Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning PDF

Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning Presented By : Pushyami Neduri Unit -1 Planning terminologies Unit -4 Sourcing Information in Planning Definition of Urban and Rural, Basic definitions and frequently An introduction to Census of Ind...

Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning Presented By : Pushyami Neduri Unit -1 Planning terminologies Unit -4 Sourcing Information in Planning Definition of Urban and Rural, Basic definitions and frequently An introduction to Census of India, National Sample Survey used terminology in planning- land use, demography, physical Organisation etc, as sources of information, introducing web based infrastructure, social infrastructure and housing information portals and datasets as raw information sources. Unit -2 Nature of Planning Unit -5 Planning Process Introduction to the interdisciplinary nature of planning; Classical Approaches to planning; Comparative understanding of Understanding development and the concept of effective change; the process, objectives and strategies; Sustainability and Resources and resource optimization rationality in planning; planning knowledge- scope, sources and forms; Art of visioning; Forecasting and back-casting approaches; Definition of development plan; Types of development plans; master plan, structure plan, district plan, action area plan, subject Unit -3 Levels of Planning plan, town planning scheme, regional plan, sub-regional plan; An introduction to the Constitution of India; Nature of the Indian Planning advisory group and URDPFI guidelines, Sector plans federal structure; Hierarchy of administrative boundaries in India; and spatial plans. Various levels of planning; Reasoning and its various forms in planning- space, place and location  1 Unit -1 Planning Terminologies  Urban & Rural In India, the definitions of urban and rural areas are primarily based on the criteria set by the Census of India. Urban Areas: Rural Areas: An area is classified as urban if it meets any of the following criteria: Areas that are not classified as urban are considered rural. This typically 1.Statutory Towns: All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board, or notified town area includes villages and hamlets that do not meet the urban criteria. committee. 2.Census Towns: Places that satisfy the following three criteria simultaneously: 1. A minimum population of 5,000. 2. At least 75% of the male working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits. 3. A population density of at least 400 persons per square kilometer. 3.Outgrowths: Viable units like a village or hamlet, or an area adjoining a statutory town, having urban features like a well-laid-out street network, street lighting, and other urban amenities. These are treated as urban, even if they don't meet the full criteria of a census town. Aspect Urban Areas Rural Areas Population Density High population density Low population density Rural Urban Sub Urban Diverse social structure, greater Homogeneous population, strong Social Structure anonymity community ties Well-developed infrastructure with Less developed infrastructure, limited Infrastructure access to amenities access to amenities Well-connected with public transport Limited transportation facilities, Transportation options fewer public transport options Lifestyle Faster-paced, modern lifestyle Slower-paced, traditional lifestyle Non-agricultural activities Economic Activities Primarily agricultural activities (manufacturing, services) Rural Sub Urban Urban Better access to schools, colleges, Limited access to educational Education universities institutions Advanced healthcare facilities, Basic healthcare facilities, limited Healthcare specialized services specialized services Built-up environment, more Natural environment, cleaner air, Environment pollution, less green space more open spaces The Urban and Regional Development Plans Formulation and Implementation (URDPFI) Guidelines provide a framework for urban and regional planning in India. Here are the basic definitions and frequently used terminology related to land use, demography, physical infrastructure, social infrastructure, and housing as per the URDPFI Guidelines: Land Use in the URDPFI context refers to the allocation of land for different functions such as residential, commercial, industrial, recreational, agricultural, and public use. It includes the spatial distribution of various land uses across an urban or regional area. Example: Residential areas, commercial districts, industrial zones, green belts, etc. Land Use Category Color Code Description Areas designated for housing, Areas used for farming, cultivation, Agricultural Dark Green Residential Yellow including low, medium, and high- and other agricultural activities. density residential zones. Rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, and Water Bodies Light Blue other water features. Areas for retail shops, offices, and Commercial Red other commercial activities. Designated areas for specific types of Special Area Development Orange development such as tourism zones Zones for manufacturing, processing, or technology parks. Industrial Purple and other industrial activities. Includes government offices, Public and Semi-Public