GEC-ELEC-1_Midterm_Reviewer.pdf

CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE GEC ELEC 1: Living in the IT ERA Lesson 1: Introduction to Information and Communication Technology Overview: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is an extensional term for IT that stresses the role of unifi...

CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE GEC ELEC 1: Living in the IT ERA Lesson 1: Introduction to Information and Communication Technology Overview: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is an extensional term for IT that stresses the role of unified communication and the integration of telecommunication and computers, as well as the systems and tools that facilitates the way information is created, collected, processed, transmitted, and stored. The goal of ICT is to improve access to information and make human to human, human to machine, machine to machine communication easier and more efficient. History and Evolution of ICT In the middle of the 20th century, radio and television introduced the concept of mass communication, and by the end of the century, the internet had become a mainstream tool for communication, commerce and entertainment. Today, broadband internet and smartphones have made it easier than ever for people to create, access, share and consume information and in the future, ICT promises even more exciting developments. 6G networks will provide faster and more reliable connectivity, generative AI systems like ChatGPT will change the way people create and acquire information and emerging technologies like quantum computing and Web3 will inspire a wide variety of new ICT tools and applications. Morse Code - Developed by Samuel Morse. A method of encoding text characters as sequence of dots (short signals) and dashes (long signals) that can be sent via sound, light, or visual signals. Telegraph - Is a communication system that sends information by making and breaking electronic connection. It is most associated with sending electrical current pulses along a wire with Morse code encoding. Transistors - is a small electronic device that can amplify electrical signals and act as a switch to control the flow of electricity in circuits. It is a fundamental building block in modern electronic devices, including computers, smartphones, and other digital equipment. Impacts of ICT Uses of ICT Positive Communication o Economic Growth Information Access o Improved Communication Work and Business o Enhanced Education Education o Social Connectivity Entertainment o Healthcare Improvements Healthcare o Access to service Banking and Finance o Innovation and Creativity Transportation Home Use Negative Scientific Research o Digital Divide CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE GEC ELEC 1: Living in the IT ERA o Privacy and Security Concerns o Job Displacement o Social Isolation o Cyberbullying o Environmental Impacts o Addiction and Overuse Lesson 2: History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods Definition of Computer Computer is a programmable machine. Computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions (program). Computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations. History of Computer Earliest Computers originally were calculations computed by humans, whose job title was computers. These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical expression. The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics. The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century. Tally Stick - A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages. Napier’s Bone – Invented by John Napier a device that allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate the square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in a specially constructed board. Pascaline - the first calculator or adding machine to be produced in any quantity and actually used. The Pascaline was designed and built by the French mathematician philosopher Blaise Pascal. Jacquard Loom - The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard. It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards. Arithmometer - The first mass-produced calculating machine developed by Thomas de Colmar. First Computer Programmer – Agusta Ada Byron suggested to Charles Babbage that he use the binary system. She writes programs for the analytical engine. Harvard Mark I – The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, was the earliest general-purpose computer that is used in the war effort during World War II. Invented by Howard H. Aiken UNIVAC – Universal Automatic Computer, the first commercial computer designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. Osborne 1- The first portable computer by the Osborne Computer Corporation CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE GEC ELEC 1: Living in the IT ERA Generations of Computer First Gen: Vacuum Tubes Second Gen: Transistors Third Gen: Integrated circuit Fourth Gen: Microprocessor Fifth Gen: Artificial Intelligence Lesson 3: Introduction to Computers 4 Main Function of Computer Input – Refers to any information or data that is sent to a computer for processing. Often sent to the computer from the input devices. Processing – The series of action that a computer’s CPU take in response to the commands that the user requests Memory – Refers to the system or device that is used to store computer-based data temporarily or permanently Output – Once the CPU