SWK 102 Lesson 1-6: Social Work Foundations PDF

SWK 102 - LESSON 1: Knowledge and Philosophical work engages people and structures to address Foundation of Social work Profession (INTRO) life challenges and enhance wellbeing. RA 4373: An act to regulate the practice of social work -...

SWK 102 - LESSON 1: Knowledge and Philosophical work engages people and structures to address Foundation of Social work Profession (INTRO) life challenges and enhance wellbeing. RA 4373: An act to regulate the practice of social work - International Association of Schools of Social and the operation of social work agencies in the Work (IASSW) Philippines and for other purposes - International Federation of Social Workers - SOCIAL WORK - Profession which is primarily (IFSW) concerned with organized social service activity aimed to facilitate and strengthen basic social SOCIAL WELFARE relationships and the mutual adjustment between - Practically everything that men do for the good of Individuals and their social environment for the the society. good of the individual and of society by the use of - “Organized concern of all people for all people” - social work methods. Gertrude Wilson - SOCIAL WORKER - A practitioner with academic SOCIAL SERVICES training and SW professional experience and who - Collective concern of society for the well-being of possesses the skill to achieve the objectives as its members is expressed through the provision defined by the SW profession. of social services. - SOCIAL WORK AGENCY - a person, - Programs, services, and other activities provided corporation or organization, private or by different service providers to concretely governmental, that engages mainly and answer the needs and dilemmas of the members generally, or represents itself to engage in social of the society welfare work, whether case work, group work, or SOCIAL FUNCTIONING community work. - The focus of concern in Social Work Profession - Results from an individual's performance of a RA 5417: Social Service diversity of roles in society RA 10847: an act lowering the age requirement for - Problems in SF occur when the demands of a role applicants taking the board examination for social do not match a person's capacities, or when one's workers, providing for continuing social work education, role performance is in conflict with those of and upgrading the sundry provisions relative to the others. practice of social work AMENDED: "ENHANCEMENT OF SOCIAL FUNCTIONING - Age of applicant from at least 21 years old to at WHENEVER THE NEED FOR SUCH IS EITHER least 18 years old SOCIALLY OR INDIVIDUALLY PERCEIVED" - Continuing professional development (CPD). All registered social workers must provide proof RESIDUAL of earning forty-five (45) units of continuing CPD - Social Welfare structure is considered courses given by any CPD provider duly TEMPORARY. accredited by the CPD council for social workers - This is offered during emergency situations and as a requirement for the renewal of the eventually withdrawn when the regular system is professional identification card of social workers. back on its tracks - Integration of the social work profession. All INSTITUTIONAL registered and licensed social workers shall be - Identifies Social Welfare as a LEGITIMATE united and integrated into one (1) national function of the society. organization or accredited integrated - Individuals not able to meet all their needs are professional organization (AIPO) considered "normal" conditions and helping - Issuance of special temporary permits: Institutions are considered "regular" institutions. - Foreign social workers called by the Philippine government for a specific GOALS: public purpose or project HUMANITARIAN AND SOCIAL JUSTICE - Foreign social workers to be employed - Man has the potential himself but there may be by any domestic private factors that hinder him from realizing his potential firm/establishment, Foreign social - It is right and just to help workers to be engaged as professors or SOCIAL CONTROL lecturers in a higher educational - Recognizes that the needy, deprived, and institution or university for the disadvantaged groups may strike out against enhancement of the social work what they may see as alienating or offending education in the country, and society - Foreign social workers, including ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT volunteers, whose services are engaged - This goal emphasizes priority on programs during disasters, calamities, or any designed to support the increase in the emergency cases as may be determined production of goods, services, and other by the board resources that contribute to economic - The STP hall provide, among others, that: (1) development. the practice of the foreign professional shall be limited to the particular work for which the FUNCTIONS: foreigner is being engaged; (2) the validity of the