Planning Process- Classical Approaches to Planning PDF

Planning Process- Classical Approaches to Planning Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning B.Plan 1st Semester SPA ,Vijayawada M. Reethu Mercy Dr. YSRAFAU, Kadapa GENERIC PLANNING PROCESS Identification of Defining...

Planning Process- Classical Approaches to Planning Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning B.Plan 1st Semester SPA ,Vijayawada M. Reethu Mercy Dr. YSRAFAU, Kadapa GENERIC PLANNING PROCESS Identification of Defining the Aims & Identification of the Problem Objectives Needs Data Collection Plan Plan Identification of Approval Formulation Projected Requirements Stakeholder Consultation & Citizen Participation Evaluation and Implementation Monitoring Review Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning GENERIC PLANNING PROCESS IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROBLEM The first stage is to determine the focus area or issue sector that will be addressed by the strategy. It could be traffic congestion, urban sprawl, resource scarcity, housing affordability, etc. Depending on the issues present in a planning area, relevant plans are prepared accordingly DEFINING THE AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of the plan is a broad and general statement indicating the decisions of the policy makers, aspirations of the people and needs of the community. For example, ‘To provide job opportunities for all’ is a statement of aims. Objectives are specific statements indicating the ways and means of achieving the set aims taking into account the potentials. For example, for the aim related to job opportunities, the objectives could be: Provision of jobs through development of industries / commerce or trade; Provision of incentives and inducements (specific) to industries; Provisions of informal sector economic activity sites as part of commercial areas,and such others. Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning GENERIC PLANNING PROCESS IDENTIFICATION OF NEEDS Different spatial planning solutions are required due to the diversity of ground conditions and interrelationships in settlements. Urban centers must be expressly recognized for their growth potential and particular services such as marketing, industrial, tourist, pilgrimage centers, and so on. URDPFI, 2015 Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning GENERIC PLANNING PROCESS IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECTED NEEDS This includes identification gaps and projecting the population and infrastructure needs for the plan year URDPFI, 2015 Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning GENERIC PLANNING PROCESS PLAN FORMULATION Using various planning techniques and principles a route map/methodology for plan preparation. The sectors focussed in a particular plan may vary for eg: Economic Development Objectives (Increase in GDP, Income, Employment and such others) Transportation Objectives Utility Services (levels and coverage) Objectives Social Infrastructure Objectives Safety and security of the citizens Growth Pattern/Design Objectives Investment Program/ Sustainability Objectives URDPFI, 2015 Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning GENERIC PLANNING PROCESS PLAN APPROVAL In view of 74th CAA (Constitutional Amendment Act) the plan approval process is decentralised as shown below URDPFI, 2015 Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning GENERIC PLANNING PROCESS IMPLEMENTATION It should contain roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders, resource mobilisation framework and phase‐wise implementation schedule for planned project activities. The key aspects to be covered in the Implementation framework should be in line with aims, objectives and prioritised projects and schemes. Implementation framework may include the following: Priorities of projects and research Phasing of developmental activities Proposal for land resource mobilisation Investment Strategy and Promotion Institutional set‐up Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning GENERIC PLANNING PROCESS MONITORING The key aspects/parameters of monitoring are suggested as: Institutional setup of the authority in place (parameter may include adequate staff and required qualifications, health & safety norms followed) Change in jurisdiction of the planned area (parameter may include extent of the area) Change in density (parameters may include population density, built‐up density) Infrastructure development (parameter may include actual infrastructure works vis a vis the proposed targets or benchmarks) Decongestion (parameter may include reduced travel time) Investments (parameter may include proposed investments under various heads and actuals) Public Participation (parameters may include formulation of citizens’ charter and its functioning) Indicators of success and indicators of failures Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning GENERIC PLANNING PROCESS EVALUATION & REVIEW In this stage the monitoring of a plan is conducted through Periodical inspection and Preparation of review reports Understanding of the level of implementation of any plan/project Review is usually done for 5 years in case of perspective, Regional and Development plans Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning CLASSICAL APPROACHES IN PLANNING SYNOPTIC PLANNING Synoptic Planning or Rational Comprehensive Approach is a continuous cycle of analyzing a problem, identifying and assessing planning measures, developing alternatives, implementing alternatives, and monitoring the progress of the chosen alternatives. This approach usually focuses on 4 elements. 