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Rail Transportation 2. Wooden Rails The conveyance of passengers Railways began appearing in and goods by means of wheeled Europe after the Dark ages vehicles designed to run along following the collapse of the...

Rail Transportation 2. Wooden Rails The conveyance of passengers Railways began appearing in and goods by means of wheeled Europe after the Dark ages vehicles designed to run along following the collapse of the railways or railroads. Roman Empire. Facilitates international trade and In the 1550s, narrow gauge economic growth in most railways operated with wooden countries. rails. Safest form of travel. First railways in the UK known as It Requires a great distance to stop Wagonways. and trains are heavy, unable to Wagonways were constructed in deviate from the track. the early 17th century. Line 1 or Yellow Line ~> Baclaran - Mainly for transporting coal from Monumento mines to canal wharfs where it can Line 2 or Purple Line ~> Recto - be transferred to a boat for onward Antipolo shipment. Line 3 or Blue Lane ~> EDSA Earliest record, the Wollaton Wagonway in Nottinghamshire. Railway System 3. Iron Plate Rails 2 types of components Components that move: In 1768, Coalbrookdale Iron Works 1. Rolling Stock - locomotives, laid cast iron plates on top of the passenger carrying vehicles wooden rails. (coaches), and freight carrying Providing a more durable Components that are fixed: load-bearing surface. 1. Rail Tracks Used by Benjamin Outram at his 2. Ancillary Buildings foundry in Ripley, Derbyshire. “Platelayer” Build Operate Transfer Scheme (BOT) 4. Edge Rails - Used by developing countries Late 18th century, iron “edge rails” Development of Rails began to appear. British civil engineer William 1. Stone Rails Jessop, designed smooth iron edge rails. Earliest evidence of railway found Were used in conjunction with was the 6 kilomeeter (3.7m) flanged iron wheels. Diolkos Wagonway. In 1803, Jessop opened the Surrey Transported boats across the Iron Railway in South London, the Corinth Isthmus in Greece during world’s first horse-drawn public the 16th century BCE. railway. The Diolkos ran for over 1300 years, until 900 C.E. 5. Wrought iron and steel iron The Stockton and Darlington Railway opened in Northern In 1805, the first wrought iron rails England in 1825. were produced at Bedlington Five years later by the Liverpool Ironworks near Durham. and Manchester Railway, First steel rails were produced by considered to be the world’s first Robert Forester Mushet and laid at “Inter City” line. Derby station in 1857. Railways then soon spread Modern railways still use steel throughout the UK and the world rails, but they are typically welded and became the dominant means together to form lengths of of land transportation. continuous welded rail. In 1869, Transcontinental railroad in the US helped: Development of Motive Power - Reduce transportation time and cost 6. Steam Locomotives - Increased the accessibility of goods to consumers First locomotive to haul a train of wagons on rail was designed by 7. Dieselization/Diesel Locomotive Cornish engineer Richard Trevithick, and was demonstrated The replacement of the steam in 1804. locomotive with the diesel electric In 1806, a horse-drawn railway locomotive. was built between Swansea and A process which began in the Mumbles: Swansea-Mumbles 1930s and is now substantially railway started carrying fare-paying complete world wide. passengers. Took place largely because of the In 1807, the first in the world to do reduction in operating costs it so. allowed. In 1811, John Blenkinsop designed Diesel Locomotives require the first successful and practical significantly less time and labor to railway locomotive. operate and maintain. He patented a system of moving coals by a rock railway worked by 8. Electrification a steam locomotive. Steam locomotives require large Robert Davidson started to pools of labor to clean, load, experiment with electric railway maintain and run. They also cars in Scotland in 1838. require extensive service, coaling By 1839, he completed and and water facilities. presented a 4.8m long carriage Matthew Murray was an English that weighed six tons, including steam engine and machine tool batteries. manufacturer. In 1883, Magnus Volk opened his Murray, designed and built the first electric railway in Brighton. commercially viable steam Use of overhead wires conducting locomotive, the twin cylinder electricity, invented by Granville T. Salamanca in 1812. Woods in 1883  Among several other Types of Locomotive improvements, led to the development of electrified railways, 1. Steam the first of which in the United 2. Diesel Locomotives States was operated at Coney 3. Electric Locomotives Island in 1892. 