Ethics and STS Reviewer.pdf

Lesson 1: Course Orientation and the Consequence Standard Importance of Rules - Depend on results, outcome. An act that results in general welfare, Rules are meant to set order in the greatest good of...

Lesson 1: Course Orientation and the Consequence Standard Importance of Rules - Depend on results, outcome. An act that results in general welfare, Rules are meant to set order in the greatest good of the Rules are meant for man greatest number, is moral. Everyone is subjected to rules Non-Consequence Standard No one is above the law - Are based on natural law. Natural We are all subject to rules or else law is the law of God revealed court chaos through human reason. Rules are not meant to restrict Non-Moral Standard your freedom - Are social rules, demands of If they are suffocating laws, they etiquette and good manners. are not good laws. - They are guides of actions which Ancient Chinese Sages should be followed as expected (Confucius, Lao Tzu) “no more by the society. laws, no more rules” - Called folkways. Classification of the YTheories of Lesson 2: Moral and Non-Moral Moral Standards Standard 1. Consequence Standard - states that an act is right or wrong Ethics depending on the consequences - From greek word “ethos” of the act, that is, the good that is meaning “custom” produced in the world. - Or Moral Philosophy, is a branch 2. Not-only-consequence Standard - of philosophy which deals with holds that the rightness or moral standards. wrongness of an action or rule Moral depends on sense of duty, natural - Describing a human act as either law, virtue, and the demand of ethically right or wrong. the situation or circumstances. Moral Standard Non-theists - Are norms or prescriptions that - God is not the source of morality. serve as a frameworks for Theists determining what ought to be - Moral standards are done or what is right or wrong commandments of God. action, what is good or bad character. “Do unto others, what you like others to do unto you” (Confucius) (Golden Rule) Immanuel Kant Organizational - German philosophers - Is a puzzle posed by the dual - Formulated a criterion for necessities of a social determining what naked a moral organization and members standar moral self-interest. Structural Lesson 3: Moral Dilemma - Arises from the inherent conflicts within a system or organization. Moral Dilemma - Involves trade offs between - A problem in decision making competing values or goals, between two possible options, making it challenging to find a neither of which is absolutely solution that satisfies all acceptable from an ethical stakeholders. perspective. - Actions which are morally Kinds of Structural Dilemma unacceptable 1. Differential Versus Integration Genuine Dilemma in Structural Dilemma - One of the conflicting solutions - With decentralization, local should not override the other. governments have become empowered to “Damn if you do and damn if you dont” direct their affairs just as schools have become False Dilemma empowered to address - Is a situation where the their problems or are given decision-maker has a moral duty the opportunity to localize to do one thing, but is tempted or the given curriculum. under pressure to do something 2. Gap Versus Overlap else. - If there are gaps, - A choice between right and organizations end up with wrong. no one doing the responsibilities. If there are Lesson 4: The Three LEvel of Moral overlaps, things become Dilemmas unclear and may lead to more confusion and even Individual conflict and worse wasted - Refers to the personal dilemmas. effort and perhaps even It is an individual's damn if you do resources because of the and damn if you don't situation. unintended overlap.  3. Lack of Clarity Versus Lack of Cultural Relativism Creativity - The ideas that a person's belief, 4. Flexibility Versus Strict values, and practices should be Adherence to Rules understood based on that - Bending rules to help person's own culture, rather than someone or sticking to be judged against the criteria of rules no matter what. another. 