Blue educational institutions, healthcare facilities, and other public utilities. Areas allocated for mining and Mining/Quarrying Grey quarrying activities. Land that is currently undeveloped or Parks, playgrounds, sports complexes, Undeveloped/Vacant Land White vacant and not yet designated for Recreational Green and other recreational spaces. specific use. Transportation networks like roads, Transport and Communication Brown railways, airports, and communication facilities. Areas covered by forests and Forests Dark Green (with forest symbol) protected natural habitats. Source - URDPFI  Housing in the URDPFI context refers to the provision and development of Demography is the statistical study of human populations, including their residential spaces to accommodate the population. It includes the planning, size, distribution, density, age, sex, and other characteristics, as well as the development, and management of housing units and associated amenities to causes and consequences of changes in these factors. ensure adequate and affordable living conditions. Example: Example: Population pyramids, age-sex distribution charts, migration patterns. Public housing projects, slum redevelopment schemes, and mixed-use residential developments.  Physical Infrastructure refers to the built environment and facilities that support Social Infrastructure encompasses the facilities and services that meet the functioning of a city or region. This includes transportation networks (roads, the social needs of a community. This includes educational institutions, railways, airports), utilities (water supply, sewerage, electricity), and healthcare facilities, recreational spaces, and public safety institutions. communication systems. Educational Infrastructure: Schools, colleges, universities. Physical infrastructure is the driving force behind the economic development of a Healthcare Infrastructure: Hospitals, clinics, health centers. country. It ensures the smooth functioning of the economy. Unlike social Recreational Infrastructure: Parks, playgrounds, community centers. infrastructure, it directly influences a nation’s productivity. Example: Road networks, power grids, water treatment plants, and communication towers.  2 Unit -2 Nature of Planning Introduction to the interdisciplinary nature of planning; Understanding development and the concept of effective change; Resources and resource optimization WHAT is INTERDISPLINARY NATURE OF PLANNING??? “Planning, especially in the context of development and change, is inherently interdisciplinary. This means it draws on knowledge, methods, and practices from various fields to effectively address complex problems and opportunities.” At its core, planning involves making decisions about the future to achieve specific goals, whether in urban development, environmental sustainability, economic growth, or social welfare. However, the issues that planning seeks to address are rarely isolated; they are interconnected and multifaceted, often requiring expertise beyond the scope of a single discipline.  Integration of Diverse Fields Planning integrates insights from multiple disciplines to create holistic solutions: Urban and Regional Planning Economic Planning Interdisplinary Nature Incorporates elements of architecture, civil Involves the use of economic theories, financial engineering, geography, and public management, and business strategies to promote administration to design and regulate spaces growth and allocate resources effectively. that meet the needs of growing populations. Environmental Planning Social Planning: Combines principles from ecology, Draws on sociology, public health, and social work to environmental science, and policy-making to address issues related to community well-being, social ensure that development is sustainable and equity, and access to services. minimizes ecological impact.  Urban Planning and Public Health Environmental Planning and Economics Designing Healthy Cities Sustainable Development Projects Urban Planners are responsible for designing city layouts, Environmental Planners focus on the protection and including the placement of residential areas, commercial management of natural resources. They assess the zones, parks, and transportation networks. Their goal is to environmental impact of development projects and recommend create functional, livable spaces. sustainable practices. Public Health Experts contribute by identifying factors that Economists analyze the cost-effectiveness of these projects and affect the health of urban populations, such as air quality, how they contribute to economic growth. access to green spaces, and walkability. Collaboration: In developing a new industrial zone, Collaboration: In planning a new neighborhood, urban environmental planners and economists might collaborate to planners and public health experts might work together to design an industrial park that minimizes environmental harm ensure that there are adequate green spaces and pedestrian (e.g., by including green technologies) while maximizing pathways, reducing pollution and promoting physical activity economic benefits (e.g., job creation and income generation). among residents.  