ITM 100: Emerging Technologies & AI
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Questions and Answers

What is one primary function of robots in various applications?

  • To provide real-time customer service
  • To conduct market analysis and forecasting
  • To create new software programs autonomously
  • To substitute for humans in specific tasks (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of intelligent agents?

  • They can handle repetitive and predictable tasks
  • They can be programmed to self-adjust
  • They perform tasks without human intervention
  • They require continuous human guidance (correct)

    • In what context are surgical robots primarily utilized?

  • To program other forms of automation
  • To perform hazardous tasks like bomb disposal
  • To enhance capabilities in medical procedures (correct)
  • To assemble parts in a manufacturing facility

    • Which task is commonly performed by intelligent agents?

    <p>Finding the cheapest airfare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary use of agent-based modeling applications?

    <p>Simulating stock market behaviors and trends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a mashup?

    <p>To combine two or more online applications into a single application.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)?

    <p>A collection of services that can communicate and be reused across different applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using XML over HTML?

    <p>XML allows for the description of a document's meaning rather than its appearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about web services is correct?

    <p>Web services are components able to exchange information using web standards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement most accurately defines an app?

    <p>An app is a small software designed to run on the Internet or personal devices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of reusable services in Software-Oriented Architecture?

    <p>To allow developers to create combinations of services for new applications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do mashups typically function within online platforms?

    <p>They utilize data from separate applications and bring them together visually.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of XML?

    <p>It provides automatic data processing through tagging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a public cloud from a private cloud?

    <p>A public cloud is owned and maintained by a service provider.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a significant concern regarding cloud computing?

    <p>Dependency on the cloud provider.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a priority in green computing?

    <p>Reducing power consumption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does quantum computing differ from conventional computing?

    <p>Quantum computing processes bits as 0, 1, or both simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one example of a cloud service provider?

    <p>Amazon Web Services (AWS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does open-source software refer to?

    <p>Software whose source code is available for anyone to modify.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a characteristic feature of software platform trends?

    <p>Adoption of cloud services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is reducing power consumption emphasized in green computing?

    <p>To minimize environmental impact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of training in neural networks?

    <p>To adjust weights and thresholds for output recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an application of natural language processing?

    <p>Spam filtering systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do computer vision systems identify images?

    <p>By creating a digital map and recognizing unique pixel patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation does natural language processing have in conversation?

    <p>It's not useful for general human conversations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology allows Facebook to identify friends in photos?

    <p>Computer Vision Systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of autonomous vehicles, what is primarily recognized by the computer vision systems?

    <p>Signs, road markers, people, and other vehicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of interaction can digital assistants handle effectively?

    <p>Limited domain interactions, like adjusting car settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily used to enhance the effectiveness of natural language processing?

    <p>Machine learning algorithms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of open-source software?

    <p>It is free and can be modified by users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of open-source software?

    <p>Apache web server</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What programming language is known for its role in building cloud computing applications?

    <p>Python</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Java Virtual Machine?

    <p>To convert Java code to the native language of a computer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which language is a precursor to Swift?

    <p>Objective-C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'markup language' refer to?

    <p>A language that uses tags to annotate information in a document.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a 'tag' in a markup language?

    <p>A syntactic element that annotates information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which programming language is popularly used for mobile app development on iOS?

    <p>Swift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What statement best describes the consumerization of IT?

    <p>Technology emerges in the consumer market and then spreads into business organizations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following devices is NOT typically considered part of the mobile digital platform?

    <p>Desktop computers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the major implications of BYOD in businesses?

    <p>It requires changes in how IT equipment and services are managed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding wearable devices?

    <p>They can enhance wellness and healthcare monitoring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is virtualization in the context of hardware platforms?

    <p>Running multiple operating systems on a single physical machine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines cloud computing?

    <p>Delivering computing services over the Internet, allowing on-demand access to resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does green computing emphasize?

    <p>Reducing the environmental impact of computing through energy-efficient practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a trend in hardware platform development?