5. Excessive Autonomy Versus Absolute Relativism Excessive Interdependence - Is self contradictory and - Refers to being too impossible. Absolute relativism isolated versus too much states “there are no absolute coordination. truths: which is an absolute truth 6. Centralized Versus itself, so absolute relativism Decentralized Decision Making contradicts itself. - Organizations can respond Cultural Perspective to change more rapidly - Is to understand people's beliefs, and effectively because values, and practices in the the decision makers are context of their culture. the people closest to the situations. A Moral Recovery Program: Building Culture a People, Building a Nation - Is the integrated pattern of - Submitted on April 27, 1988 by human knowledge, beliefs, and the Task Force of President behaviors Corazon Acquino, the senate and - It consists of material, and the members of the press by then nonmaterial culture Senator Leticia Shahani, the - Culture is learned, not inherited. moving spirit behind the program. It is acquire through enculturation, inculturation, and The Strengths of the Filipino acculturation Character Enculturation 1. Pakikipagkapwa-tao - The process of learning the 2. Family orientation components of life. 3. Joy and Humor Inculturation 4. Flexibility, adaptability, and - Is making the gospel take roots in Creativity a culture and introducing that 5. Hardwork and Industry transformed culture to christianity. 6. Faith and religiosity Acculturation 7. Ability to survive - Id the process by which people learn and adapt a new culture The Weaknesses of the Filipino Character Confucius 1. Extreme family Centeredness - Taught righteousness, 2. Extreme Personalism human-heartedness, filial piety 3. Lack of Discipline Aristotle 4. Passivity and Lack of Initiative - Would say that they exist 5. Colonial Mentality embodied in the concrete 6. Kanya-kanya syndrome, talangka individual as common or mentality essential characteristics 7. Lack of self analysis and self Van Peurson reflection - They are termed as “logical 8. Emphasis on Porma rather than structures” underlying the substance material world and making the The following goals are proposed to world possible develop in the Filipino Dr. Kent M. Keith (2003) 1. A sense of patriotism and - Came up with a list of national pride fundamental, or universal moral 2. A sense of the common good principles that can be found 3. A sense of integrity and throughout the world. accountability 4. The values and habits of discipline and hard work 5. The value and habits of self reflection and analysis; the internalization of spiritual values and the emphasis on essence rather than on form Value - Are the principles or ideals we hold as important, good, desirable or worthwhile Plato - Talked about the values or virtues of temperance, courage, and wisdom Jesus Christ - Preached the value of love from which springs patience, kindness, goodwill, forgiveness, and compassion Lesson 1: Historical Antecedents Which changed the Course of PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Science and Technology Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration) Galileo - Created in 1972 through - Was the first to use modern Presidential Decree No. 49 scientific methods based on - Aimed to provide environmental experiment and testable protection and public safety Spanish (Spanish Colonial Period) under the Department of National - Introduced formal education and Defense founded a scientific institution. National Academy of Science and The national TResearch Council of Technology (NAST) the Philippines - Formed in 1976, NAST - Founded in 1033, promoted recognized outstanding scientists scientific research during and served as repository of American rule. scientific expertise in the Philippines MARCOS ERA AND MARTIAL LAW Expansion of Research and 1973 Philippine Constitution Development - Amended constitution under - The government supported Marcos emphasized science and research bodies like Philippine technology as key to national Council for Agricultural Research, development Plant Breeding Institute, and Educational Reforms International Rice Research - Marcos revitalized science Institute. education in public high schools, providing resources and PRESIDENT FIDEL V. RAMOS TERM expanding teacher training. Increased Science and Technology Investment in Applied Science Personnel - Marcos allocated funds to applied - By 1988, the Philippines had sciences, boosting science about 3,000 scientists and education and research in private engineers, with significant growth universities. under President Ramos Philippine Atomic Energy Science and Technology Agenda for Commission National Development (STAND) - Established under the National - Launched in 1933, STAND aimed Science Development Board, it to elevate the Philippines to NIC focused on nuclear energy and status by 2000, focusing on international training for sectors like agriculture, trade, scientists. and transportation. Competence, Competitive R.A 2067 Conscience Framework Plan - Science Act of 1958 (1999-2004) - An act to integrate, coordinate, - This plan included flagship and intensify scientific and programs for enhancing technological research and technology enterprises, clean development and to foster technology integration, and a invention to provide funds comprehensive