4. Combined Engines Richmond, Virginia had the first successful electrically-powered Types of Rails trolley system in the United States. Designed by electric power pioneer 1. Common Railway Frank J. Sprague, the trolley 2. Electrified Railway system opened its first line in 3. High Speed Rail January, 1888. 4. Maglev Many countries since the 1960s In 1937, German inventor have adopted high-speed railways. Hermann Kemper patented a On April 3, 2007, the French TGV railway system that uses power of set a new train speed record. The the magnets to provide support for train, with a modified engine and traveling locomotives and its trains. wheels, reached 574.8 km/h (357.2 Today this system is often used for mph) very expensive and high-speed On August 24, 2005, the Qingzang railway lines. railway became the highest railway 5. Monorail line in the world, when a track was Monorail railways that are not laid through the Tanggula Mountain using maglev design are today Pass at 5,072 meters (16,640.4 ft) most often used in urban above sea level in the Tanggula environments, with slow trains and Mountains, Tibet. trams that Characteristics of Rail Transport Types of Trains 1. Public Utility Service 1. Freight Train 2. Huge Investments Essentially any train that is not 3. Privileges carrying passengers. 4. Special Rate Fixation Its cars can be used for storing a 5. Non-transferability variety of goods, from solid items to liquids and gasses. Train Majority of the world's railway network is used for industrial use. A train is a form of transport 2. Inter-city trains consisting of a series of connected Public transportation trains, mostly vehicles that generally runs along built for safe travel at low speeds a railroad track to transport cargo at both land based railways and or passengers. underground subway lines. The word "train" comes from the 3. Rapid transit Old French trainer, derived from High Speed trains that are the Latin trahere meaning "to pull" specially made with streamlined or "to draw". design that offers as little air resistance as possible.  Trains made with this technology the Philippines, organized under can achieve speeds of up to 300 the Department of Transportation km/h. (DOTr) as an attached agency. 4. Short and Long distance trains Established during the Spanish This type of train is often used for colonial period, the modern PNR traveling between cities and was developed only in 1984. It countries, equipped with sleeping formerly operated around 479 cars, dining cars and all necessary kilometers of track on the island of things that are needed to service Luzon, where most Philippine rail passengers on their longer infrastructure journeys. The Manila Light Rail Transit 5. Trams System is the main metropolitan Slow public transportation trains, rail system serving the Metro powered by electricity and almost Manila area. exclusively used in highly There are two lines to the system: congested urban zones. Line 1, called the Yellow Line, and 6. Mine trains Line 2, called the Purple Line. Special train types that are used Although the system is referred to for underground excavations of as a "light rail" system, arguably rock and coal. because the network is mostly They are durable, small, and elevated, the system is more akin capable of hauling goods in a very to a rapid transit (metro) system in harsh and cramped environment. European-North American terms. The Manila LRTA system is the Rail Transport in the Philippines first metro system in Southeast Asia, earlier than the Singapore Rail transportation in the MRT by three years Philippines presently is used The Manila Metro Rail Transit mostly to transport passengers System has a single line, Line 3 or within Metro Manila and the nearby the Blue Line. Although it has province of Laguna. characteristics of light rail, it is Freight transport is nonexistent, more akin to a rapid transit system. although there are plans for a revival from Port Area, Manila to Rail Transportation Lines Laguna and a cargo train planned between Subic and Clark. Line 1 South Extension Project - Currently, the country has a railway An extension of LRT Line 1 to the footprint of only 79 kilometers (49 south known as the South miles) through LRT Line 1 and 2, Extension Project or the Cavite MRT and the Philippine National Extension Project, under Railways commuter line. This construction and will serve the situation will change in the areas of Parañaque to Cavite. 