PREVENTIVE STP shall be for one 1 year only subject to - Concerned with identifying and dealing with renewal, and (3) the practice of the foreign social POTENTIAL areas of disequilibrium between worker shall be subject to the applicable domestic persons and environment laws and regulations." REMEDIAL - Aims to assist people in identifying and resolving GLOBAL DEFINITION OF SOCIAL WORK problems that have resulted from the - Social work is a practice-based profession and disequilibrium between themselves and the an academic discipline that promotes social environment change and development, social cohesion, and DEVELOPMENTAL the empowerment and liberation of people. - Aims to SEEK OUT, IDENTIFY, and Principles of social justice, human rights, STRENGTHEN the maximum potential in collective responsibility and respect for diversities individuals, groups, and communities-frequently are central to social work. Underpinned by through the provision on individual and social theories of social work, social sciences, resources humanities and indigenous knowledge, social "MAN HAS WORTH AND DIGNITY."  Example: Counseling, therapy and rehabilitation, DEMOCRATIC THEORY advice, child protective services, and program for - Man has worth because he is capable of reason, the treatment of deviants. rational thinking, and choice. 3. Public Assistance - Material and concrete - A human's mare existence has dignity, Dignity aids/supports provided to people without income begins at birth and is existent even though the or means to support themselves for reasons such possessor fails to realize. as loss of employment, natural disasters. COMMUNITY Organizer SOCIAL WORK - A profession concerned with man's - Acts on people's right to come together here to adjustment to his environment, a person (or group) in influence policies advocating for their rights. relation to his social situation SOCIAL WELFARE Officer Social functioning - refers to performance of an - Conducts socio-economic survey and prepares a individual in his various social roles. community profile of his/her area of assignment, 1. Personal inadequacies - pathologies which may services, assure participation and involvement of it difficult for a person to cope with environment's the community demands PUBLIC HEALTH SOCIAL Worker - Personal Inadequacies – may be due to - Does research, help prevent and intervene in physiological factors such as poor physical health and social problems afflicting communities constitution, wrong attitudes and values, poor or and populations at large. unrealistic perception of reality, ignorance, and MENTAL HEALTH SOCIAL Worker lack of skills - Cares for people with mental health is substance 2. Situational inadequacies - beyond man's abuse, poverty and other social problem coping abilities SCHOOL SOCIAL Worker - Situational Inadequacies - lack of resources - Providing comprehensive supports and serves and opportunities in society, existence of address barmers Impacting the social, academic, resources and opportunities beyond the reach of and physical needs of all students people, existence of unjust and exploitative CHILD WELFARE Officer situations. - They are prepared with the skills and knowledge 3. Both needed to ensure the welfare and well-being of infants, children, teens, and families. SOCIAL WORK EFFORTS ARE FOCUSED ON - THEY PROTECT CHILDREN - Helping a person adjust or cope with this environment GOVERNMENT SOCIAL Worker - Modifying or changing the environment or - Would involve helping clients in recovery adjust situation to the everyday emotional and practical - both. requirements of li You'd assist clients in keeping up with treatment strategies and form family SWK 102 - LESSON 3 - HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE support groups, as we work to find support for the SOCIAL WELFARE, SOCIAL WORK elderly. THE PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD - Filipinos lived in small communities located along SWK 102 - LESSON 2: SOCIAL WELFARE, SOCIAL mouths of rivers and coastal plains. SERVICES, AND SOCIAL WORK - Barangays often ruled by a head-man, usually the SOCIAL WELFARE - Society responds to unmet needs oldest member of the community and known as through: "dato" or "datu" To oversee the welfare of the 1. Individual and Group Efforts - Systematic and members and act as mediator and leader. group efforts of individuals - Social Welfare centered around mutual 2. Major Societal Institutions which have their protection and economic survival. Groups band designated roles and responsibilities for together and communities link through marriages meeting human needs. - Social forces bring among their members. change which affect the effectiveness of institutions in performing their social welfare THE SPANISH PERIOD functions. - Communities were group together to form Example: Family, church, government. pueblos, hence, creating