IT EXAM PPT.pdf

Science, Culture, and Ethics in IT Week 2A Learning Outcomes At the end of the lesson the students should be able to: 1. Connect science and technology to real-world 2. Describe the importance of ethics and professional conduct in the workplace. About Science & Technology...

Science, Culture, and Ethics in IT Week 2A Learning Outcomes At the end of the lesson the students should be able to: 1. Connect science and technology to real-world 2. Describe the importance of ethics and professional conduct in the workplace. About Science & Technology What is Science?  Science fundamentally is the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the natural and physical world through observations and experiments. Different facets of Science Science is both a body of knowledge and a process Science is exciting Science is useful Science is ongoing Science is a global human endeavor These images all show an aspect of science, but a complete view of science is more than any instance. Technology? Technology (which is basically derived from the Greek word ‘technologia’) is an art, skill or ability, which is used to create and develop products and acquire knowledge. Scientists used their to develop technology and then used knowledge so, because of this reason science technology to develop Science; and technology are an integrated term in today’s world. Contribution of Science to Technology Contribution of Technology to Science Technology as a source of scientific challenges Instrumentation and measurement techniques Nature of Science and Technology Technical Knowledge - It can be defined in the simplest term as – ‘know-how’. It includes ranges of basic skills such as advancement in agriculture, development of chemical industries, medical technology, software engineering, etc. Understanding of the attributes or elements - It means, knowledge and understanding of the intelligence of workers, quality of products, value of a firm, effectiveness of market, etc. College of Computing and Information About Culture and Technology What is Culture?  Culture is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups. Definition of CULTURE from different sociologists: Taylor: “Culture is the complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and habits, and any capabilities acquired by man as a member of society” Linton: “Culture is social heredity, which is transmitted from one generation to another with the accumulation of individual experiences” John Beattee: “Culture is the way of life which is transmitted from generation to generation Technology Shapes Culture The technology landscape for businesses has changed beyond recognition over the past 50 years. Here are 5 ways that technology has changed the way that we work. The AR & VR Customer Social Mobility Cloud Innovation Data Impact Ethics of Information Technology Every society forms a set of rules that establishes the boundaries of generally accepted behavior. These rules are often expressed in statements about how people should behave, and the individual rules fit together to form the moral code by which a society lives. What is Ethics?  Ethics is a set of beliefs about right and wrong behavior within a society. Ethical behavior conforms to generally accepted norms—many of which are almost universal. The term morality refers to social conventions about right and wrong that are so widely shared that they become the basis for an established consensus. A virtue is a habit that inclines people to do what is acceptable, and a vice is a habit of unacceptable behavior. A person who acts with integrity acts in accordance with a personal code of principles. One approach to acting with integrity—one of the cornerstones of ethical behavior—is to extend to all people the same respect and consideration that you expect to receive from others. Morals, Ethics, & Laws Morals are one’s personal beliefs about right and wrong, while the term ethics describes standards or codes of behavior expected of an individual by a group (nation, organization, profession) to which an individual belongs. Law is a system of rules that tells us what we can and cannot do. Laws are enforced by a set of institutions (the police, courts, law-making bodies). Legal acts are acts that conform to the law. Ethics in IT During the many IT breakthroughs in recent years, the importance of ethics and human values has been underemphasized—with a range of consequences. Here are some examples that raise public concern about the ethical use of information technology: Many employees have their email and Internet access monitored while at work, as employers struggle to balance their need to manage important company assets and work time with employees’ desire for privacy and self direction. Millions of people have downloaded music and movies at no charge and in apparent violation of copyright laws at tremendous expense to the owners of those copyrights. Organizations contact millions of people worldwide through unsolicited email (spam) as an extremely low-cost marketing approach. Students around the world have been caught downloading material from the Web and plagiarizing content for their term papers. Web sites plant cookies or spyware on visitors’ hard drives to track their online purchases and activities. Hackers break into databases of financial and retail institutions to steal customer information, then use it to commit identity theft—opening new accounts and charging purchases to unsuspecting victims. Professionals A profession is a calling that requires specialized knowledge and often long and intensive academic preparation. The United States Code of federal regulations defines a “professional employee” as one who is engaged in the performance of work: 1. Requiring knowledge of an advanced type in a field of science or learning; 2. Requiring the consistent exercise of discretion and judgment in its performance; 3. Predominantly