8 immediate future as the statio will be added over some 11.7 government has plans to expand kilometers starting at Baclaran its current footprint to more than station Bacoor, Cavite 244 kilometers. Second North Extension: The The Philippine National Railways is current north extension will be a state-owned railway system in extended to the North Triangle  Common Station, now under transit system under construction. construction, from Roosevelt Running from New Clark City in Station. The project site of the Capas to Calamba, Laguna with 36 "common station" was disputed for stations and four services, the years until an agreement with the railway was designed to improve stakeholders was signed in connectivity within the Greater January 2017. The station's Manila Area and will be integrated construction began on September with the railway network in the 29, 2017, and the opening region. operation will be in July 2023. LRT Line serves 13 stations along its 17.6-kilometer (10.9 mi) Channel Tunnel route. The western terminus of the line is the Recto station at is a 50.46 km (31.35-mile) Recto Avenue, while the eastern undersea railway tunnel, opened in terminus of the line is the Antipolo 1994, that connects England to station along Marcos Highway. France beneath the English 3. Line 7 - The Metro Rail Transit Channel at the Strait of Dover. Line 7, also known as MRT Line 7 the world's longest and deepest or MRT-7, is a rapid transit line railway tunnel, accommodating under construction.. When high-speed trains, reducing the completed, the line will be 22.8 travel time for freight and kilometers (14.2 miles) long, with passengers between northern and 14 stations, and the first line to southern Europe, have a third rail electrification. The line runs in a northeast-southwest direction, beginning at San Jose Cruise Tourism del Monte, Bulacan up to the North Triangle Common Station in North Cruise tourism has been a growing Avenue, Quezon City. The market sector around the world, additional lines are slated to open not only as a means to travel to a in 2025. destination but as an experience. Line 9 (Metro Manila Subway) - It is something that is greatly The 36-kilometer (22 mi) line, anticipated for months and months which will run north-south between in advance. Valenzuela City, Quezon City, Pasig, Makati, Taguig, and Pasay, Cruise Ship consists of 15 stations between the Quirino Highway and FTI stations. Is a passenger used for pleasure The subway system, costing about voyages. P358.25 billion (US$7 billion) was Cruise ships are destinations in approved by the National themselves with features and Economic Development Authority amenities comparable or superior in September 12, 2017 to land-based resorts. The North-South Commuter Cruising is remarkably affordable Railway (NSCR), also known as and one can enjoy his/her dream the Clark-Calamba Railway, is a vacations. 147-kilometer (91-mile) urban rail The Cruise Industry Measure its ship by: Trips from Britain to the Iberian peninsula. Number of staterooms (cabins) Number of persons that the ship 1844 Start of passenger service, can accommodate from England to Gibraltar, Malta and Athens Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT) - the amount of enclosed space on a 1888 SS Ravenna first ship to be ship; one GRT is equal to 100 built with a steel cubic feet. superstructure. 1889 SS Valletta first ship with Why do people prefer to cruise? electric light. A cruise is a “hassle free” holiday 1900 Completion of the German A cruise is something “new” & ship Prinzessin Victoria “fashionable” Luise, first ship to be Cruises offer a wide variety of conceived from luxury cruises. events, activities & meals. It’s easy to meet people and make 1908 Lusitania e Mauritania, first friends on a cruise. ship to feature an elaborate It is a great way to celebrate a ventilation system. special occasion or event. 1950’s The ship becomes a holiday The Cruise Experience & destination, no longer a 1960’s means of transportation. “Floating resorts” or all-inclusive vacations 1969 Queen Elizabeth 2 (Cunard) Includes transportation, meals, Celebrities and lodging, recreation and entertainment. Single class. entertainment. Service is equal for all passengers. 