    <p>Expansion of quantum computing capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Emerging Technologies & AI

    • This class, ITM 100, is about emerging technologies and AI.
    • The notes are adapted from "Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm, 17th Edition" by Kenneth C. Laudon and Jane P. Laudon.
    • The mobile digital platform is a key trend.
    • Consumerization of IT and BYOD (Bring Your Own Device)
    • Virtualization
    • Cloud computing
    • Green computing
    • Quantum computing

    The Mobile Digital Platform

    • Smartphones
    • Netbooks
    • Tablet computers
    • Digital e-book readers (Kindle)
    • Wearable devices

    Wearable Devices

    • Transforming the way people live.
    • Fitness, wellness, and healthcare applications.
    • Infotainment (information and entertainment) through smart glasses.
    • Fashion and military applications.
    • Example: A Montreal-based fashion designer's wearable device.

    Consumerization of IT and BYOD

    • Technology emerges in the consumer market and then spreads into businesses.
    • BYOD forces businesses and IT departments to rethink how IT equipment and services are acquired and managed.

    Virtualization

    • Presents computing resources so that they can be accessed in ways not restricted by configuration.
    • Allows single physical resources to act as multiple resources.
    • Reduces hardware and power expenditures.
    • Facilitates hardware centralization.
    • Software-defined storage (SDS).

    Cloud Computing

    • Off-loads peak demand for computing power to remote, large-scale data processing centers.
    • Pay only for the computing power used.
    • Excellent for firms with spiked demand curves (e.g., holiday shopping).
    • Saves firms from purchasing excessive levels of infrastructure.
    • Stores data permanently in remote servers accessible through the internet.

    Cloud Computing Services

    • Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
      • Customers use computing resources to run their information systems.
      • They pay only for the computing capacity used.
    • Platform as a service (PaaS)
      • Customers use infrastructure and programming tools for developing their applications (e.g., Bluemix).
    • Software as a service (SaaS)
      • Customers use software hosted on a vendor's cloud (e.g., Google Apps).

    Cloud Computing (General)

    • A cloud can be private or public.
    • Amazon Web Service (AWS) is a public cloud.
    • A private cloud is operated only for a single organisation.
    • Concerns include security and availability.

    Green Computing

    • Practices and technologies for manufacturing, using, and disposing of computing and networking hardware.
    • Reducing power consumption is a priority.
    • Data centers use as much energy as the output of 30 nuclear power plants.

    Quantum Computing

    • Uses quantum physics to represent and operate on data.
    • Dramatic increase in computing speed.
    • Conventional computers handle bits as 0 or 1; quantum computers can handle bits as 0, 1, or both simultaneously.
    • Solves business and scientific problems millions of times faster.
    • Open-source software
    • Software for the web (Java, HTML, HTML5)
    • Web services and service-oriented architecture
    • Software outsourcing and cloud services

    Open-source Software

    • Free and modifiable by users.
    • Developed and maintained by a worldwide network of programmers and designers.
    • Examples: Apache web server, Mozilla Firefox browser, OpenOffice, Linux.

    Software for the web

    • Java is a prominent object-oriented (OO) language for PC and mobile environments.
    • Java Virtual Machine (JVM) converts Java code to native computer language.
    • Python is used for building cloud computing applications.
    • Objective-C is a predecessor to Swift for iOS mobile app development.
    • Swift is a popular mobile app language for iOS.

    Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

    • Used to create or build webpages.
    • A markup language that uses tags to annotate information in a document.
    • Tags are syntactic elements in a markup language that annotate information in a document.

    Apps and Mashups

    • Apps are small software pieces for internet, computer, or mobile use.
    • Generally delivered over the internet.
    • Mashups combine two or more online applications (e.g., Google Maps with local content).

    Web Services and Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

    • SOA: Set of self-contained services communicating to form a software application.
    • Software developers reuse these services in different combinations.
    • Web Services: software components exchanging information via web standards and languages.
    • XML: Extensible Markup Language (more powerful and flexible than HTML).
    • Tagging enables computer processing of data automatically.