a large concentrations 3. Social Agency - Integral part of society's of people in an area which resulted to health and institutionalized network of services. sanitation issues, personal maladjustments, and Example: Department of Social Welfare and economic dislocation. Development - Problem of destitution or indigency was also present due to punitive methods of the TWO VIEWS OF SOCIAL WELFARE conquerors. - Residual - temporary - Encomenderos, along with other residents, - Institutional - "The State shall promote a just and provided the natives aid, and responded to the dynamic social order that will ensure the sick and the needy. This motive was religious; "to prosperity and independence of the nation and do good to others for the salvation of their souls" free the people from poverty through policies that -Was the underlying philosophy behind all social provide adequate social services, promote full welfare activities in PH. employment, a rising standard of living, and an improved quality of life for all people. HOSPITALS - Spanish Missionaries also administered hospitals SOCIAL WELFARE PROGRAM CATEGORIES and orphanages. First hospital in the country was 1. Social Security - To protect individuals and his established by Don Miguel Lopez de Legaspi in family against the consequences of an Cebu in 1565 for the purpose of attending to the unavoidable interruption or serious reduction of wounded from the occupation campaigns, and earned income disposable for the maintenance of victims of diseases due to the long voyage in the a reasonable standard of well- being sea or peculiar conditions in the country. Example: Insurances - First hospital was transferred to Manila in 1571 2. Personal Social Services - Have a major effect Manila, 1578-Hospitalito de Santa Ana; under the on personal problems, situations of stress, supervision of Franciscans. When Americans interpersonal helping or helping people in need. came, it was renamed. to Stenberg General Hospital San Lazaro Hospital in 1578 San Juan De Dios Hospital in 1596  - San Lazaro Hospital stood out among the various - In 1917, Associated Charities of Manila was newly established hospitals. founded and started the concept of Community - Known to have been built to house Chest. Filipino beggars Became a hospital for - The idea was to centralize the receipt lepers in 1631 when 150 lepers arrived in and distribution of donations to different PH because the Emperor of JPN wanted charitable organizations and to later to test the benevolence of missionaries. include the provision of material relief - Started the organized isolation of the sick and employment to the deserving, subjected to their conditions and needs. ASYLUM AND ORPHANAGES - Between 1919 and 1921, Associated Charities of - Religious charity was considered as main Manila partnered with the American Red Cross motivation (PH Chapter), but had problems which later had - Catered the poor, needy, mentally ill. to be abandoned. Many private civic - Orphanages for girls in Mandaluyong and for organizations were established by the Americans boys in Tambobong were founded by Agustinian and later gained prominence in social welfare. Fathers. - In 1905, the American Red Cross Philippines - In 1885, Asilo de San Vicente de Paul established Chapter was established to lead in disaster relief Asylum for girls which offered religious and administer funds from the US. After WW I, instructions, primary education, and training in PH Chapter decided to maintain the organization housework to its inmates. Became well-known and set up programs on a permanent basis. They because of good management and good training established health centers in provinces and and discipline given. dental clinics in schools - In 1882, Hospicio de San Jose Originally housed - In 1907, La Gota de Leche was established to the aged and orphans, the mentally ill, and young furnish child-caring institutions with fresh cows' boys requiring reform Limited its services to milk from a dairy farm in Pasay. Later on, they children who were discharged, to be adopted, or opened a free consultation clinic for mothers. employed. - In 1910. Philippine Anti-Tuberculosis Society was organized SCHOOLS - Aimed to encourage research and data - Parochial School of Cebu in 1565, founded by the collection and combat the spread of TB Agustinian Friars Christian religion, Spanish - The Philippine Tuberculosis Society was able culture and languages, music, writing, reading to get the support of the government in 1911. and arithmetic, and some vocational courses Hence, a tuberculosis sanitarium opened in After the 1850s, public schools started. In 1867, Santol, QC. there were 593 primary schools with 138,990 - In 1913, Association de Damas Filipinas was students. organized to help destitute mothers and their - Hospitals, asylums, orphanages, and schools children. In 1926, they