ITE_REVIEWER.pdf

QUIZ TRUE -The Philippines first connected to the internet in the 1990s. TRUE -PLDT was the first company to provide internet services in the Philippines. FALSE -ICT is a subset of IT. FALSE -Cloud computing is a type of software. TRUE -Databases are used to store and organize data. FALSE -Hum...

QUIZ TRUE -The Philippines first connected to the internet in the 1990s. TRUE -PLDT was the first company to provide internet services in the Philippines. FALSE -ICT is a subset of IT. FALSE -Cloud computing is a type of software. TRUE -Databases are used to store and organize data. FALSE -Human resources are not essential in ICT. TRUE -Telecommunications is a component of ICT. TRUE -A monitor is an example of hardware. TRUE -Al is a type of software. TRUE -The Philippines has made significant progress in bridging the digital divide. VOIP -A type of communication that uses the internet to transmit voice and data. ONLINE LEARNING -Online platforms that allow users to create and share content. AI -A technology that uses robots to automate tasks. DISTANCE LEARNING -The act of using technology to access educational resources from a distance. DATA BASE -A type of software that helps manage and organize information. MESSAGING -A type of online communication that involves WORK FROM HOME -The act of using technology to work remotely. FACEBOOK -The process of using technology to create and share media. ENCRYPTION -A type of software that helps protect data from unauthorized access. ONLINE MEETING/ VIDEO CALL/MEET-A type of online meeting that involves participants connecting through video and audio. E-LEARNING -The use of technology to facilitate learning and teaching. ONLINE SHOPPING -The act of using technology to buy and sell goods and services. SOCIAL ISOLATION -The negative impact of excessive technology use on social interactions. The positive impact of technology on access to information and services. DIFFERENCE ENGINE -The first mechanical computing device designed to tabulate polynomial functions. DIGITAL MEDIA -The use of technology to create and share digital content. ENIAC -The first electronic general-purpose computer. OSBORNE 1-The first portable computer. AUGUSTA ADA BYRON -The first computer programmer. Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC) -The first electronic digital computing device. Z1 -The first programmable computer. UNIVAC 1 -The first business computer. ARITHMOMETER -The first mass-produced calculating machine. JACQUARD LOOM -The first automatic loom controlled by punched cards. ARITHMOMETER -The first reliable, useful, and commercially successful calculating machine. HAWARD MARK 1 -The first electro-mechanical computer. ELECTRONIC CONTROLS- The first computer company. DIFFERENCE ENGINE AND ANALYTICAL ENGINE -The first stored program computer. The first computer that used the binary system. PRE MECHANICAL -The earliest stage in the development of information technology. The period when mechanical computers were developed. MECHANICAL AGE -The period when electronic computers were developed. FIRST GENERATION -The first generation of computers, characterized by the use of vacuum tubes. SECOND GENERATION -The second generation of computers, characterized by the use of transistors. THIRD GENERATION -The third generation of computers, characterized by the use of integrated circuits. FOURTH GENERATION -The fourth generation of computers, characterized by the use of microprocessors. ABACUS -A device used for mechanical calculations in the premechanical age. PASCALINE -A mechanical computer invented by Blaise Pascal. DIFFERENCE ENGINE -A mechanical computer designed to tabulate polynomial functions. MOTHERBOARD -The main circuit board that connects all the components of a computer. HARD DRIVE -The primary storage device for data and programs in a computer. MOUSE -The input device used to control the movement of a cursor on a computer screen. MONITOR -The output device used to display visual information. HARD DISK -It is a non-volatile storage medium commonly found in modern PCs, capable of storing vast mounts of data, often up to 400GB per disk. Basic Computing Periods, Generations of Computer COMPUTER It is a programmable machine. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. A computer mainly works on the principle of Input – Process – Output cycle. Three Principal Characteristics of Computer It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions. It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data. Different types of Computers  Desktop Computer  Servers  Game Consoles  Smartphones and Tablets  Laptops Benefits of Computers in Normal Circumstances Computer works fast. Computer works consistently. Computer remembers a huge amount of stuffs. Computers are loyal. Computer works hard. HISTORY OF COMPUTER: BASIC COMPUTING PERIODS In 1613, the word "computer" was used for the first time to describe a person who did calculations or analyses. This was still done until the middle of the 20th century. Tally sticks The counting stick was used in the past to keep track of numbers, amounts, and maybe even messages. Abacus The abacus is a mechanical tool that helps people do math calculations. Napier’s Bones John Napier- first device to do math in 1614. It worked by moving rods around and putting them on boards that were mad e for that purpose. Slide Rule William Oughtred is making the first slide rule in 1622. Most of the time, this method is not used to add or take away. Pascaline   Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.  It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.  It is too expensive. Stepped Reckoner  Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.  The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically Jacquard Loom  The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1881.  