    XML (Extensible Markup Language)

    • A language allowing users to describe document content.
    • HTML describes how a document looks; XML describes its meaning.

    Software Outsourcing and Cloud Services

    • Three external software sources:
      • Software packages (prewritten).
      • Software outsourcing (contracting with external providers).
      • Cloud-based software (e.g., Salesforce.com).
    • Service Level Agreements (SLAs) are formal agreements with service providers.

    Changing Sources of Firm Software

    • Shows the trend of increasing software spending and outsourced software.

    Artificial Intelligence (AI)

    • Grand Vision: Computer hardware and software systems as intelligent as humans.
    • Realistic Vision: Systems taking data inputs, processing them, and producing outputs (like software) that perform complex tasks difficult or impossible for humans.

    Examples of AI

    • Recognizing millions of faces in seconds.
    • Interpreting medical scans (CT scans).
    • Analyzing financial records.
    • Detecting patterns in large datasets (Big Data).
    • Improving performance over time ("learning").
    • Navigating in certain conditions (like self-driving cars).

    Major Types of AI

    • Expert systems
    • Machine learning
    • Neural networks and deep learning networks
    • Natural language processing (NLP)
    • Computer vision
    • Robotics

    Intelligent Systems

    • Expert systems are used to capture tacit knowledge of human experts.
    • Rules in an expert system are captured from skilled employees using if-then rules.
    • Capture expert knowledge in a reusable form, accessible by others.

    Knowledge-Based systems

    • Software that uses a specific set of information to extract and process particular pieces.
    • Example: Expert system.
      • Rule-based system: a software system based on a set of if-then rules.
      • Inference engine: software that processes rules to draw conclusions.

    Rules in an Expert System

    • Examples of if-then rules for credit granting.

    Inference Engines

    • Examples of rules based for insurance, real estate, etc.

    Machine Learning

    • Improving computer program performance without explicit programming.
    • Recognizing patterns and experiencing/learning from prior learnings/databases.
    • Supervised vs. unsupervised learning.
    • Contemporary examples: Google searches, recommender systems on Amazon, Netflix.

    Neural Networks

    • Finding patterns and relationships in massive amounts of data.
    • "Learning" through relationships, building models, and correcting.
    • Training neural networks by feeding data inputs and expected outputs.
    • Used in medicine, science, and business. (e.g., pattern classification, prediction, financial analysis)

    Artificial Neural Networks

    • Processing elements analogous to biological neurons.
    • Input values (dendrites), output values (axon), and numerical weights (synapse).
    • Effective weights are the sum of weights multiplied by their respective input values.

    Training Artificial Neural Networks

    • Adjusting weights and threshold values.
    • Training the network by providing input values and target outputs to recognize specific patterns (e.g., identifying a cat in a picture).

    Natural Language Processing (NLP)

    • Understanding and speaking in natural language.
    • Based on machine learning and large databases of common phrases and sentences.
    • Examples: Google Translate, spam filtering, customer call center interactions, digital assistants (Siri, Alexa, Cortana, Google Assistant).

    Computer Vision Systems

    • Create digital maps of images and recognize those patterns in databases.
    • Examples are visual recognition, facial recognition, autonomous vehicles, industrial machines, passport control, and crowd identification.

    Robotics

    • Design, construction, and operation of machines substituting for humans.
    • Applications include factory, office, and home use (e.g., home vacuums, assembling parts, welding, movement).

    Intelligent Agents

    • Work without direct human interaction.
    • Tasks include deleting junk email, finding the cheapest airfare, using limited knowledge bases (e.g., Siri), chatbots, agent-based modeling applications for stock markets, consumer behavior, supply chains, and epidemic predictions.

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    Description

    Explore the landscape of emerging technologies and artificial intelligence in ITM 100. This quiz covers key trends such as mobile platforms, consumerization of IT, BYOD, and the impact of wearable devices. Gain insights from 'Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm, 17th Edition'.

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