processes the data it sends out instructions on how to handle it, then the output is produced Lesson 3.1: Parts of the Computer External – Are devices that are outside the computer’s system unit that have been added to the computer system by connecting them to one of the ports of the computer. Monitor – a device that displays information in pictorial or textual forms Mouse – a pointing device that sends control signals to the computer Keyboard – contains a set of keys that is used to input character into the computer AVR – Automatic Voltage Regulator, protects the computer from changes in the electricity that may damage the computer components UPS – Uninterruptible Power Supply, a device that allows a computer to keep running for at least a short amount of time when incoming power is interrupted System Unit – serves as the container of the internal parts of the computer Internal – are devices that are installed inside the computer’s system unit. Power Supply – an electrical device that offers electric power to an electrical load such as a computer or other electronic devices. It converts the main AC to low voltage regulated DC that is supplied to the internal parts of the computer ROM (Read Only Memory) - Hard Disk Drive (HDD) / Solid State Drive (SSD), the main storage of the computer. It is where most of the files of the computer are stored Optical Drive – Reads and writes data into an optical disc RAM (Random Access Memory) – a temporary storage device of the computer. It is used to hold the data that a computer works on. CPU (Central Processing Unit) – referred to as the brain of the computer as it does all the processing job of the computer Computer Fan – an internal component used to cool down a computer by moving air across or out if the computer’s case. CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE GEC ELEC 1: Living in the IT ERA Heatsink – a passive cooling device used to dissipate heat from the electronic components, typically made of metal such as aluminum and copper. Motherboard – the main circuit board of the computer that connects all other parts. Lesson 4: The Web and the Internet Internet Information superhighway A world-wide global system of interconnected computer networks Network of Network, the largest computer network in the world that connects billions of computer user Network – Collection of computers and devices connected via communication channels and transmission media allowing to share resources (hardware, software, data, information) History o ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) – a project funded by the US Department of Defense. ARPANET was designed to enable researchers and government agencies to share information efficiently. It marked the first ever data transmission between computers Major Components o Server – a specialized computer that provides service to another computer and its user o IP Address (Internet Protocol) - is a numerical label assigned to each device, providing identity to a network device. o Browser - an application program that provides a way to look information on the web o DNS (Domain Name System) - is the phonebook of the internet. We access information online through domain names o ISP (Internet Service Provider) – is an organization that provides services for accessing, using or participating in the internet World Wide Web (WWW) Consists of information organized into web pages containing text and graphic images Is the larger collection of interconnected documents or content Contains hyperlinks, or highlighted keywords or images that lead to related information Web Page – is a specially formatted document that contains images, interactive elements, and hyperlinks which links to other pages Web Site – is a group of related web pages Hyperlink - simply known as link, is a word or phrase or image that connects web pages. Generations of Web o Web 1.0 (Read Only Static Web) – the old internet that only allows people to read from the internet. CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE GEC ELEC 1: Living in the IT ERA o Web 2.0 (Read Write Interactive Web) – a term used to describe a new gen of web services and applications with an increasing emphasis on human collaboration. o Web 3.0 (Read Write Intelligent Web) – a web that will be more connected, open, and intelligent with semantic web technologies, distributed databases, natural language processing, machine learning, machine reasoning and autonomous agents. Lesson 5: The Netiquette and the Computer Ethics Netiquette – short for “Network Etiquette”, refers to the set of guidelines and practices for polite and respectful behavior when interacting online. Ensuring that digital communication is clear, considerate, and respectful Professional Considerations in Communicating in the Cyberspace Avoid Slang, Acronyms, and Text Talk Avoid “Screaming” in typed Messages Proofread your messages before sending them Exercise good judgement when sharing information with others Respect diversity in viewpoints 10 Commandments of Computer Ethics Rule 1: Do unto others as you would have others to do unto you. Rule 2: Adhere to the same standard off behavior online that you follow in real life Rule 3: Know where you are in the cyberspace “Netiquette varies from domain to domain” Rule 4: Respect other people’s time and bandwidth, electronic communication takes time Rule 5: Make yourself look good by writing good Rule 6: Share expert knowledge Rule 7: Help keep flame wars under