Addressing Complex Challenges Modern challenges such as climate change, urbanization, and social inequality are inherently complex and require interdisciplinary approaches. For example: Climate Change: Addressing this global issue involves Collaborative and Inclusive Planning Interdisplinary Nature environmental science, economics, political science, and technology. Planners must consider the emphasizes collaboration among different stakeholders, including government agencies, environmental impact of development, the economic private sector entities, non-profit implications of green technologies, and the social organizations, and communities. consequences of climate policies. Innovation and Adaptability Urbanization: Rapid urban growth requires planners to balance economic development with social equity For instance, the integration of technology in and environmental sustainability. This involves urban urban planning (smart cities) is an outcome of collaboration between urban planners, IT design, housing policy, infrastructure development, specialists, and environmental scientists. and environmental management.  Understanding Development and the Concept of Effective Change Development refers to the process of improving the quality of life and economic well-being of people. It involves not only economic growth but also social inclusion, environmental Economic Development Social Development sustainability, and the enhancement of infrastructure and services. Can be at various scales (local, regional, national, or global) and involves coordinated efforts to enhance physical infrastructure, economic conditions, and social well-being. Development is a continuous process and varies significantly depending on the context, goals, and resources available. Environmental Development Institutional Development Effective Change: Refers to the successful implementation of strategies and policies that result in positive outcomes. This requires an understanding of both the technical aspects of development and the social dynamics that drive change.  Planning for Change: Effective change starts with a clear vision and a well-defined plan that outlines the goals, 1 steps, and resources required. This includes understanding the current situation, identifying the need for change, and setting realistic and achievable targets. Stakeholder Engagement: Involving all relevant stakeholders—such as government bodies, businesses, 2 Effective Change communities, and individuals—is critical for the success of any change initiative. Engaging stakeholders ensures that the change is inclusive and that the concerns and needs of all affected parties are considered. Monitoring and Evaluation: To ensure that the change is effective, it’s important to monitor progress and 3 evaluate outcomes regularly. This allows for adjustments to be made if the change is not producing the desired results. Sustainability: Effective change should be sustainable, meaning it should have long-lasting benefits that do not 4 compromise future development. This involves considering the social, economic, and environmental impacts of the change.  Understanding Resources Resources Natural Resources Human Resources Financial Resources Technological Resources Renewable Resources: Education and Training: Capital: Money available Information Technology Resources that can be Developing the skills and for investment, whether (IT): Software, hardware, replenished naturally over knowledge of the workforce from savings, loans, or and networks that facilitate time, such as solar energy, to enhance productivity and investors. communication, data wind, water, and forests. innovation. management, and Budgeting: Allocating automation. Non-Renewable Health and Well-being: financial resources to Resources: Resources that Ensuring that individuals are various activities to achieve Machinery and Equipment: exist in finite amounts and healthy and able to the best possible outcomes. Tools and machines that cannot be replaced on a contribute effectively to increase production human timescale, such as society. efficiency and quality. fossil fuels, minerals, and metals.  Resource Optimization Resource Optimization: Involves using resources in the most efficient way possible to achieve the desired outcomes with minimal waste. This includes techniques like cost-benefit analysis, resource allocation models, and sustainability assessments. The Importance of Resource Optimization Effective resource optimization is crucial for several reasons: Cost Efficiency: Optimizing resources reduces waste and lowers costs, improving profitability for businesses and efficiency for public services. Sustainability: Sustainable resource management ensures that resources remain available for future use, supporting long- term development and environmental health. Competitive Advantage: Organizations that optimize their resources effectively can outperform competitors by being more agile, innovative, and cost-effective. Risk Management: Efficient use of resources helps mitigate risks associated with resource scarcity, price volatility, and environmental impact.  