ITP Reviewer PDF

**ITP REVIEWER** **Meaning of Philosophy** Philosophy is like the study of life's biggest questions. Parang deep thinking siya about everything life, reality, existence, and even morality. It's all about finding answers to questions like, "What is the purpose of life?" or "What is truth?" It helps...

**ITP REVIEWER** **Meaning of Philosophy** Philosophy is like the study of life's biggest questions. Parang deep thinking siya about everything life, reality, existence, and even morality. It's all about finding answers to questions like, "What is the purpose of life?" or "What is truth?" It helps us understand the world and ourselves better by questioning things we usually take for granted. **First Cause or Highest Principle** The First Cause or Highest Principle is the idea that everything has a beginning, like there's a first thing or event that caused everything to exist. Parang sa chain of events, there's always a starting point yun yung First Cause. In philosophy, this First Cause is often thought of as God or a higher power na nag-start ng lahat ng bagay. **Principle of Identity** The Principle of Identity is super simple. It says that everything is what it is. In short, A is A. A person is a person, and a chair is a chair. Kung ano yung isang bagay, yun na yun, it doesn't change its identity basta yun siya. **Principle of Non-Contradiction** This principle states that a thing cannot be both true and false at the same time in the same way. For example, hindi pwedeng sabihing, "The light is on" and "The light is off" at the same time sa parehong oras. Only one of those statements can be true. It helps us avoid confusion and contradictions in our thinking. **Principle of Excluded Middle** The Principle of Excluded Middle says na walang in-between. Either a statement is true or false. Wala nang third option. For example, "You are either at home or not at home." There's no middle ground na parang "kinda at home." It's all about either/or situations. **Principle of Sufficient Reason** The Principle of Sufficient Reason means that everything happens for a reason. Lahat ng nangyayari, may explanation or cause. Walang random event or thing na walang dahilan. This principle teaches us to always look for why things are the way they are. **Branches of Philosophy** There are different branches that tackle different aspects of life: 1\. Metaphysics -- It's all about understanding the nature of reality. Like, what is existence? Ano ba talaga ang totoo? 2\. Epistemology -- It's the study of knowledge. How do we know what we know? Paano tayo sure na totoo ang mga bagay? 3\. Ethics -- It's about what is right and wrong. Dito pinag-uusapan yung moral choices natin, kung ano ang tama at mali. 4\. Aesthetics -- This is all about beauty and art. Bakit natin na-aappreciate ang mga magagandang bagay? 5\. Logic -- Ito yung branch ng philosophy na nagtuturo sa atin kung paano mag-isip ng tama at hindi mali-mali. 6\. Political Philosophy -- Pag-aaral ito ng government, justice, and power. Bakit kailangan natin ng rules and laws? **On Attaining a Comprehensive Outlook in Life** Having a comprehensive outlook means hindi tayo nagfo-focus lang sa isang aspeto ng buhay. It's about understanding all angles physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual. Parang balance ito ng lahat ng factors para we can make better decisions in life. In philosophy, it's like seeing the "big picture" para hindi tayo stuck sa narrow perspective. Dapat holistic tayo mag-isip. **Expanding Our Philosophical Frames: Western and Non-Western Tradition**s When we expand our philosophical views, we learn from both Western and Non-Western traditions. Western Philosophy- is more focused on reason, logic, and individuality. Think of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle mahilig sila sa mga deep questions about truth, justice, and the nature of reality. Non-Western Philosophy- includes traditions like Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. These are more about balance, harmony, and understanding one's place in nature. Mas community focused din sila, prioritizing relationships and interconnectedness. By learning both, we become more open to different ways of thinking. **Three Great Original Centers of Philosophy in the World** 1\. Greek Philosophy -- Origin ng Western philosophy. Famous philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle explored ethics, politics, and the search for truth. 