1970’s TV series “The Love Boat” Itineraries, destinations, and cabin locations are the main factors 1980 New services and features are introduced. segmenting the cruise industry. Cruise lines offer diverse itineraries 2009 Launch of M/v Oasis of the to appeal to different markets. /2010 Seas and M/v Allure of the Seas are Royal Caribbean International Timeline 2015 Quantum of the Seas Royal Caribbean International Year 1819 SS Savannah first steam ship 5 A’s of Cruising to cross the Atlantic Ocean. 1837 Peninsular & Oriental Steam Attractions Navigation Company was Activities born. Access  Accommodation 4. Meals Amenities Menus may be theme related or haute cuisine Elements of a Cruise Buffet service available for casual dining 1. Embarkation Pizza bars, ice cream bars, and Cruise itineraries are usually circle other treats available throughout trips, departing and returning to the the day same port city, known as the Midnight buffets are a festive embarkation point. occasion Air-Sea Packages Room service available - Transportation to the embarkation Special appetizer parties on first port may be included with a cruise and last nights of a cruise package. - By packaging the flight and cruise 5. Daily program together, passengers only have to Each night, the program activities communicate with one company for the subsequent day are put in regarding their reservations. the passenger's room. - If flights are delayed, the ship may This information helps passengers delay sailing to wait for the bulk of plan their activities passengers, or passengers may be flown to meet the ship at the next port. The Cruise Passengers - Shuttle service between the airport and the port is usually included. Active - with a variety of activities, it’s easy to stay busy. 2. Cashless System Families - special activities for Prior to setting sail, passengers children so parents can relax. give an imprint of their credit card GamblersInternational Travelers to open an account on board the Those who wish to relax ship. Singles - provides opportunities to All purchases on board the ship meet new people. are charged to the account. Those with special interests Passengers settle their charges at the end of the trip. Passengers without credit cards Cruise Market Segments must make a cash deposit prior to setting sail. Contemporary/Value Segment - mass market cruise lines (Carnival, 3. Security checks Royal Caribbean, Norwegian) Cruise passengers are required to Premium Segment - less go through a security check. passenger per ton (Princess, Some ships issue passengers a Celebrity, Holland America) plastic card that serves as their Luxury Segment - the least number cabin key, boarding pass, and ID of passengers per ton (Crystal, for coming back from visiting a port Seabourn, Cunard) of call.  Specialty Lines - niche destination 8. Port - the left side of the ship when (example - river cruise) (Sea facing the bow Dream, Yacht Club, Windstar) 9. Porthole - a round window in a ship 10. Starboard - right side of the ship Types of Cruises when facing the bow Ocean Voyages: A one-way passage from one point to another Carnival Cruise Line - Largest Cruise Line over a major body of water. Corporation in the World Standard Cruises: An open water cruise may be one-way or Accommodation round-trip with several ports of call. River/Canal Cruises: River and The location of a cabin on a cruise canal cruises are closely linked to ship may be the only distinction the culture and heritage of the that separates passengers. country being toured. Larger staterooms are on upper Destination / Expedition Cruises: decks. based on the destination to be Suites have separate bedrooms visited. and lounge/living areas. Day Cruises: Day cruises are Some rooms on top decks have a typically a cruise experience of 15 terrace. hours or less. Cabins on the upper decks are the Contemporary Cruises: These most expensive. cruise lines typically have Cabins located on the outside of resort-style facilities with heavy the upper decks have portholes emphasis on ship-board activities. (windows) Luxury Cruises: offering high Cabins located on the inside and style luxury with emphasis on lower decks have no windows. destinations and ship-board Cabins are designed for efficient amenities. use of space. Specialty Cruises: Adventure style cruising with a heavy emphasis on destination, On Board Services education, and off ship activities. 