intellectual and varied in character (as distinguished from routine mental, manual, mechanical, or physical  Profession al Relationshi Between IT Workers and Employers ps Between IT Workers and Clients Between IT Workers and Suppliers Between IT Workers and Other Professionals Between IT Workers and IT Users Between IT Workers and Society Professional Code of Ethics: A professional code of ethics states the principles and core values that are essential to the work of a particular occupational group. Practitioners in many professions subscribe to a code of ethics that governs their behavior. Laws do not provide a complete guide to ethical behavior, following a professional code of ethics can produce many benefits for the individual, the profession, and society as a whole. Ethical decision making — Adherence to a professional code of ethics means that practitioners use a common set of core values and beliefs as a guideline for ethical decision making. High standards of practice and ethical behavior — Adherence to a code of ethics reminds professionals of the responsibilities and duties that they may be tempted to compromise to meet the pressures of day-to-day business. Trust and respect from the general public—Public trust is built on the expectation that a professional will behave ethically. Evaluation benchmark—A code of ethics provides an evaluation benchmark that a professional can use as a means of self-assessment. Peers of the professional can also use the code for recognition or censure. Professional Organization Four of the most prominent IT-related professional organizations Institute of Association of SysAdmin, Electrical and Association for Information Audit, Network, Electronics Computing Technology Security Engineers Machinery Professionals (SANS) Computer Society (ACM) (AITP) Institute (IEEE-CS) Code of ethics for popular IT professional organizations Certifications Certification indicates that a professional possesses a particular set of skills, knowledge, or abilities, in the opinion of the certifying organization. Deciding on the best IT certification—and even whether to seek a certification— depends on the individual’s career aspirations, existing skill level, and accessibility to training. Certifications Vendor Certifications Many IT vendors—such as Cisco, IBM, Microsoft, SAP, and Oracle—offer certification programs for those who use their products. Workers who successfully complete a program can represent themselves as certified users of a manufacturer’s product. Depending on the job market and the demand for skilled workers, some certifications might substantially improve an IT worker’s salary and career prospects. Certifications that are tied to a vendor’s product are relevant for job roles with very specific requirements or certain aspects of broader roles.  Certifications in high demand Certifications Industry Association Certifications There are many available industry certifications in a variety of IT-related subject areas. Their value varies greatly depending on where people are in their career path, what other certifications they possess, and the nature of the IT job market. IT Professional Malpractice Negligence has been defined as not doing something that a reasonable person would do or doing something that a reasonable person would not do. Duty of care refers to the obligation to protect people against any unreasonable harm or risk. The courts decide whether parties owe a duty of care by applying a reasonable person standard to evaluate how an objective, careful, and conscientious person would have acted in the same circumstances. Likewise, defendants who have particular expertise or competence are measured against a reasonable professional standard. IT Professional Malpractice If a court finds that a defendant actually owed a duty of care, it must determine whether the duty was breached. A breach of the duty of care is the failure to act as a reasonable person would act. Professionals who breach the duty of care are liable for injuries that their negligence causes. This liability is commonly referred to as professional malpractice. Common Ethical Issues for IT Users 1 Software Piracy Software piracy in a corporate setting can sometimes be directly traceable to IT professionals—they might allow it to happen, or they might actively engage in it. 2 Inappropriate Use of Computing Resources Some employees use their computers to surf popular Web sites that have nothing to do with their jobs, participate in chat rooms, view pornographic sites, and play computer games. 3 Inappropriate Sharing of Information Every organization stores vast amounts of information that can be classified as either private or confidential. Supporting Ethical Practices of IT Users Establishing Defining and Limiting Guidelines for Use of the Appropriate Use Company Software of IT Resources Structuring Information Systems Installing and to Protect Data and Maintaining a Information Corporate Firewall Ethics… has been well called “the religion of science” - Edwin Grant Conklin American Biologist and Zoologist References 1. https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/information-technology-and- ethics/v-1 2. https://www.ime.usp.br/~tassio/TMP/bks/32983_053874622X.pdf 3. https://www.tutorialspoint.com/fundamentals_of_science_and_technology/role_o f_science_and_technology_in_todays_life.htm 4. http://digicult.it/digimag/culture-technology-hand-hand/ Disruptive Technology Week 3-4 Learning Outcomes Discuss the processes that have enabled certain technologies to change peoples' lives Identify existing disruptive technologies that used the Disruptive Innovation Model. Movies and 15 Disruptive Technology Trends 1. Robots Become Coworkers ~ as robots start to be employed for an increasing range of job roles well beyond the production line. With investment in advanced robotics increasing, we will see the rise of sobots, social robots who can read emotions and talk, used as digital assistants. 