founded a Settlement were maintained using subsidies and grants for House in Manila which they patterned after Jane the Spanish government. However, these were Addam's Hull House in Chicago. not sufficient, hence, donations from - Admissions were limited to persons philanthropists were solicited. made destitute through accident, chronic illness, broken homes, victims of REVOLUTION (SPANIARDS) disasters, deserving. - Started the efforts directly aimed at the sick and - In 1921, the Office of the Public Welfare wounded Filipino soldiers needing medical care. Commissioner was created under the supervision Hermanos and several women provided of the Department of Interior. leadership in nursing the wounded in the - It absorbed the functions of the Public battlefields, particularly after the execution of Dr. Welfare Board, which focused on health Jose Rizal on December 30, 1987. yet was unable to cope with the high - The National Association of the Red Cross was mortality rate of infants. organized in 1899. - The Office of the Public Welfare - provided medical supplies and food to Commissioner intensified educational the revolutionaries in Luzon. campaigns about maternal and child health, engaged in studies to find the reason for the high THE AMERICAN PERIOD infant mortality rate, established centers and - In 1899, the Americans introduced a new maternity centers, and heighted the health educational system, new health methods, and consciousness of the community. religious freedoms. In 1902, due to the epidemic - In 1922, they prepared solicitation forms which of bubonic plague, cholera, and smallpox, the required the public to demand of any person Civil government created the INSULAR BOARD. appealing for donations to charities so persons -coordinated and supervised private institutions with ill-intents will not be able to receive any engaged in welfare work undeserving help. - The INSULAR BOARD - composed of - In 1924, the Associated Charities became an government health officials independent agency under the supervision of the - provided subsidies to expand the services of Public Welfare Commissioner and was partly hospitals and asylums funded by the government and the private - Philippine General Hospital was established in contributors. 1908. - In 1924, Philippine Legislative Act of 3203. - In 1915, PUBLIC WELFARE BOARD was - was passed. created through Legislative Act No. 2510. - relating to the care and custody of - Coordinated the welfare activities of neglected and delinquent children various existing charitable organizations providing probation officers for them - In 1917, the first government entity to operate as - Boys' and girls' reformatories under the City of a welfare agency was set up in Makati and Rizal. Manila became Philippine Training School for The orphanage was an initial step in child welfare Boys and Philippine Training School for Girls and services. were placed under the supervision of the Public - In 1900, attempts to alleviate the condition of deaf Welfare Commissioner children started in Philippine Normal School In - In 1926, children in the government orphanage 1910, a school for deaf and blind was organized were transferred to Welfareville - a 50 hectare compound in San Felipe Neri, Rizal (now in  Mandaluyong) and was supervised by the RESIDUAL Division of Dependent Children. - Social Welfare structure is considered - CONGREGATE SYSTEM - wards are grouped in TEMPORARY. This is offered during emergency separate cottages with certain considerations as situations and eventually withdrawn when the basis regular system is back on its tracks. FRANK MURPHY - Dole-outs and charity - Administration of Social Welfare in his time as INSTITUTIONAL Governor-General in 1933 flourished due to - Identifies Social Welfare as a LEGITIMATE significant developments. Scholarship grants for function of the society. professional training in Social Work in the US - Individuals not able to meet all their needs are were made available. considered "normal" conditions and helping institutions are considered "regular" institutions. THE AMERICAN PERIOD VALUE - operation of more child and maternal health - Worth that a man attaches to certain things, centers social health centers were established in systems, or persons on the basis of its selected communities where health and socio- usefulness, truth, goodness or beauty. economic conditions were highly unsatisfactory. - Formulation of preferred behavior. - A Housing Committee was created and thirty- - Source of attitudes and determinant of one model houses in Tondo were created as relationship with others. experimental housing projects. - Good and desirable for every human-being to - Private and public colleges and technical fulfill his potential, to realize himself, and to schools balance with equal efforts to help others to do the - National Economic Protectionism