ITM 100 Class 10 Emerging Technologies & AI PDF

ITM 100 Class 10 Emerging Technologies & AI adapted from Kenneth C. Laudon, Jane P. Laudon, Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm, 17th Edition  Hardware Platf...

ITM 100 Class 10 Emerging Technologies & AI adapted from Kenneth C. Laudon, Jane P. Laudon, Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm, 17th Edition  Hardware Platform Trends ▪The mobile digital platform ▪Consumerization of IT and BYOD ▪Virtualization ▪Cloud computing ▪Green computing ▪Quantum computing Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 2  The Mobile Digital Platform ▪ The mobile digital platform Smartphones Netbooks Tablet computers Digital e-book readers (Kindle) Wearable devices Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 3  Wearable devices ▪ Transform the way we live! Fitness, wellness & Healthcare Infotainment (Information and Entertainment): smart glasses Fashion and Military ▪Montreal-based fashion designer (https://vimeo.com/yinggao/cant_wont) Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 4  Consumerization of IT and BYOD ▪ Consumerization Technology emerges in the consumer market and then spreads into business organizations ▪ BYOD: Bring Your Own Device Forces businesses and IT departments to rethink how IT equipment and services are acquired and managed Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 5  Virtualization ▪ Presents computing resources so that they can be accessed in ways that are not restricted by configuration ▪ Allows single physical resource to act as multiple resources (i.e., run multiple instances of OS) ▪ Reduces hardware and power expenditures ▪ Facilitates hardware centralization ▪ Software-defined storage (SDS) Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 6  VMware Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 7  Cloud Computing ▪ Off-load peak demand for computing power to remote, large-scale data processing centers ▪ Pay only for the computing power they use, as with an electrical utility ▪ Excellent for firms with spiked demand curves caused by seasonal variations in consumer demand, e.g. holiday shopping ▪ Saves firms from purchasing excessive levels of infrastructure ▪ Data permanently stored in remote servers, accessed and updated over the Internet by users Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 8  Cloud Computing Services ▪ Infrastructure as a service (Iaas) Customers use processing, storage, networking resources to run their information systems They pay for only the computing capacity they use ▪ Platform as a service (PaaS) Customers use infrastructure and programming tools to develop their own applications; Bluemix ▪ Software as a service (SaaS) Customers use software hosted on a vendor’s cloud Google Apps Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 9 Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 10  Cloud Computing ▪ A cloud can be private or public A public cloud is owned and maintained by a service provider ▪ Amazon Web Service (AWS) A private cloud is operated only for an organization ▪ Concerns include Security Availability Users become dependent on the cloud provider Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 11  Green Computing ▪ Practices and technologies for manufacturing, using, disposing of computing and networking hardware ▪ Reducing power consumption a high priority ▪ Data centers use as much energy as the output of 30 nuclear power plants Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 12  Quantum computing ▪ Uses quantum physics to represent and operate on data ▪ Dramatic increases in computing speed ▪ While conventional computers handle bits of data either as 0 or 1 but not both, quantum computing can process bits as 0,1, or both simultaneously It allows to solve business and scientific problems millions of times faster Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 13  Software Platform Trends ▪ Open-source software ▪ Software for the web: Java, HTML, and HTML5 ▪ Web services and service-oriented architecture ▪ Software outsourcing and cloud services Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 14  Open-source software Open-source software is free and can be modified by users Developed and maintained by a worldwide network of programmers and designers under the management of user communities ▪ Examples Apache web server, Mozilla Firefox browser, OpenOffice Linux is the most widely used open-source software program. Linux is an operating system derived from Unix Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 15  Software for the web: building web applications ▪ Java: One of the most prominent OO languages, both for PC and mobile environments Java Virtual Machine ▪ Used to convert Java code to the native language of a computer ▪ Python Used for building cloud computing applications ▪ Objective-C Predecessor to Swift ▪ Swift One of the most popular mobile app languages for iOS Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 16  Software for the Web Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) The language used to create or build a web page Markup language A language that uses tags to annotate the information in a document Tag The syntactic element in a markup language that annotate the information in a document Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 17  HTML Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 18  Apps and Mashups ▪ Apps Small pieces of software that run on the Internet, on your computer, or on your smart phone Generally delivered over the Internet ▪ Mashups Combinations of two or more online applications, such as combining mapping software (Google Maps) with local content Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 19  Web services and service-oriented architecture ▪ Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) Set of self-contained services that communicate with each other to create a working software application Software developers reuse these services in other combinations to assemble other applications as needed ▪ Web Services: software components that exchange information using Web standards and languages XML: Extensible Markup Language ▪ More powerful and flexible than HTML ▪ Tagging allows computers to process data automatically Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 20  XML Extensible Markup Language (XML) A language that allows the user to describe the content of a document HTML describes how a document should look XML describes a document's meaning Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 21  How Dollar Rent A Car uses web services Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 22  Software outsourcing and cloud services ▪ Three external sources for software 1. Software packages and enterprise software ▪ Prewritten commercially available set of software 2. Software outsourcing 3. Cloud-based software services and tools ▪ Salesforce.com ▪ Service Level Agreements (SLAs): formal agreement with service providers Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 23  Changing Sources of Firm Software Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 24  ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 25  What Is Artificial Intelligence? (1 of 3) ▪ Grand vision Computer hardware and software systems that are as “smart” as humans So far, this vision has eluded computer programmers and scientists ▪ Realistic vision Systems that take data inputs, process them, and produce outputs (like all software programs) and that can perform many complex tasks that would be difficult or impossible for humans to perform. Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems  What Is Artificial Intelligence? (2 of 3) ▪ Examples: Recognize millions of faces in seconds Interpret millions of CT scans in minutes Analyze millions of financial records Detect patterns in very large Big Data databases Improve their performance over time (“learn”) Navigate a car in certain limited conditions Respond to questions from humans (natural language); speech activated assistants like Siri, Alexa, and Cortana Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems  What Is Artificial Intelligence? (3 of 3) ▪ Major Types of AI Expert systems Machine learning Neural networks and deep learning networks Natural language Processing Computer vision Robotics Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems  Intelligent Systems ▪ Expert systems An intelligent technique for capturing tacit knowledge in a very specific and limited domain of human expertise. ▪ Capture the knowledge of skilled employees in the form of a set of rules in a software system that can be used by others in the organization. Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 29  Expert Systems Knowledge-based system Software that uses a specific set of information, from which it extracts and processes particular pieces Expert system A software system based on the knowledge of human experts; it is a Rule-based system A software system based on a set of if-then rules Inference engine The software that processes rules to draw conclusions Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 30  Rules in an Expert System Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 31  Inference Engines in Expert Systems Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 32  Machine Learning ▪ How computer programs improve performance without explicit programming Recognizing patterns Experience Prior learnings (database) Supervised vs. unsupervised learning ▪ Contemporary examples Google searches Recommender systems on Amazon, Netflix Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems  Neural Networks ▪ Find patterns and relationships in massive amounts of data too complicated for humans to analyze ▪ “Learn” patterns by searching for relationships, building models, and correcting over and over again ▪ Humans “train” network by feeding it data inputs for which outputs are known, to help neural network learn solution by example from human experts. ▪ Used in medicine, science, and business for problems in pattern classification, prediction, financial analysis, and control and optimization Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems  Artificial Neural Networks Each processing element in an artificial neural net is analogous to a biological neuron An element accepts a certain number of input values (dendrites) and produces a single output value (axon) of either 0 or 1 Associated with each input value is a numeric weight (synapse) Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 35  How a Neural Network Works Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 36  Artificial Neural Networks The effective weight of the element is the sum of the weights multiplied by their respective input values v1 * w1 + v2 * w2 + v3 * w3 Each element has a numeric threshold value If the effective weight exceeds the threshold, the unit produces an output value of 1 If it does not exceed the threshold, it produces an output value of 0 Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 37  Artificial Neural Networks Training The process of adjusting the weights and threshold values in a neural net How does this all work? Train a neural net to recognize a cat in a picture Given one output value per pixel, train network to produce an output value of 1 for every pixel that contributes to the cat and 0 for every one that doesn't Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems 38  Natural Language Processing ▪ Understand, and speak in natural language. Read natural language and translate ▪ Typically today based on machine learning, aided by very large databases of common phrases and sentences in a given language ▪ Example: Google Translate ▪ Spam filtering systems ▪ Customer call center interactions: What is the customer’s problem? What solutions worked in the past? ▪ Digital assistances: Sire, Alexa, Cortana, Google Assistant ▪ Not useful for an ordinary common sense human conversation but can be very useful in limited domains, e.g. interacting with your car’s heating system. Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems  Computer Vision Systems ▪ Digital image systems that create a digital map of an image (like a face, or a street sign), and recognize this image in large data bases of images in near real time ▪ Every image has a unique pattern of pixels ▪ Facebook’s DeepFace can identify friends in photos across their system, and the entire web ▪ Autonomous vehicles can recognize signs, road markers, people, animals, and other vehicles with good reliability ▪ Industrial machine (robot) vision ▪ Passport control at airports ▪ Identifying people in crowds Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems  Robotics ▪ Design, construction, and operation of machines that can substitute for humans in many factory, office, and home applications (home vacuums). ▪ Generally programmed to perform specific and detailed actions in limited domains, e.g. robots spray paint autos, and assemble certain parts, welding, heavy assembly movement. ▪ Used in dangerous situations like bomb disposal ▪ Surgical robots are expanding their capabilities Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems  Intelligent Agents ▪ Work without direct human intervention to carry out repetitive, predictable tasks Deleting junk e-mail Finding cheapest airfare ▪ Use limited built-in or learned knowledge base Some are capable of self-adjustment, for example: Siri ▪ Chatbots ▪ Agent-based modelling applications: Model behaviour of consumers, stock markets, and supply chains; used to predict spread of epidemics Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. ITM 100 – Foundations of Management Information Systems