2. From Wearable to Implantables ~ While 2016 saw increasing use of health and fitness trackers in the insurance and healthcare industries, disruption is more likely to come from experimentation with technology for inside the body. Up to 50,000 people already have electronic RFID implants, and Intel now have a chip for controlling smart devices in the brain. 3. Bots Usurp Apps - Advancements in AI fueled machine learning and cloud software have lead to real improvements in chatbot performance, and real opportunities for businesses to take advantage 4. Genetically Modified Lifeforms - In 2016, DNA editing on the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) genome editing platform transform biology. College of Computing and Information 6. AI Replaces White Collar Expertise 5. 3D Printing Gets Industrial ~ With the - Machine learning successes speed and scale of 3D printing increasing showcased AI as a (more) reliable way exponentially in the last 3 years, it will soon of replacing smart people working out move from being a tech novelty to a core part of the manufacturing and construction patterns. process. 7. Quantum Computing Gets Practical ~ Companies start to think carefully about the effect that quantum computing will have on their business models, with the potential they bring for massive process and data disruption. 8. Self Driving Vehicles On the Hig Street ~ Most of the large automotive groups are developing prototypes or have bought driverless tech companies and are regaining lost ground. 9. Blockchain Disrupts More than Banks - The disruptive potential of blockchain technologies has in 2016 proven not to be limited to currencies like Bitcoin disrupting the banking and mortgage systems. 10. Virtual Reality as a Commercial Reality - No longer limited to the entertainment and gaming sectors. Education and healthcare are at the forefront of this innovation, with other uses also being found in everything from real estate to travel 11. From Augmented Reality to Mixed Reality – Augmented Reality was only really propelled into the limelight in summer 2016 when Pokemon Go became a global phenomenon, and yet the AR industry is predicted to hit global revenues of $90 billion by 2020. 12. Robots Teaching Themselves – Self teaching robots have been one of the breakthroughs of 2016, more examples of bot to bot communication in which one machine shares its learning with another, and deep learning-based networks which robots can tap into and teach themselves. 13. Cybersecurity Wars - One thing is sure – nobody can afford to ignore potential threats. The proliferation of big data and the rise of IoT makes businesses and consumers vulnerable, and huge 14. The Things Are Taking Over the investment is being poured Internet - With applications ranging from into the area. gardening, transport, energy, sport to farming and medicine, connected Cars and Smart Homes are now all realities. Yet while it is in Smart Cities and Industrial IoT that significant changes to productivity, lifestyles and business models will be seen 15. Renewables and Clean Energy Diversify ~ With increasing public appetite for green energy, and a growing awareness of the transformational potential for the developing world, expect to more disruption to energy companies and see more innovation in solar, wind, tidal, biomass and geothermal technologies, and virtual power stations. Disruptive Innovation/Technology brands understand consumer trends before they become trends and capitalize on them better than their competitors. Many of these brands understand the shift to a sharing economy and have designed their business model accordingly. Thank you!  Role of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Week 4 Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Information and communication technologies are those technologies which enable society to process, collect consolidate, communicate, manage and process information in multimedia and various digital formats for different purposes by using telecommunication techniques. " ICT is the scientific, technological and engineering disciplines and the management techniques used to handle, transmit information with men and machines“ - UNESCO Components of ICT Software Hardware Communications Technologies Cloud Computing Technologies Transactions Data Internet ICT Users People use a variety of computers, mobile devices, and apps every day. Impacts of ICT Developments of ICT have provided exchanging of information anytime, anywhere, in the digital format lend by computers. The technological convergence has brought an enormous impact in everyday life. Such as use of ICT in communications, business, education, scientific exploration, etc.  Technology Education Uses Government Military Retail Entertainmen t Health Care Science Travel Publishing Manufacturin g Education Entertainment/Recreation Engineerin g Health Concerns Using Technology A repetitive strain injury (RSI) is an injury or disorder of the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, and joints Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a technology- related health condition that affects eyesight Ergonomics is an applied science devoted to incorporating comfort, efficiency, and safety into the design of items in the workplace Technology addiction occurs when the technology consumes someone’s entire social life Digital Divide Week 5  What is Digital Divide? Digital divide is a term that refers to the gap between demographics and regions that have access to modern ICT and those that don't or have restricted access. This technology can include the telephone, television, personal computers and the Internet. College of Computing and Information  The digital divides is often seen to exist along the following lines: Between rich and poor countries Between those in cities and