L1 and L2Information Technology.pptx

Information Technology Lec-1 By Dr Yasir  “On the keyboard of life, always keep one finger on the escape key.” What is Computer? Common Operating Machine Purposely Used for Technological and Educational Research The computer is a super-intelligent...

Information Technology Lec-1 By Dr Yasir  “On the keyboard of life, always keep one finger on the escape key.” What is Computer? Common Operating Machine Purposely Used for Technological and Educational Research The computer is a super-intelligent electronic device that can perform tasks, process information, and store data. It takes the data as an input and processes that data to perform tasks under the control of a program and produces the output. A computer is like a personal assistant that follows instructions to get things done quickly and accurately. It has memory to store information temporarily so that the computer can quickly access it when needed. Characteristics of Computer Speed: The computer helps in saving time. It performs several tasks and multiple calculations in a few bit of seconds that takes us hours to solve. We measure the speed of computers in terms of GigaHertz (Ghz) and MegaHertz (MHz). Accuracy: Works done by a computer have better accuracy than the work done by a human being. The errors occur in a computer by entering wrong data by a human being. A computer performs tasks quickly and accurately. Memory: A computer can store billions of data and these records are easily accessible with high accuracy. We measure computer storage in terms of Bytes, like KiloBytes (KB), Megabytes (MB), Gigabytes (GB), etc. Cont… Versatility: The simple meaning of Versatility is performing more than one task, and as everyone knows, Computers are capable of performing more than one task at a time, hence it is highly versatile. Automation: Today’s World is full of automation as we rapidly move towards Artificial Intelligence (AI). This feature of the computer replaces thousands of workers by performing tasks automatically.  Advantages of Computer Multitasking: Multitasking is one of the main advantages of computers. A person can do multiple tasks, and multiple operations at the same time, and calculate numerical problems within a few seconds. The computer can perform millions or trillions of work in one second. Speed: Now the computer isn’t just a calculating device. Now a day’s computer has a vital role in human life. One of the most advantages of computers is their incredible speed, which helps human to finish their task in a few seconds. Cost/ Stores huge: Amount of knowledge it’s a coffee cost solution. A person can save huge data within a coffee budget. A centralized database for storing information is a major advantage that will reduce costs. Disadvantages of computer Reduction in Virus and hacking Online Cyber employed High Cost: attacks: Crimes: opportunity: Increases waste and Distractions/ impacts the Health Problems: disruptions: environment:  History of Computers Before computers were developed people used sticks, stones, and bones as counting tools. As technology advanced and the human mind improved with time more computing devices were developed like Abacus, Napier’s Bones, etc. These devices were used as computers for performing mathematical computations but not very complex ones. Cont… Some of the popular computing devices are described below, starting from the oldest to the latest or most advanced technology developed: Abacus Around 4000 years ago, the Chinese invented the Abacus, and it is believed to be the first computer. The history of computers begins with the birth of the abacus. Structure: Abacus is basically a wooden rack that has metal rods with beads mounted on them. Working of abacus: In the abacus, the beads were moved by the abacus operator according to some rules to perform arithmetic calculations. In some countries like China, Russia, and Japan, the abacus is still used by their people.  Cont… Napier’s Bones Napier’s Bones was a manually operated calculating device and as the name indicates, it was invented by John Napier. In this device, he used 9 different ivory strips (bones) marked with numbers to multiply and divide for calculation. It was also the first machine to use the decimal point system for calculation. Pascaline It is also called an Arithmetic Machine or Adding Machine. A French mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal invented this between 1642 and 1644. It was the first mechanical and automatic calculator. It is invented by Pascal to help his father, a tax accountant in his work or calculation. It could perform addition and subtraction in quick time. It was basically a wooden box with a series of gears and wheels. It is worked by rotating wheel like when a wheel is rotated one revolution, it rotates the neighbouring wheel and a series of windows is given on the top of the wheels to read the totals.  