2\. Indian Philosophy -- It's focused on spiritual growth and self-awareness. Hinduism and Buddhism talk about karma, dharma, and how to achieve enlightenment. 3\. Chinese Philosophy -- Confucianism and Taoism, which focus on harmony, ethics, relationships, and living in balance with nature. **Filipino Thinking: From Global to Local** Filipino thinking is a blend of different influences. Dahil sa history natin, we have global ideas (from colonizers) and local ideas (our own native traditions). It's important to see both, kasi dun natin makikita ang identity natin as Filipinos. We are shaped by our global history but also have unique local values. **Loob: Holistic and Interior Dimensions** Loob refers to our inner self or core yung tunay na pagkatao natin. It's like the Filipino way of understanding someone's deep feelings, values, and inner thoughts. Holistic siya kasi hindi lang sa actions or physical appearance nakikita ang pagkatao ng isang tao, kundi sa kanyang loob. **Filipino Philosophy of Time** In Filipino culture, time is flexible. Alam mo yung Filipino Time? It's our relaxed attitude towards time, parang we go with the flow instead of sticking to strict schedules. Sometimes, it can be negative (like being late), but it's also positive kasi it reflects how we prioritize relationships and moments more than just being on time. **Bahala Na** "Bahala Na" is a common expression sa Filipino culture that shows courage and faith in uncertain situations. It's like saying "Let's leave it to fate" or "God will take care of it." It's a mix of trusting the universe while being brave to face whatever comes. **Filipino Thought and Values: Positive and Negative Aspects** **Positive Values:** Bayanihan -- Helping others, especially in the community. Pakikipagkapwa -- Treating others with respect and care. Hiya -- A sense of shame or propriety; being mindful of how our actions affect others. **Negative Aspects:** 1\. Colonial Mentality -- We need to shift from idolizing foreign things to valuing our own culture. Dapat palitan ng nationalism. 2\. Crab Mentality -- Stop pulling others down. Instead, we should lift each other up. 3\. Super Industrial Society -- Aim for a future where technology helps improve everyone's life, hindi lang for the rich. 4\. Education -- Use education to shape a better future and create a super-industrial society that benefits all. 5\. Choosing for Humanity -- Make decisions not just for ourselves but for the whole nation and humanity. **Transcending and Aiming for a Life of Abundance** Abundance comes from the Latin word "abundare" which means to overflow non-stop. Hindi lang ito tungkol sa material wealth; it's more about how we connect with others, how we live, and how we grow. Abundance is not about what we gather, but what we give and share. Parang, hindi siya sa kung ano ang pinapanatili natin, kundi sa mga bagay na binabahagi natin sa iba. It's not about keeping things, but spreading love, care, and kindness. Abundance is a choice. It's about becoming better and evolving into a higher version of ourselves. **METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING** What are the methods of philosophizing? **A. Phenomenology** Focus on how you experience things, not what's causing them. Ex: "What does it feel like to eat ice cream?" **B. Existentialism** You create your own meaning in life, it's all about freedom and choices. Ex: "Ikaw bahala how to live your life!" **C. Postmodernism** Question everything! There's no one absolute truth. Ex: "Says who? Why should I follow society's rules?" **D. Analytic Tradition** Be super clear with your arguments, use logic and reason. Ex: "Prove it, using facts and evidence, no drama!" **E. Logic and Critical Thinking** Think smart, follow correct reasoning, and question everything. Ex: "Wait, legit ba 'to?" **FALLACIES** These are common errors in thinking that seem right but are