1. Goal Setting 2. Identification of Policy Alternatives 3. Evaluation of Means against Ends 4. Implementation of Decisions Typically approaches problems from a systems perspective, using conceptual or mathematical models that link goals (objectives) to methods (resources and limits), relying heavily on numbers and quantitative analysis. Where it is best utilised: Criticism: It is utilized in planning areas and locales. Requires extraordinary arrangement of data. It is focal in the advancement of transport planning and Assumes normal, quantifiable rules are accessible present-day planning. and settled upon. Assumes precise, steady, and complete information It is focused on choices and rules that depend on the rationale on all the alternatives, inclinations, goals, and and logical techniques. results. It incorporates logical methodology in a planning cycle. Assumes a normal, sensible, non – political world. Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning CLASSICAL APPROACHES IN PLANNING INCREMENTAL PLANNING Some problems with synoptic rationality include the fact that it doesn't take into account how well institutions are already doing, that it has a reductionist view of knowledge, and that it doesn't take into account the cognitive limits of decision makers who can't "optimize" choices but can only "satisfice" them by getting progressively nearer. Characteristics: Makes decisions on a daily basis and concentrates on little, gradual improvements. Analysis will be done without assurance about development goals. Examination of a few options that are little distinct from one another. Narrowed down, simplified tests between two options. Moderately complex and comprehensive in terms of gathering, analyzing, and approximating information. No long-term objectives or vision. Flexibility: Decisions can be successfully modified in the unlikely event that they turn out to be appropriate later on. Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning CLASSICAL APPROACHES IN PLANNING TRANSACTIVE PLANNING This approach focuses on the complete experience of people’s lives and how to address these issues through policies. Here planning is not conducted through anonymous target community but through face-to-face interaction who are affected by the decisions. This can be achieved through surveys and data analysis. Characteristics Interpersonal discourse and common learning. A focal spotlight on the individual and hierarchical turn of events. Incorporation of customary information. Thus, planning is more an abstract undertaking than a goal cycle. Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning CLASSICAL APPROACHES IN PLANNING ADVOCACY PLANNING This approach focuses to overcome insensitive plans and unitary public interest views but to generate a plural plans - Paul Davidoff Characteristics an increase in public awareness. Participatory planning approach that involves involving a larger local region. enables planners to argue with each other while considering the viewpoints of their clients. Enhance the level and standard of planning procedures and outcomes. creating an environment that inspires positive viewpoints toward constructive collaboration. Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning CLASSICAL APPROACHES IN PLANNING RADICAL PLANNING This approach is community based and has two standards of reasoning that sometimes coincide. One interpretation relates to unrestrained activism, driven by a shared direction and an optimistic yet level-headed vision of confidence. It emphasizes the value of self-awareness and freedom from outside influence, much like transactive planning. Though its place of flight consists of explicit meaningful thoughts regarding aggregate activities that can accomplish solid outcomes in the short term, it is more advanced than other planning approaches. The second wave of radical ideas examines social cycles on a more fundamental and all-encompassing level, looking at the effects of class and financial hierarchies, the control exerted by media and culture, and the real components of social interactions, conflicts, and collusions. Cycle of Radical Planning Criticism of the practice (or established customs) that is the "current request" new information creation and the development of an optional proposal ('rising above'). creation of a strategy and activity system. sharing "data" and finding collaborators. conflict or clash with the organizations and requests in place. Expansion due to accomplishment Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning CLASSICAL APPROACHES IN PLANNING Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning TYPES OF PLANS PLANNING SYSTEM FRAMEWORK IN INDIA URDPFI, 2015 Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning TYPES OF PLANS PLANNING SYSTEM FRAMEWORK IN INDIA URDPFI, 2015 Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning TYPES OF PLANS PERSPECTIVE PLAN The vision document that outlines the growth trajectory, resource potential identification, and innovations to be incorporated for the key development areas. It combines the regional or development plan with the broad level plan. A practical vision helps in the creation of perspective plans and the design of policies. Key Features To develop vision through policy framework Focuses on spatio-economic development policies, strategies and programmes for development Resource Mapping for State Development of infrastructure and resource mobilisation Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning TYPES OF PLANS PERSPECTIVE PLAN It’s purpose is to provide overall framework for lower level plans and acts as guide for Regional and Development Plans Example: State Urbanisation Policy and State Land Utilisation Policy. Aspects Covered Social Time Frame Economic 20-30 years Environmental Spatial Development Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning TYPES OF PLANS PERSPECTIVE PLAN It’s purpose is to provide overall framework for lower level plans and acts as guide for Regional and Development Plans Example: State Urbanisation Policy and State Land Utilisation Policy. Aspects Covered Social Time Frame Economic 20-30 years Environmental Spatial Development Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning TYPES OF PLANS EXAMPLE: PERSPECTIVE PLAN FOR KERALA STATE 2011-2030 Perspective Plan Kerala, 2011 Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning TYPES OF PLANS REGIONAL PLAN Planning Regions in India Administrative Region These can be District Regions or Metropolitan Regions formulated under the 73rd & 74th Constitutional Amendment Act Investment Region These can be new investment manufacturing zones, industrial and freight corridors, special investment regions etc, formed under National Acts/ policies, Special Region Regions which are sensitive in terms of environment/ socio economic or political aspects. A regional plan should be a strategy for integrating urban nodes with semi-urban and rural areas at the proper scale (district/inter-district, investment region, or special area). The strategy depends on an understanding of the regional features, including the movement of people, products, information, and capital. Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning TYPES OF PLANS REGIONAL PLAN Key Features Regional Plan for Administrative Regions can be focussing on the natural resources, tourism and connectivity and other socio-economic aspects Investment Regions are those with seamless connectivity of people and economic activities. Typically, a town in the vicinity of a industrial zone (SEZ etc.) an RPA (Regional Planning Authority) is delineated. Special Region Plans can be prepared for Eco sensitive Zones, Hilly Regions, Backward Regions etc., Time Frame- 20 years Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning TYPES OF PLANS EXAMPLE: NCR REGIONAL PLAN 2021-2041 Focussing on Tourism and Heritage, Transportation and Mobility, Economic Growth and Rural Development Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning TYPES OF PLANS DEVELOPMENT PLAN DCR Development plan is a statutory plan prepared within the framework of an approved perspective plan. The objective of a development plan is to provide further necessary details and intended actions in the form of strategies and physical proposals for various policies given in the perspective plan and regional plan depending upon the economic and social needs and aspiration of the people, available resources and priorities. Key features To prepare a comprehensive plan for urban and peri-urban areas Focuses on the physical aspects like infrastructure, land use and socio-economic characters of a local body Example: Master Plan, District Development Plan, Metropolitan Plan and Revised Development Plans Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning TYPES OF PLANS DEVELOPMENT PLAN Varied plans like Master Plans, District Development plans and Statutory Land-use plans can be considered under this category Development Plans are multi sectoral plans Implementation of policies in Perspective Plan and Regional Plan Time Frame- 20-30 years Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning TYPES OF PLANS Example: Mussoorie Dehradun Development Authority Master Plan under AMRUT MDDA Master Plan Report Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning TYPES OF PLANS LOCAL AREA PLAN This plan focuses on micro-level planning To guide development or redevelopment of land, conservation of buildings, providing infrastructure and amenities In view of 73rd and 74th CAA, for better implementation of decentralisation To enhance quality of life Implementations that are in line with the government policies Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning TYPES OF PLANS LOCAL AREA PLAN Examples Town Planning Schemes Zonal Plans Urban Redevelopment Plan Time Frame- 5-20 years Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning TYPES OF PLANS EXAMPLE: TOWN PLANNING SCHEME Gujarat’s Prahlad Nagar Suitable to be implemented in green field areas Effective utilization of resources and utilities Therefore increasing the land value Case Area: Prahlad Nagar Extent 162 hectares Implemented through AUDA 1987 Development Plan 297 original plots reconstituted to 287 final plots Effective road hierarchy and social amenities like Original Layout of the plots Inducing Road Network parks and schools are provided Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning TYPES OF PLANS EXAMPLE: TOWN PLANNING SCHEME Reconstitution of original plot into final plot Final allocation of reserved plots and landuses Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning TYPES OF PLANS SPECIAL PURPOSE PLAN Special Purpose Plans are prepared for the specific requirements of a particular sector (economic, environment) Based on the urgency and priority of a sector a plan is prepared for the specific sector and delineated area. These are prepared within the framework of Regional Plan, Development Plan or Local Area Plan within the jurisdiction of a local authority. Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning TYPES OF PLANS SPECIAL PURPOSE PLAN A special emphasis on the urban renewal program; encourage reforms and fast-tracking planned development of cities, peri-urban areas, out-growths, urban corridors, and others; scaling up the provision of utilities and civic amenities with a focus on universal access to the urban poor; sustainability, environmental and heritage protection; and theme-based development, such as tourism, IT, etc. Examples: Plans prepared under Smart Cities Mission, AMRUT Mission, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan etc., Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning TYPES OF PLANS ANNUAL PLAN Prepared in line with Development Plan and segrating its components and converting into reachable annual tasks These would contain details of new and ongoing projects that the local authority wishes to undertake in the given financial year These plans also take into account the physical and fiscal performance of a local authority in preceding financial year Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning TYPES OF PLANS ANNUAL PLAN Key Features Provides resource requirements for the financial year Sources of funds: grants, aids Identification of projects on urgency basis Example: Investment Plan and Audit and Monitiring Plan Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning TYPES OF PLANS PROJECT/RESEARCH Projects are derived targets of the