2 Unit -3 Levels of Planning An introduction to the Constitution of India; Nature of the Indian federal structure; Hierarchy of administrative boundaries in India; Various levels of planning; Reasoning and its various forms in planning- space, place and location  Federalism NATURE OF INDIAN FEDERALISM Federalism is the distribution of power within an organization or, it is a type In a unitary form, the Centre has the sole administrative and legislative powers, whereas the states have very little autonomy. of government in which, the power is not only vested in the central government but rather, divided or shared among all the other governmental On the other hand, in a federal set-up, states which are formed on a linguistic or units. regional basis, have various powers similar to that of the central government. In the Indian system, it shows the relation between the Union and the States. India doesn't follow a rigid form of the federal system. Truly unique in its nature, it is rather a blend of federal form and unitary form of Thus, sovereignty is split between two territorial levels so as to ensure their independence and equal distribution of power. government. However, it is important to note that even though the powers of the states are The Constitution of India establishes a federal structure to the Indian government, it to be a "Union of States" under Article. sovereign in nature along with the union, they do not coordinate with the Centre. Indian model of federalism is called the quasi-federal system as it contains major features of both a federal and unitary government. In other words, it follows what is known as quasi-federalism. WHY ? One of the most important factors were the vast size and diversity of the nation. India is a diverse nation in many senses, be it religious diversity, linguistic, regional or cultural. Thus, it would pose great difficulties in administration and governance to a unitary form of government and could eventually lead to a breakdown. Thus, there was the requirement of the system so designed to create harmony and prevent any action by the authorities which go beyond the purview of the constitution, by a system of check and balance.  Federalism India is often described as having a quasi-federal system of government. This term reflects a unique blend of federal and unitary features in its constitutional structure. Here are the key aspects that characterize India's quasi-federal system: Key Features 1.Division of Powers: 1. The Constitution delineates powers between the central government and state governments, with subjects divided into three lists: the Union List, the State List, and the Concurrent List. 2. The Union List contains subjects on which only the central government can legislate, while the State List pertains to state-level legislation. The Concurrent List includes subjects where both levels can legislate, but in case of conflict, central law prevails. 2.Strong Central Authority: 1. The central government holds significant powers, especially in times of emergency (Article 352, 356, and 360), allowing it to assume greater control over states. 2. The distribution of financial resources also favors the central government, with states often relying on grants and allocations from the center. 3.Single Constitution: 1. India has a single constitution for both the center and the states, which emphasizes the supremacy of the central government while allowing states some autonomy in certain matters. 4.Bicameral Legislature: 1. The Parliament of India consists of two houses: the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), ensuring representation from both central and state interests. 5.Inter-State Relations: 1. The Constitution provides mechanisms for cooperation and conflict resolution between states, including provisions for the distribution of resources and sharing of responsibilities. 6.Role of the Governor: 1. The President of India appoints Governors for each state, who act as the central government's representative. This further reinforces central oversight over state governance.  Federalism The Constitutional Character of Federalism in India 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 Dual Government Written Constitution Division of powers Supremacy of the Rigid Constitution Independent judiciary Bicameral legislature between the national Constitution and regional government Reforms required in the Indian federal system Reforms are needed to eliminate obstacles and strengthen the Indian federal The government must ensure equal resource distribution for the upliftment of all system. states. Past mistakes must be acknowledged to build a corruption-free system. Strengthening the judicial system is essential to restore faith in the Supreme Court The multi-party system fosters competition but also fuels power struggles and amidst controversies. demands for state autonomy. Establishing administrative agencies will enhance union-government communication The Planning Commission needs restructuring to enhance state autonomy with and decentralize power effectively. expert-led planning. Educational reforms should promote national integrity, unity, and responsibility Regional and linguistic divisions threaten federalism, with parties exploiting among citizens. them for electoral gains.  Administrative Boundaries Understanding the Concept of Administrative Divisions in India In India, the hierarchy of administrative boundaries is structured as follows: 1.Nation: India is a sovereign nation. 2.States and Union Territories: India is divided into 28 states and 8 Union Territories. States have their own governments, while Union Territories are administered by the Central Government or have a local government. 