wrong. **A. Appeal to Pity (Ad Misericordiam)** Using sad stories to win an argument. Ex: "Please, I deserve this grade because I had a hard life!" **B. Appeal to Ignorance (Ad Ignorantiam)** Saying something is true just because no one can prove it's false. Ex: "No one can prove aliens don't exist, so they must be real!" **C. Equivocation** Using one word in two different meanings to confuse. Ex: "I have the right to my opinion, so my opinion must be right!" **D. Composition** Assuming that what's true for one part is true for the whole. Ex: "This player is great, so the whole team must be awesome!" **E. Division** Assuming what's true for the whole is true for every part. Ex: "The team is good, so every player must be good." **F. Against the Person (Ad Hominem)** Attacking the person instead of the argument. Ex: "You're wrong because you're ugly!" **G. Appeal to Force (Ad Baculum)** Using threats or force to win. Ex: "Agree with me or else!" **H. Appeal to People (Ad Populum)** Saying something is true because everyone else believes it. Ex: "Everyone is doing it, so it must be right!" **I. False Cause (Post Hoc)** Believing that because one thing happened before another, the first caused the second. Ex: "I wore my lucky shirt, that's why I passed the test!" **J. Hasty Generalization** Making conclusions based on too little evidence. Ex: "This one student is bad, so all students must be bad!" **K. Begging the Question (Petition Principii)** Assuming something is true without proof, just repeating the point. Ex: "God exists because the Bible says so, and the Bible is true because it's God's word." **THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT** In today's world, parang controlled na tayo by technology, right? Like, are our selfies proof na we're alive and aware, or are we just going with the flow like zombies? Merton says to really know ourselves, we need to find the divine image within us and focus more on our spirituality, rather than being distracted by external stuff. Hinduism: Its all about the human's journey to find their true self and life's purpose. Hanap nila yung deeper connection with God and ultimate freedom (moksha). Parang life quest to understand who they really are. The Aum: Ang sacred sound na ito, parang simbolo ng ultimate reality or Brahman. Ganyan siya ka-importante sa Hinduism. Karma: Law of cause and effect. Kung good actions ka, good results ang babalik sa'yo. Kung bad actions, bad results din. Samsara: Ang cycle ng birth, death, at rebirth. Ang goal is to escape from this cycle. Moksha: Pagka-liberate mula sa Samsara; ultimate freedom na makakaugnay ka sa Brahman. **Eightfold Path:** Guide para makamit ang Nirvana at perfect character: Right View: Understand the true nature of reality. Right Resolve: Commit to ethical and mental self-improvement. Right Speech: Speak truthfully and kindly. Right Conduct: Act ethically and morally. Right Livelihood: Choose a job na hindi nakakasakit sa iba. Right Effort: Cultivate positive thoughts, avoid negative ones. Right Mindfulness: Be aware of your thoughts and actions. Right Samadhi: Develop deep concentration and meditation. **FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS** 1\. Life involves suffering (Dukkha). 2\. Suffering comes from desire and attachment (Samudaya). 3\. Suffering can be ended (Nirodha). 4\. To end suffering, follow the Eightfold Path (Magga). **The Biblical God and Humanity** **CHRISTIANITY** St. Augustine of Hippo: Sabi niya, may original sin at kailangan ng grace ng Diyos para makamit ang salvation. St. Thomas Aquinas: Pinagsama ang Christian theology at Aristotelian philosophy. Emphasized ang natural law at reason sa understanding ng faith. **THE HUMAN PERSON IN THE ENVIRONMEN**T Content Standard: Ang pag-aaral ng relationship ng tao sa environment. Paano natin ini-impact ang mundo at paano tayo naapektohan ng environment. Performance Standard: Kailangan ipakita ang understanding sa mga concepts about environment, at paano tayo makakatulong na mapanatili ito. **Philosophical Questions Around 600 B.C.E.