sequences of plans, Its focuses on execution, investments, expenditure and returns Prepares pre-feasibility and feasibility studies Includes DPR (Detailed Project Report), River Front Development Projects, Transportation Projects etc., Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning TYPES OF PLANS PROJECT/RESEARCH These projects could be for any area, old or new, any activity or land use like residential, commercial, industrial, recreational, educational or health related, or infrastructure development, separately or in an integrated manner; for research and development in the field of planning, key surveys to determine statistics, by any agency such as government, semi‐government, private or even individual Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning TYPES OF PLANS INTER-RELATIONSHIP AMONG VARIOUS PLANS URDPFI, 2015 Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning Sustainability and rationality in planning Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Three pillars of the sustainability are as follows on the basis of which the whole sustainability can be explained or described 1.Environment 2.Economy 3.Social I=P×A× T Where: I = Environmental impact, P = Population, A = Affluence, T = Technology Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning Sustainability and rationality in planning Sustainability In Planning.. Sustainability development embraces a new objective to optimize operations to minimize environmental impacts , improve social and economical outcomes in a manner that maximizes the performance. LAND USE WASTE MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENT GREEN BUILDING TOPOGRAPHY LANDSCAPING CLIMATE ENERGY CONSUMPTION MANAGEMENT RESOURCES(NATURAL) WATER MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT OF HUMAN CONSUMPTION WATER TREATMENT RE-USE Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning Sustainability and rationality in planning Rationality In Planning Refers to using logical, evidence-based, and systematic approaches to decision-making in planning processes. Types of Rationality: Technical Rationality: Focuses on data-driven, scientific solutions. Substantive Rationality: Considers the broader goals and values behind planning. Procedural Rationality: Emphasizes the structure and fairness of the planning process. Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning Art of Visioning Visioning: A vision is an attractive and idealised description of a desired future state that is historically or contextually better. Visions are value-based that emerge from creative thinking and social learning processes in order to transcend historical or existing contingencies. On the one hand, visions should articulate the ambition to transcend these contingencies by contrasting the past and present with the future. This allows visions to mobilise the resources and the stakeholders required to realise the envisioned change. On the other hand, visions derive their strength from those parts that can be made explicit, be communicated to and shared with other stakeholders. Steps in Visioning: Tools: Benefits: A creative and collaborative Engaging stakeholders. Scenario planning Encourages innovation and process of imagining future Analyzing current trends and SWOT analysis creativity. issues. Workshops and public Builds consensus and shared possibilities and setting long- Developing shared aspirations consultations ownership. term goals for communities, and goals. Provides a guiding framework for organizations, or regions. Creating a compelling vision decision-making. statement. Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning Forecasting Forecasting Forecasts present most likely futures, based on assumed drivers for change. They feature a limited range of variation and are based on a given set of drivers. Because of their projective nature, forecasts rely on historical data in combination with conjectures of future development. An advantage of forecasting methods and at the same time their drawback is that they tend to treat the future as a form of continuation of the past. Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning Backcasting The essence of backcasting is to build bridges from the present to a desirable future in a retrospective manner, while identifying the intermediate steps that lead to that future. Backcasting emphasizes both the articulation of a societal and environmental vision, and the identification and analyses of pathways to this vision. It aims to connect a vision for the future to present-day decision making, putting the finger on key choices that have to be made now and in the near future. Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning Art of Visioning Forecasting: Back-Casting: Projects future scenarios based on current Starts with a desired future outcome and works trends, data, and patterns. backward to identify steps needed to achieve it. Methods: Steps: Time series analysis Define a vision for the future. Simulation models Identify barriers and enablers. Predictive analytics Develop strategies and pathways. Strengths: Useful for identifying risks, Strengths: Encourages transformative thinking opportunities, and trends. and breaks from the limitations of present Limitations: Heavily reliant on the accuracy trends. of current data and assumptions. Applications: Sustainability planning, climate change mitigation, urban development. Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning REFERENCES https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/URDPFI%20Guidelines%20Vol%20I(2).pdf https://www.uop.edu.jo/PDF%20File/petra%20university%20%5BArchitecture_Ebook%5D_Urban_Design_- _Method_and_Techniques-20596-Part11.pdf https://www.ncaer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Vol-1.pdf http://mddaonline.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Dehradun-Master-Plan-2.0A.pdf https://gidb.org/pdf/townPlanningschemeProgresscasesofAuda.pdf Reethu Mercy Introduction to Urban & Regional Planning  Thank You M. Reethu Mercy Dr. YSRAFAU, Kadapa