same. Association (NEPA) was made to organized to - implies that an individual has potential and promote home industries capacity that can be harnessed towards his self- Josefa Jara Martinez realization, but the individual also has a social - obtained a diploma in Social Work from the New responsibility to contribute to the common good. York School of Social Work in 1921. DOMINANT FILIPINO VALUES THE COMMONWEALTH PERIOD SMOOTH INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP President Manuel L. Quezon Ability to get along with others in such way that any - prevailed the National Assembly to pass anti- conflict is avoided usury laws, eight-hour labor law, laws fixing - PAKIKISAMA - Refers to the yielding of a person minimum wages (1.00 for province and 1.25 in to the will of the leader or majority so as to make cities), and laws related to insurances, pensions, the group decision unanimous women, and child labor - GO-BETWEEN or "TULAY" - Uses a third party - In 1940, Office of the Commissioner of Health to avoid the feeling of inadequacy in a face-to- and Public Welfare became Department of Health face encounter, or to act as an Intermediary when and Public Welfare asking for a favor, - EUPHEMISM - Stating an unpleasant truth, THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION opinion, or request with beautiful language and - Social welfare activities during this period were fine manner consisted of medical care and treatment, food HIYA and clothing for wounded soldiers, prisoners, and - Painful emotion arising from a relationship with an civilians authority figure or with society which inhibits self- - Relief works were done primarily by the assertion when one is in a situation which is volunteer organizations perceived as dangerous to one's ego Is associated with the unpleasant experience that POST-WAR YEARS prevents one from wrongdoing, of - The Bureau of Public Welfare became the embarrassment Social Welfare Commission and was placed BAHALA NA under the Office of the President - "Come what may" or "que sera sera" attitude and - This signified the formal recognition of at times rests on the line of least resistance that social welfare as a responsibility of the one does not need to exert any effort because state. God will take care of everything. - President Quirino created President's Action NINGAS KUGON Committee on Social Amelioration (PACSA) - Refers to enthusiasm is only intense at the start - in charge of "duty of giving relief but gradually fades away. assistance to the hungry, the homeless, UTANG NA LOOB and the sick... to the victims of dissident - Reciprocity or debt of gratitude depredation and violence.” - An obligation to appropriately repay a person who has done one a favor SWK 102 - LESSON 4: PHILOSOPHY AND - Some favors are typically impossible to quantify, FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL WORK or if quantifiable value is involved, involves a deeply personal internal dimension SOCIAL FUNCTIONING HOSPITALITY - The focus of concern in Social Work Profession - Welcoming others to one's home and offering the - Results from an individual's performance of a best to visitors while denying the same to its diversity of roles in society family members - Problems in SF occur when the demands of a role AMORAL FAMILISM do not match a person's capacities, or when one's - Tendency to be individualistic and inward role performance is in conflict with those of directed. others. - The inability to look beyond the family circle. SOCIAL WELFARE AMOR PROΡΙΟ - "Practically everything that is done for the good of - Sensitivity to personal affront and functions to the society" protect the individual against loss of social - "Organized concern for all" acceptance. - "System of all social services and institutions to - Having a sense of self-worth, pride and self-love attain satisfying standards of life and health which and not allowing self to be belittled by others includes laws, programs, benefits, and services" EMOTIONAL CLOSENESS AND SECURITY IN A - Macrosystem - broad, all encompassing FAMILY influences that impact the client and all the - Sacrificing individual interest for the good of the systems that surround the client. (ex. Educational family system, law system, cultural system, geographic - Family striving to give their children an education location where a child is raised) Chronosystem even at a great cost to themselves encompasses the concept of time. (ex. Economic - Older children sacrificing their own education for change that occur can affect the resources in the their younger children community) AUTHORITY VALUE - Belief that family will remain close if someone Strengths/Empowerment Perspectives exerts firm authority, and that person must be - Is not a form/model of intervention, nor a helping respected and obeyed/ Respect for traditions and or problem-solving process but