It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards. Arithmometer  A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820,  The first mass-produced calculating machine Difference Engine and Analytical Engine  It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions.  Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834  It is the first mechanical computer. First Computer Programmer In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system.  She writes programs for the Analytical Engine. Scheutzian Calculation Engine  Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.  Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.  The first printing calculator Tabulating Machine  Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.   To assist in summarizing information and accounting. Harvard Mark 1  Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC).  Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943  The first electro-mechanical computer Z1  The first programmable computer.  Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938.  To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader and all output was also generated through punch tape. Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)  It was the first electronic digital computing device.  Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942. ENIAC  ENIAC - Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.  It was the first electronic general-purpose computer.  Completed in 1946.  Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. UNIVAC 1 The first business computer was the UNIVAC I, which was also called the U NIVersal Automatic Computer 1. John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly worked together to make this groun dbreaking machine with great care. EDVAC stands for "Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer." Joh n von Neumann came up with the idea for and built the first stored program computer in 1952. The device has a memory that can hold both a program and information. The First Portable Computer  Osborne 1 – the first portable computer.  Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation. The First Computer Company The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company. Founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly BASIC COMPUTING AGES Premechanical 3000 BCE to 1450 CE. The premechanical period is the earliest stage in the development of information technology. Mechanical Ages- The mechanical age is when we first start to see connections between our current technology and its ancestors. Electromechanical- At the moment, we are getting close to tools that are similar to the ones we have now. The time between 1840 and 1940 is called the ;electromechanical age. Alexander Graham Bell- invented the telephone in 1876. 1894- Guglielmo Marconi made the first gadget that could send and receive radio waves. 1940s, Harvard University made the first automatic digital computer, called the Mark 1. GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER There are five generations of computer: First generation – 1946 to 1958 Second generation – 1959 to 1964 Third generation – 1965 to 1970 Fourth generation – 1971 to Today Fifth generation – Today to future The First Generation vacuum tubes were used for circuitry and magnetic drums were used to store memory. Only one job could be done on these computers at a time. The Second Generation When transistors came along, they replaced vacuum tubes, which meant With the invention of the microprocessor, computers moved into their fourth generation, in which many integrated circuits were put on a single silicon chip. The Third Generation The process of making transistors smaller and putting them on silicon chips, which are also called semiconductors, has made a big difference in how fast and well computers work. The Fourth Generation When the fourth generation of computers came out, graphical user interfaces (GUIs) got a lot better. Fifth Generation, which is based on the area of Artificial Intelligence (AI). BASIC OPERATION OF A COMPUTER 1. The computer accepts information in the form of programs and data through an input unit and stores it in memory. 2. Information stored in the memory is fetched, under program control, into an arithmetic and logic unit, where it is processed. 3. Processing of information is directed by the control unit in the microprocessor. 4. Resulting information leaves the computer through an output unit. PARTS OF THE COMPUTER ACCORDING TO FUNCTION 1. Processing unit = the "brain" of the computer where processing occurs. The central processing unit (CPU), contained in the system unit box, manipulates (calculates, compares) data supplied by input and storage devices. While "thinking," it temporarily stores results in its internal memory, called RAM. Feedback is returned to the user via output devices. 2. Input devices = allow the user to send information to the computer.  These include: keyboard, mouse, joystick, trackball, touch-sensitive monitor, voice-input. 