** What is the world made of?: Tanong tungkol sa basic substances ng mundo. Mga philosophers noon, tulad ni Thales, nagtanong kung anong stuff ang mundo. How did the world come into being?: Paano nagsimula ang mundo? Mga theorists tinanong ang origins ng universe. How can we explain the process of change?: Paano natin masasabi ang pagbabago sa mundo? Philosophers din nag-isip kung paano nagbabago ang lahat. **Notice Disorder in the Universe** Disorder: Kung minsan, napapansin natin na may mga bagay na hindi maayos sa universe. Nagkakaroon ng mga problema at inconsistencies. **Kapag tumataas ang income mo, nagbabago yung spending mo. Ganito:** 1\. Construction: Nag-iinvest ka sa mas magaganda o maraming properties. 2\. Shelter: Bumibili ka ng mas maganda o mas malaking bahay. 3\. Food: Kumakain ka ng mas mahal o diverse na pagkain. 4\. Clothing: Bumibili ka ng branded o trendy na mga damit. 5\. Mobility: Nagpapalit ka ng mas magara o bagong sasakyan. 6\. Manufactured goods: Bumibili ka ng mga latest gadgets o luxury items. 7\. Services: Nagbabayad ka para sa mga services tulad ng personal trainers o cleaners. 8\. Trade: Mas active ka sa pagbili at pagbebenta ng mga bagay. PYTHAGORAS -- Para sa kanya, ang universe ay parang living embodiment ng order, harmony, at beauty. Dapat nating mahalin at pahalagahan ang lahat ng buhay (biophilia) at pati na rin ang ating koneksyon sa cosmos (cosmophilia). ANAXIMANDER -- Sa kanyang pananaw, nagsimula ang universe sa pagkakaroon ng mga magkasalungat na bagay. Parang isang malaking boundless stuff na nahati sa malamig at basang bahagi, at mainit at tuyong bahagi. Ang mainit na bahagi ay nagdry sa malamig na bahagi, kaya't nagkaroon ng vapor o atmosphere. IMMANUEL KANT -- Sabi niya, para maunawaan ang mga bagay ng mabuti, kailangan nating iwan ang ating personal na desires at pagtuunan ang bagay mismo. Ang order at harmony ng nature ay nagtuturo sa atin patungo sa mas malalim na religious na pananaw. HERBERT MARCUSE -- Ayon sa kanya, ang tao ay may dominance sa nature. Para magkaroon ng tunay na pagbabago, kailangan nating baguhin ang ating pananaw sa kapaligiran. Ito ang tinatawag niyang "Great Refusal." GEORGE HERBERT MEAD -- Naniniwala siya na hindi lang tayo may mga karapatan, kundi may mga tungkulin din. Bilang bahagi ng community, ang ating mga aksyon at reaksyon ay nakakaapekto sa pagbabago ng komunidad. **Theories to Show Care for the Environment** 1\. Deep Ecology: Ang nature ay may intrinsic value kahit wala tayong pakialam. Dapat nating respetuhin ang lahat ng buhay. 2\. Social Ecology: Ang environmental problems ay rooted sa social problems. Dapat i-address ang social injustices para maayos ang environment. 3\. Ecofeminism: Nakikita ang connection ng oppression ng women at exploitation ng nature. Kailangan i-empower ang women para maprotektahan ang environment. **Functions of Fromm's Envisioned Society** Fromm: Nagsabi na ang ideal society ay may focus sa human values kaysa material wealth. Dapat may balance sa personal fulfillment at collective well-being. **Content Standard:** Dapat malaman: Paano nag-iinteract ang tao sa environment. **Performance Standard:** Dapat ipakita: Pagiging maingat at matipid sa pag-aalaga ng environment. **What is the World Made Of?** Saan nanggaling ang mundo? Mga pre-Socratic philosophers nag-shift from myths to rational explanations, nag-aaral ng nature para malaman ang laws nito. **Importance of Aesthetics and Environment:** Bakit mahalaga? Ang classroom dapat may aesthetics para sa peace, social interaction, at personal growth. **Anthropocentric vs. Ecocentric:** Anthropocentric: Humans ang center ng universe. Ecocentric: Values natin ay nakabase sa ecological balance. **Fromm's Vision for Society:** 1\. Be vs. Have: Mag-focus sa pagiging ikaw, hindi sa pagkakaroon ng bagay. 2\. Be Present: Maging fully present. 3\. Reduce Negativity: Bawasan ang greed at hate. 4\. Growth Goal: Layunin ang personal at collective growth. 5\. Honesty: Maging tapat at aware. 6\. True Freedom: Freedom ay pagiging totoo sa sarili. 7\. Happiness in Living: Kaligayahan sa full living. 8\. Joy from Sharing: Saya ay sa pagbibigay, hindi sa pag-hoard. 9\. Love and Critical Thinking: Paunlarin ang love at critical thinking. 10\. Accept Limitations: Tanggapin ang limitations ng buhay.