an APPROACH- values. regardless of how impractical they have way of looking at the client system. Emphasizes become. that the strengths and resources of people, PERSONALISM communities, and their environment must be the - Value that attaches major importance to the center of the helping process. rather than their personal factor which guarantees intimacy, problems. warmth, security of kinship and friends in getting - "All people possess a wide range of talents, things done. abilities, capacities, skilis, resources, and - Tiwala (trust) aspirations... a belief in human potential is tied to - Kilala (personal reference) the notion that people have untapped, - Walang Pakialam (Non-Interference) undetermined reservoirs of mental, physical, emotional, social, and spiritual abilities that can PATIENCE, SUFFERING, AND ENDURANCE be addressed. The presence of this capacity for - Cultural belief that a person must suffer before continued growth and heightened well-being he can be happy. means. that people must be accorded the respect - Example: that this power deserved" - Faculty of Kansas - Belief that women must suffer in silence University (1989) - Similar to fatalism (religious underpinnings) in - Previous Predominant Practice such a way that poverty and other problems are - Reduces people and their potential to seen as a "test" or "pagsubok" that will be deficits (kakulangan, pathologies rewarded is successfully passed. [karamdaman), problems, and dysfunctions (kakulangan/sira). DO NOT ASSUME THAT THE CLIENT ADHERE TO - Strengths Perspective THESE - An awareness of these values may be a great - Emphasized human capacity for help in understanding and dealing with people resilience, resistance, courage, thriving, ETHICS and ingenuity (creativeness) Champions - Science that is concerned with morals and right the right of individuals and communities conduct. to form and achieve thei goals and - Professional Ethics is the system of ethical aspirations. principles and rules of conduct. - Never limits people to their traumas, - Written Code of Ethics (PASWI AND IFSW) problems, obstacles, illness, or adversity, Unwritten Rules - "givens" that does not need instead, it addresses it as challenges, to be written down opportunities, and motivators of change. Person-centered (not problem- centered) SWK 102 - LESSON 5: Theories and Perspectives - "the problem is the problem, the client is Ecological Systems Theory not the problem" - Human's development is shaped by the interaction between an individual and their Structural/Functional Perspective environment Microsystem-closest influences (ex. - Sees society as a complex system. whose parts Family, school, religion, peer groups) work together to keep and promote solidarity and - Mesosystem - includes relationships between stability microsystems. (ex. Relationship between a - Structural Functionalism explains why society parent and their child's teacher; relationship functions the way it does by emphasizing on the between a child's sibling and their friends from relationships between the various social other school.) institutions (e.g., government, school, religion, - Exosystem - outside of one's daily activities but mass media, family, etc.). may still have an effect on the individual. (ex. A - The Society is constantly striving to be in the state child rarely does not or rarely goes to his parent's of balance or in the state of equilibrium. workplace yet it has an effect on the amount of Symbolic Interactionalist Theory time the working parent and the child spend - Explains social behavior in terms of how people together; television; social media) interact with each other. - It emphasizes that human behavior is influenced through interaction with others. - It aims to understand human behavior by analyzing the critical role symbols in human interaction. - Our identity is shaped by immediate social groups by interacting with them. Perhaps, to idolize somebody is a product of our outward interaction with other people who possess traits same as ours. - The meanings attached to symbols are socially created and not natural, and fluid not static. We act and react to symbols based on the current assigned meaning. Social Learning Theory - Emphasizes the child's environment and learning. experiences. It recognizes the importance of role modeling and reinforcement in the development of child social behavior.  Modeling or observational learning refers to a making professionals working with individuals person's tendency to learn vicariously by feel likewise. observing other people - Can meaning any of the following: - Concept of reward and punishment 1. Personality System: conscious, Rights-based Perspective unconscious, the mind and the body. - Founded on the conviction that each and every 2. Group: Families, committees, Staffs, human being, by virtue of being human, is a Clubs, and other smaller social units. holder of rights. 