those in rural areas Between males and females College of Computing and Information  The digital divides is often seen to exist along the following lines: Between rich and poor individual Between physically challenged and without disability Between literates and illiterates College of Computing and Information  Gender Divide Universal Access Divide Social Divide Types of digital disparity between different refers to individuals with inequalities regarding the genders in society, and in turn physical disabilities not having opportunities and advantages of the labor market and business access to or the ability to use the various social groups within divides world, including inequality of opportunity, pay, progression, hardware and software a society and benefits College of Computing and Information  Refers to several aspects in our economy, such as the economic differences between urban and rural areas, the widening income One Economic Divide and wealth differences between high and low income households and different views on public policy regarding the economy Usability is concerned with the fact that technology remains so Two Usability Divide complicated that many people couldn't use a computer even if they got one for free It is concerned with how we use technology to empower Three Empowerment Divide ourselves. Very few users truly understand the power that digital technologies can give them. Causes of digital divide Educatio Income n Levels Motivation Geographic and al General Restrictions Interest Digital Literacy  Effect in Education Lack of exploitation of full potential hence low Unfair competitive edge performance Enhanced convenience A difference in the in learning learning experience Decreased productivity among the poor  Increase digital literacy Provide operational incentives to information and communication technology entities Bridge Develop relevant and local content; in addition, the digital telecommunications infrastructure Encourage the establishment of cyber clubs divide Establishment of workable partnerships between all information and communication technology stakeholders Promote innovations geared towards overcoming the digital divide Solution to Increase affordability Empowering users bridge Improve the relevance of online content digital Internet infrastructure development divide Address gender gap in internet access Industry 4.0 Week 6 Learning Outcomes Be familiar with the phases of the Industrial Revolution Understand key technologies related to Industry 4.0 Industry 4.0 It is the fourth industrial revolution that involves digital transformation of production and operations. It is driven by emerging technologies such as IoT, cloud computing, analytics, AI and machine learning that enable smart factories. Smart factories are connected, autonomous and data-driven systems that can monitor, optimize, and self-correct their processes and products It also leverages digital twin technologies and create virtual models of real-world installations, processes, and applications for testing and decision making. Industry 4.0 It aims to increase efficiency, quality, flexibility, and customer satisfaction while reducing costs, waste, and downtime. It requires integration, collaboration, and innovation across the entire value chain, from suppliers to customers and all key stakeholders. A Short History of the Fourth Industrial Revolution First Industrial Revolution Characteristics of the 1 IR st Manual work is replaced by industrial factory The railroad was invented, and it was the revolution in means of transport. The steamboat was created that allowed the transportation of larger ships at higher speed. Roads and canals were built to improve transportation. There were great technological changes that were the basis of industrial production. There was private investment and massive production of goods. There was low cost in production thanks to machines. Low cost of labor. Creation of the mechanized factory Inventions during the 1 IR st Second Industrial Revolution  Characteristics of the 2 nd IR Iron was replaced by steel in industry. Steam was replaced by electricity and petroleum products were used as an important source of energy. Automatic machinery was introduced to manage and operate other machines. There were important changes in transportation and communications. Application of science to industry. Electricity was discovered. Existing machines were automated. The airplane was invented. Darwin’s theory of the evolution of species emerged. Inventions during the 2nd IR Third Industrial Revolution Characteristics of the 3rd IR Information Technology Search for Sustainable Energy Inventions during the 3rd IR Industry 4.0 Industry 4.0 Technologies is built on Nine Technologies Big Data and AI Analytics Horizontal and vertical integration Cloud Computing Augmented reality (AR) Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) Additive manufacturing/3D printing Autonomous robots Simulation/digital twins Cybersecurity Benefits of Industry 4.0 Intelligent Products Intelligent Factories Intelligent Assets Empowered People Companies are experiencing the benefits Here are some benefits companies are experiencing: Radical improvements in productivity and automation Resiliency and agility no matter what the market or economy bring Confidence to explore new business models and seize opportunities quickly Green and sustainable solutions without sacrificing profitability  References: https://www.moderncasting.com/articl es/2021/04/20/practical- implementation-industry-40-foundries https://www.ibm.com/topics/industry-4-0 https://insights.sap.com/what-is-industry-4-0/ https://www.britannica.com/topic/The- Fourth-Industrial-Revolution- 2119734 https://www.avnet.com/wps/portal/abacus/resourc es/article/the-origins- of-industry-4-0/ https://www.iotworldtoday.com/2016/11/0 2/short-history-fourth- industrial- revolution/ Thank you..