1. Purser’s Services Vocab - Front Desk - Loyalty Program Desk 1. Aft or Stern - the back of the ship - Shore Excursion Desk 2. Berth - docking spot / allocated 2. Entertainment bed - Dance Class 3. Bow or Fore - front of the Ship - Talk Shows 4. Bridge - the control or navigation - Movies center of the ship 3. Boutiques 5. Decks - floors of the ship - Electronics 6. Galley - ship's kitchen - Clothing 7. Muster Station - area where - Fine Jewelry everyone gathers in case of 4. Casino emergency - Tables  - BIngo Newfoundland. The B707 was not - Machines the first jetliner, but it was the first 5. Salon & Spa successful one. - Sauna In the years since the beginning of - Hair Dressing the Jet Age, commercial aircraft - Massages have advanced markedly in capacity and range. Just 12 years after the debut of the 134-seat (in a The Rise of Air Transportation typical two-class configuration) B707, the 366-seat (in typical Air transportation was slow to take three-class configuration) B74Z off after the Wright Brothers made its maiden flight. The breakthrough at Kitty Hawk in economies of scale fostered by the 1903. More than a decade passed 747 and other wide-body jets before first faltering efforts to helped to push real airfares launch scheduled passenger downward, thereby democratizing services. aviation beyond the so-called "Jet On January 1, 1914, the world's Set". Like the B707, the B747 inaugurat scheduled flight with a premiered on a transatlantic route paying passenger hopped across from New York City. the bay separating Tampa and St. However, by the 2010s, the Petersburg, Florida. In its earliest majority of the B747s were being years, the airline industry had a retired and replaced by longer symbiotic relationship with military range and more fuel-efficient twin- aviation. engine aircraft such as the B777, By the eve of World War II, airlines the A330, the B787 and the A350. around the world were adopting Air transportation is now the USA-built Douglas DC-3 with a overwhelmingly dominant in capacity of 28 passengers, a transcontinental and speed of 310 kilometers per hour, intercontinental travel and has and a range of more than 2,400 become more competitive for kilometers nonstop, able to fly shorter trips in many regional across the US stopping just three markets. Low-cost carriers (LCCs) times. have been instrumental in The DC-3 made its maiden extending aviation's reach to commercial flight in 1936 between short-haul markets. New York and Chicago, a vital business route highlighting the commercial significance of the Wide-Body Jets Narrow Body Jets fast-changing technology. The speed advantage for aviation B747 B Super 80 grew with the advent of jet travel in the mid-1950s. In October 1958. B777 B727 The Boeing 707 took its maiden commercial flight with the Pan A300 B757 American World Airways route linking New York and Paris, with a B767 B717 refueling stop in Gander,  McDonnell B737 Business Class - distinguished from other travel classes by the Douglas DC-10 Airbus A319/320 quality of seating, food, drinks, ground service and other McDonnell-Douglas amenities. In commercial aviation, DC-9/80 full business class is usually denoted “J” or “C” with schedule flexibility. Seat Configuration Premium Economy Class -also Refer to the way seating is known as elite economy. class or arranged within the aircraft. economy plus class, is a travel class offered on some airlines. Pitch This travel-class is positioned as a The distance between seat rows. It middle ground between standard is often called legroom. economy class and business class The average pitch is 31 to 32 in terms of price, comfort, and inches, but other airlines offer amenities. 33-34 inches. Width Airline Codes: The average seat on an aircraft is City Code - 3 letters merely 17 to 18 inches wide, with Airline Code - 2 Letters some as narrow as 16.5 IATA - International Air Transport Recline Association Some seats can be reclined by 10%, 45% or even full recline, Singapore Airlines - best airline in the creating a bed-like situation world. depending on the class of service you’re in. CITY IATA CODE MANILA MNL Travel Class CEBU CEB An airliner is divided to, from the top, First, Business, and Economy KUALA LUMPUR KUL Cabins. AIRLINE CODE Premium Class has been added by some airlines as an intermediate PHILIPPINE PR class between economy and AIRLINES business class. CEBU PACIFIC 5J First Class - usually at the front of the plane. It usually features wider AIR ASIA AK seats, greater pitch, more recline, elaborate meals, free alcoholic beverages, entertainment on board and airline full miles.