control Rule 8: Respect people’s privacy Rule 9: Don’t abuse your power Rule 10: Be forgiving of other people’s mistake Cybercrime – is defined as the crime in which computer is the object of crime and is used as a tool to commit offense RA 10175 (Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012) - is the law in the Philippines which aims to address legal issues concerning online interactions and internet. RA 10173(Data Privacy Act of 2012) – is an act protecting individual personal information Common Forms of Cybercrime Copyright - the exclusive legal right given to an originator or an assignee to print, publish, perform, film, or record literary, artistic, or musical material. o Copyright Infringement - the violation, piracy or theft of copyrighted material or work. CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE GEC ELEC 1: Living in the IT ERA Plagiarism – an act of using or closely imitating the language and thoughts of another author without authorization Criminal Activities Hacking – unauthorize access of or interference with computer systems, server, or other information or communication system. Unauthorize access to corrupt, alter, steal, or destroy electronic data using a computer. Computer Related Forgery, Fraud, or Identity Theft - an attempt to obtain sensitive information such as username, password, and credit card details, often for malicious reasons Electronic Theft - illegal downloading, or obtaining files that you do not have right to use. The practice of illegally copying and selling digital music, video, s computer software etc. Cyberbullying – the use of electronic communication to bully a person, typically by sending an intimidating or threatening nature. Child Pornography – a form of child sexual exploitation. Cyber Defamation - an unprivileged false statement of fact which tends to harm the reputation of a person or company. Internet Threats Malware – Malicious Software, Is one of the more common ways to infiltrate or damage your computer. Malware that infects your computer, such as viruses, worms, trojan, and adware Pharming - is a common type of online fraud. A means to point you to a malicious and illegitimate website by redirecting the legitimate URL. Phishing - the practice of tricking internet users as through the use of deceptive email messages or websites to reveal personal or sensitive information which can then be used illicitly Ransomware - malware that requires the victim to pay ransom to access encrypted data or files. Spam - The mass distribution of unsolicited messages, advertising or pornography to the addresses which can be easily found on the internet Spyware - software that collects personal information about you without you knowing. Trojan Horse - A malicious program that is disguised as, or embedded within a legitimate software. It is an executable file that will install itself and run automatically once it’s downloaded Viruses - A malicious computer program that are often sent an email attachment or a download with the intent of infecting your computer Lesson 6: Digital Technology and Social Change Digital Age - also known as Information age, is a period when the computer and internet were introduced. Social Change - refers to significant alterations in the way a society is organized, the norms and values that guide it, and its institutions, behaviors, and structures over time. o Factors Influencing Social Change Technological Advancement CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE GEC ELEC 1: Living in the IT ERA Economic Factors Political Movements o Examples of Histrorical Social Change Industrial Revolution (18th – 19th Century) – the shift from agrarian societies to industrialized cities drastically changed work, family structure, and urban life Civil Rights Movements (20th Century) - movements advocating for racial, gender, and social equality reshaped political landscapes and legal frameworks Digital Age (21st Century) - The widespread adoption of internet, mobile technology, and social change has transformed how societies communicate, work, and engage Theories in Technology o Technological Determinism - It is a theory which strongly believes that technology reshaped the culture, values, social structures of a society. The main reason why society progresses is because of the kinds of technology the society has. o Social Constructivism - Is the opposite of technological determinism. It believes that humans play a main role in shaping technology rather than technology shaping society. It believes that technology does not determine human action, but rather, human action reshape the technology Lesson 7: IT Culture and the Society Internet of Things (IoT) - Refers to the network of physical devices (sensors, appliances, vehicles) connected via internet allowing them to collect and share data IoT and Cultural Shifts o Changing Consumer Behavior – the rise of smart devices has led demands for products that integrate seamlessly with IoT ecosystems o Cultural Dependence on Connectivity – Society’s growing reliance on interconnected devices, leads to more efficient lifestyle but also increased in surveillance and data dependency o Smart Homes and New Living Norms – IoT is altering home and life with smart devices, systems and appliances redefining household norms and behavior o Wearable Tech - devices like fitness tracker, smartwatches, and health monitors are influencing a health—conscious culture and driving trend in self-car