.3) With reference to ancient Jainism, Which one of the following statements is correct? (2004) (a) Jainism was spread in South India under the leadership of Sthulubahu (b) TheJainaswhoremainedundertheleadershipofBhadrabahuwerecalledShvetambarsafterthe Council held at Pataliputra (c) Jainism enjoyed the patronage of the Kalinga king Kharavela in the first century BC (d) In the initial stage of Jainism, the Jainas worshiped images unlike Buddhists Q.4) Which of the following statements is/are applicable to Jain doctrine? (2013) 1. The surest way of annihilating Karma is to practice penance 2. Every object, even the smallest particle has a soul 3. Karma is the bane of the soul and must be ended ©Sarrthi IAS 9569093856 www.sarrthiias.com 12 GS-1 (History) Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Q.5) Consider the following statements: (2003) 1. Vardhaman Mahavira’s mother was the daughter of Lichchhavi chief Chetaka 2. Gautama Buddha’s mother was a princess from the Koshalan dynasty 3. Parshvanatha, the twenty-third Tirthankara, belonged to Banaras. Which of these statements is/are correct? (a) Only 1 (b) Only 2 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3 Q.6) Which of the following were common to both Buddhism and Jainism? (1996) 1. Avoidance of extremities of penance and enjoyment 2. Indifference to the authority of the Vedas 3. Denial of efficacy of rituals 4. Non-injury to animal life Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) 1 and 2 Answers Q1 - Answer: c Q2-Answer: a Q3-Answer: c Q4-Answer: d Q5-Answer: c Q6-Answer: b ©Sarrthi IAS 9569093856 www.sarrthiias.com 13 GS-1 (History) ©Sarrthi IAS 9569093856 www.sarrthiias.com 14