3.Districts: Each state and Union Territory is further divided into districts. Districts are the primary units of administration and governance. 4.Blocks: Within districts, there are subdivisions known as blocks or tehsils (in some states). Blocks serve as administrative units for rural development and local governance. 5.Villages and Urban Areas: Blocks are made up of several villages or urban areas (towns and cities). Villages are the smallest administrative units in rural areas. 6.Panchayati Raj Institutions: In rural areas, local self-governance is facilitated through a three-tier system of Panchayati Raj institutions: 1. Gram Panchayat (village level) 2. Panchayat Samiti (block level) 3. Zila Parishad (district level) 7.Urban Local Bodies: In urban areas, local governance is managed through municipal corporations or municipalities, depending on the size and population of the area. This hierarchy helps manage governance, resource distribution, and development across India's diverse regions.  Various levels of planning Planning in India operates at multiple levels, each focusing on different aspects of governance and development. Here are the various levels of planning: National Level Planning Formulated by the NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) and formerly by the Planning Commission. Focuses on broad national goals, economic policies, and resource allocation. Includes Five-Year Plans (now replaced with a more flexible approach). State Level Planning Village and Urban Local Body Planning Conducted by state governments. Plans at the level of villages (Gram Panchayat) and urban Focuses on state-specific needs, development goals, and local bodies (municipalities). resource management. Focuses on immediate community needs such as Plans are usually aligned with national policies but tailored infrastructure, sanitation, education, and health. to local priorities. Involves participation from local residents to ensure that development aligns with local priorities. Block Level Planning: District Level Planning Focuses on planning within blocks (sub-districts). Involves planning at the district level, typically by the District Involves local bodies like the Panchayat Samiti. Collector or District Planning Committee. Addresses specific community needs and facilitates Addresses local issues, resources, and development projects. decentralized governance. Ensures that state plans are effectively implemented at the grassroots level.  Reasoning in planning Reasoning in planning, especially regarding space, place, and location, involves various forms of logical and analytical thinking. Space- Space refers to the physical expanse in which activities occur. In Place- Place involves the meanings and identities associated with a specific planning, it encompasses the three-dimensional environment and a physical location. It encompasses cultural, historical, and social significance. area that can be measured and analyzed. Qualitative Analysis: Understanding the character of a Quantitative Analysis: Using measurements and data to place through community engagement and cultural assess how much space is available and how it can be assessments. allocated (e.g., zoning laws). Contextual Reasoning: Analyzing how a place’s history Spatial Analysis: Employing geographic information and identity influence planning decisions (e.g., systems (GIS) to analyze spatial relationships and preserving historical landmarks). patterns. Stakeholder Engagement: Gathering input from local Logical Reasoning: Evaluating how different uses of space communities to understand their attachment to a place and impact each other (e.g., the relationship between residential how proposed changes may impact them. areas and commercial hubs).  Reasoning in planning Location- Location refers to the specific geographic coordinates or the relative Integrating Space, Place, and Location in Planning position of a site in relation to other places. Effective planning requires synthesizing insights from space, place, and location. Here are some key integrative strategies: Site Analysis: Evaluating a specific location’s attributes Holistic (accessibility, environmental conditions, etc.) to determine Approaches: Considering how its suitability for a particular purpose (e.g., building a space utilization affects the identity school). of a place while being mindful of the implications of location. Comparative Analysis: Assessing different locations against criteria such as transportation access, demographics, and environmental factors. Adaptive Scenario Planning: Reasoning: Being Creating different flexible and development responsive to scenarios that Strategic Reasoning: Identifying optimal locations for account for various changing spatial development based on market analysis and future growth conditions, configurations, community needs, community identities, predictions. and environmental and locational factors. advantages. Reasoning in planning is multifaceted, involving various analytical and interpretative methods tailored to the specific aspects of space, place, and location. By effectively integrating these elements, planners can create more informed, sustainable, and community-centered solutions. THANK YOU