3. Output devices = receive information from the CPU and return feedback to the user. These include: monitor, printer, speakers 4. Storage units = permanent disk storage, using floppy, hard disks, CD- ROMs, memory cards, memory sticks. PARTS OF THE COMPUTER ACCORDING TO THEIR LOCATION 1. External parts – computer devices and peripherals that are connected to but are outside the system unit. Examples are: mouse, keyboard, monitor, speakers, webcam, printer, scanner, AVR, etc 2. Internal parts - computer parts and peripherals that are inside the system unit. Examples are: power supply, hard disk drive, floppy disk dive, CD drive, RAM, CPU, motherboard, sound card, video card, network card, etc. Common PC Hardware SPEAKERS Used to produce audio output MONITOR An output device that lets you see your work as you go. CD/DVD DRIVE Reads CD/DVD discs SYSTEM UNIT The case that contains the CPLU, memory, the power supply, disk drives, and all other hardware-such as a modem- that are in an internal format. PRINTER Produces printed copies of computer output. MICROPHONE Used to get spoken input FLOPPY DISK Used for staring small amounts of data for backup or to transport data to another PC. KEYBOARD The principal input device, used to type instructions into the computer. CD/DVD DISCS Commonly used to deliver programs and store large multimedia files. MOUSE A pointing device used to make on screen selections. HARD DRIVE Located inside the system unit and used to store programs and most data FLASH MEMORY CARD READER Used to read flash memory cards FLOPPY DISK DRIVE Reads from and writes to floppy disks. Common components of a System Unit CPU- Performs calculations, does comparisons, and controls the other parts of the computer system POWER SUPPLY- Converts standard electrical power into a form the computer can use FAN- Cools the CPU and other important components. HARD DRIVE- Principal storage device for mast PCs EXPANSION CARD- Adds new peripheral devices or capabilities to a computer system EXPANSION SLOTS- Where expansion cards can be inserted. MOTHERBOARD- The PC’s main circuit board MEMORY (RAM)- Temporarily stores data while you are working with it. STORAGE BAYS- Hold storage devices CD/DVD DRIVE- Storage device that accesses CDs or DVDs FLOPPY DRIVE- Storage device that accesses floppy disks. ZIP DRIVE- Storage device that accesses Zip disks Common PC Ports and Connectors MOUSE PORT- Used to connect a mouse. POWER CONNECTOR- Connects PC to a power outlet. KEYBOARD PORT- Used to connect a keyboard. USB PORTS- Used to connect a keyboard, mouse, scanner, flash memory drive, or other USB devices. SERIAL PORT- Usually used for a scanner or mouse. MONITOR PORT- Used to connect a monitor SOUND PORTS- For speakers, headphones, and a microphone. MODEM PORT- Used to connect the PC to a phone jack. NETWORK PORT- Used to connect to a network. PARALLEL PORT- Usually used for a printer. GAME PORT- For a joystick or gamepad PHONE PORT- Used to connect a telephone so you don’t lose the use of your phone jack Computer Parts and Definition Monitor – A monitor is the screen on which words, numbers, and graphics can be seem. Printer – A printer prints whatever is on the monitor onto paper. Headphones – Headphones give sound output from the computer. -Only one person can hear the output at a time. Speaker – A speaker gives you sound output from your computer. Disk Drives – A disk drive is used to record information from the computer onto a floppy disk or CD. Floppy Disk – A floppy disk is used to record information on. Compact Disk – Some compact disks can be used to put information on. Hard Disk Drive- A magnetic disk that stores data. A hard disk can store a huge amount of data up to 400GB on one disk. Keyboard – a primary input device. It uses a cursor to keep your place on the screen and to let you know where to begin typing. Mouse – The mouse is a hand held device that lets you point to and selected items on your screen. Central processing unit (CPU) is the actual brain of a computer. Read-only memory (ROM)- contains the commands your computer needs to activate itself. RAM (random-access memory) – provides the “working space” for open applications. The motherboard (also called a system board or circuit board) -is the most important part of the system. These cards add functions such as sound, video, or communications to your computer. A video adapter- video RAM, and a video controller so that data can be sent to a computer’s display. A sound card- is an expansion card that enables a computer to produce sound. A network card- allows you to connect your PC to a network. APPLICATION OF ICT IN OUR DAILY LIVES Business: Businesses also utilize computers to promote their services and engage with customers. Education: providing learners with audio-visual content, interactive exercises, and remote learning opportunities. -assist in tracking student performance and conducting online examinations. Healthcare: Computers control medical equipment and enable information sharing among medical professionals. Retail and Trade: transformed the retail industry -Popular online platforms, like eBay and Craigslist, facilitate direct trading and advertising. Government: Computers are used for data storage, communication, and routine administrative tasks. Marketing: Computers enable precise marketing campaigns through data analysis.  Science: Computers also play vital roles in launching and operating advanced technology and spacecraft. Publishing: Computers are indispensable for designing a wide range of publications Arts and Entertainment: Computers are integral to various artistic disciplines and the entertainment industry. Communication: revolutionized real-time internet communication Banking and Finance: access to stock market information and streamline marketing efforts through customer behavior analysis. Transport: automated vehicle maintenance Navigation: GPS technology—location tracking, navigation, and access to information about nearby amenities. Remote Work: enabling access to data, communication, and information sharing without the need for traditional office spaces. Military: They aid in monitoring and targeting enemy forces. Social and Romance: social interaction, social media, dating apps, online groups, blogs, forums, and real-time communication across long distances. Travel Planning: study timetables, purchase tickets, explore and book accommodations, tours, excursions, events, and trips. Security and Surveillance: monitoring people and goods, enhancing security in areas Weather Forecasting: vast amounts of meteorological data to provide accurate weather forecasts. Robotics: create machines that can replace humans or perform specialized tasks