3. Organization: Any of the larger social - Empowering people to know and claim their rights systems which compromise the society and increasing the ability and accountability of such as business organizations, welfare individuals and institutions who are responsible agencies, educational institutions, for respective, fulfilling and protecting rights religious associations, government Participation, Accountability, Non- Discrimination, bureaus, political parties, etc... Empowerment, and Legality 4. Community made up of variety of Gender and Development Perspectives Interacting sub-parts: Individual - Focuses on the socially constructed differences citizens, informal interest groups, between men and women. organized occupational or political sub- - Participatory and empowering. equitable, groups, economic and social strata, sustainable, free from violence, respectful of geographical units, etc human rights, supportive of self determination, and actualization of human rights and potential. "Outside agent" in a planned change is called a - In an attempt to establish gender equality, GAD "Professional Change Agent". aims to redefine traditional role expectations. Example: - Convention on the Elimination of All forms of 1. Psychiatrist who works with personality systems Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW); Beijing 2. Marriage Counselors and Leadership Trainers Platform of 1995 who work with groups 3. Labor-management specialists who works with (SWK 107) - LESSON 6: INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL organizations WORK PRACTICE 4. Adult educators working with communities Josefa Jara Martinez - First professionally trained Social Workers in the The PROBLEM or SITUATION to be assessed is the PH were educated in the US reason for entry of the change agent. - Mother of Social Work in PH Phases of Planned Change - Trinity - Casework, Group Work, and Community - Phase 1: Client system discovers the need for Organizing change. - Casework - "THE" method and is most felt in the - Phase 2: Helping relationships are established country and defined. - Phase 3: Change problem is identified and Generalist/Integrated Methods of SW Practice clarified. - Was developed in the 1960s due to changes in - Phase 4: Alternative possibilities for change are social conditions examined; change goals or intentions are - A more sophisticated understanding of the established. relationships between MAN and his - Phase 5: Change efforts in the "reality situation" ENVIRONMENT are attempted. - MICRO APPROACHES - focus on individual or - Phase 6: Change is generalized and established. as a member of a family or a small group and are - Phase 7: Helping relationship ends or other type directed toward assisting the person of continuing relationship is defined. - Encompasses majority of Casework - Family Counseling 2 Concepts in Planned Change - Group Activities - aimed at helping 1. Change Force individuals in a group setting - INCREASES the willingness of the client system - MACRO APPROACHES directed primarily to make a change. towards the community or larger social systems - May originate from the client system, and toward producing a change in these systems environment, or change agent. - Policy Making 2. Resistance Force - Planning - REDUCES the willingness of the client system to - Group Work - strategies directed toward change. change outside of the members - Client System - reluctance to admit weakness themselves - Environment - low degree of responsibility for the welfare of the local community by the larger Essential Elements in SW Practice community - Client, Worker, Problem, and Process - Change Agent - competing demands on time - PLANNED CHANGE - change originating from a and attention DECISION to make a deliberate effort to improve the system and to obtain the help from an outside Ff General Forces as Stimulus for Change agent in making this improvement. 1. Continuous search for opportunities to use or - Decision may be made by the system itself by: modify our environment 1. After experiencing pain or malfunction 2. Our need to utilize and adjust to the changes we 2. Discovering improvement the possibility are constantly creating in our environment of OR 3. The very competitive process of comparing 3. By an outside change agent who ourselves with others; and observes the need for change and has 4. Pain and disorganization that arise from finding taken the initiative in establishing a out that our familiar ways of behavior no longer helping relationship with the system work in a new environment or in one that has Client System been changed - Specific system that is being helped. According to Lippitt, et. al., CS is a compromise term since "client" is often regarded as an individual professionals working with communities are often left out and "client system" has the effect of