Difference Engine Charles Babbage who is also known as the “Father of Modern Computer” designed the Difference Engine in the early 1820s. Difference Engine was a mechanical computer which is capable of performing simple calculations. It works with help of steam as it was a steam-driven calculating machine, and it was designed to solve tables of numbers like logarithm tables. Analytical Engine Again in 1830 Charles Babbage developed another calculating machine which was Analytical Engine. Analytical Engine was a mechanical computer that used punch cards as input. It was capable of performing or solving any mathematical problem and storing information as a permanent memory (storage). Generations of Computers First Generation Computers In the period of the year 1940-1956, it was referred to as the period of the first generation of computers. These machines are slow, huge, and expensive. In this generation of computers, vacuum tubes were used as the basic components of CPU and memory. Also, they were mainly dependent on the batch operating systems and punch cards. Magnetic tape and paper tape were used as output and input devices. For example ENIAC, UNIVAC-1, EDVAC, etc. Second Generation Computers In the period of the year, 1957-1963 was referred to as the period of the second generation of computers. It was the time of the transistor computers. In the second generation of computers, transistors (which were cheap in cost) are used. Transistors are also compact and consume less power. COBOL and FORTRAN are used as Assembly language and programming languages, and Batch processing and multiprogramming operating systems were used in these computers. For example IBM 1620, IBM 7094, CDC 1604, CDC 3600, etc. Third Generation The period 1963 to 1971 is roughly considered as the period of Third Generation of computers. The third generation computers were developed by using the Integrated Circuit (IC) technology. In comparison to the computers of the second generation, the size of the computers of the third generation was smaller. In comparison to the computers of the second generation, the computing time taken by the computers of the third generation was lesser. The third generation computer consumed less power and also generated less heat. The maintenance cost of the computers in the third generation was also low. The computer system of the computers of the third generation was easier for commercial use. Fourth Generation The period 1972 to 2010 is roughly considered as the fourth generation of computers. The fourth generation computers were developed by using microprocessor technology. The machine of fourth generation By coming to fourth started generating very low amount of heat. generation, computer became It is much faster and accuracy very small in size, it became became more reliable. It became available for the common portable. people as well. Fifth Generation The period 2010 to till date and beyond, roughly considered as the period of fifth generation of computers. By the time, the computer generation was being categorized on the basis of hardware only, but the fifth generation technology also included software. The computers of the fifth generation had high capability and large memory capacity. Working with computers of this generation was fast and multiple tasks could be performed simultaneously. Some of the popular advanced technologies of the fifth generation include Artificial intelligence, Quantum computation, Nanotechnology, Parallel processing, etc. Information technology: Information technology (IT) is the use of computers, storage, networking and other physical devices, infrastructure and processes to create, process, store, secure and exchange all forms of electronic data. Typically, IT is used in the context of business operations, as opposed to the technology used for personal or entertainment purposes. The commercial use of IT encompasses both computer technology and telecommunications. Common information technology types include the following: Internet and web technologies. This includes the tools and protocols used to access, navigate and interact with information on the internet. Examples include web browsers, websites, web servers, Hypertext Markup Language, cascading style sheets, JavaScript, HTTP and other internet-related technologies. Cloud computing. This involves the delivery of computing resources and services over the internet on a pay-per-use basis. This can include infrastructure as a service, platform as a service, software as a service and cloud storage options. Cont… Databases. This includes IT systems and software used to store, organize and retrieve data. Examples include MySQL, NoSQL, relational database management systems and MongoDB. Artificial intelligence and machine learning. AI and ML-based IT technologies use algorithms and statistical models to enable computers to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence. Examples include speech recognition, image recognition and natural language processing. Cont… Cybersecurity. This type of IT includes technologies and best practices designed to protect IT systems, networks and data from unauthorized access, cyber attacks and other security threats. Cybersecurity can be enforced through firewalls, antivirus software, encryption, intrusion detection systems and security policies. Internet of things. This includes the network of interconnected devices and sensors that collect, exchange and analyze data. IoT technologies enable the integration of physical objects into computer systems, providing automation, monitoring and control in various domains.