science program therefore and for other purposes. for Mindanao. R.A 3589 - An act amending RA 2067 “Laws like R.A 8439, R.A 7459, and R.A modifying the National Science 8293 advanced science and technology” Development, National Institute of Science and Technology, and President Joseph Estrada the Philippine Atomic energy - Philippine Clean Act of 1999 Commission, Extending tax (Republic Act No. 8749) Exemption, Privileges and - Act of 2000 (RA No. 8792 Grants, Requests and Donations President Gloria Arroyo for Scientific Purposes to private - Golden Age educational Institutions and for - Strengthen the schools and other purposes enacted June 22, education system such as the 1963. Philippine Science High School R.A 5207 (PSHS) - An act providing for the Licensing - RA 9367 of the Biofuels Act and Regulation of Atomic energy President Benigno Aquino facilities and Materials, - R.A 10601 which improves the establishing the rules of liability Agriculture and Fisheries Sector for Nuclear Damage and for the through Mechanization (AFMech) other purposes. - Father of Organic Agriculture Presidential Decree No. 49, s. 1972 President Corazon C. Aquino - Established the Philippine - She help established the Atmospheric, Geophysical and Department of Science and Astronomical Services (PAGASA) Technology (DOST) Presidential Decree No. 334, s. 1973 National Science and technology - Created the Philippine National Plan 2002-2020 Oil Company to promote - Largely focused on building industrial and economic technological self-reliance. development through effective and efficient use of energy resources. R.A 8749 R.A 10612 - The Philippine Clean Air Act of - An act expanding the coverage of 1999 the science and technology - Was enacted by congress on scholarship program and June 23, 1999 to protect and strengthening the teaching of preserve the environment. Science and mathematics in R.A 8792 secondary schools and for other - An act providing for the purposes. recognition and use of electronic R.A 10844 commercial and non-commercial - An act creating the Department of transactions and documents, Information and Communication penalties for unlawful use thereof Technology (DICT) which was and for other purposes passed in assigned into law on May 23, June 15, 2000. 2016. R.A 9367 - Biofuels Act of 2006 MAJOR SCIENCE AND - An act to direct the use of TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT biofuels, establishing for this PLANS purposes of the biofuel program Science and Technology Master Plan - This act was enacted by (STMP) congress on June 12, 2007 - Was submitted to the president in R.A 9513 March 1989 by the presidential - The Renewable Act of 2006 task force (DOST, DA, DTI, - Was passed by congress to DOTC), as well as the accelerate the development of presidential adviser on public the country's renewable energy resources and three academic resources by providing fiscal and institutions directly involved in S non-fiscal incentives to private and T investors and equipment - The goal was to achieve newly manufacturers/fabricators/supplie industrialized country status by rs. the year 2000 R.A 10175 Science and Technology Agenda for - Philippine Cybercrime Prevention National Development (STAND Act of 2012 Philippines 2000) - Passed September 12, 2012 - The plan was initiated during the - An act defining cybercrime term of President Ramos. providing for the prevention, - It embodied the country’s investigation, suppression and technological development plan the imposition of penalties. in the medium term, in particular, for the period 1993-1998. National Science and Technological Emrys Westacott (2018) Plan (NSTP 2002-2020) - 3 ways to understand the Guiding Visions stated in the NSTP: meaning of good life; moral life, - By 2020, S and T shall have life of pleasure, and fulfilled life contributed significantly to the Gorgias enhancement of national - In Plato’s dialogue, Gorgias, productivity and competitiveness Socrates takes this position to an and to the solution of pressing extreme. problems. - He argues that it is much better - By 2010, the philippines shall to suffer wrong than to do it; that have earned riches and become a good man who has his eyes a world class knowledge provider gouged out and is tutored to and user in selected Science and death is more fortunate than a technology areas, and shall have corrupt person who has used developed vibrant S and T wealth and power dishonorably. culture. The Republic - By 2020, the Philippines shall - Plato argues that a person have developed a wide range of experiences inner peace, while a globally competitive products and wicked person, even with wealth services which have a high and pleasure, is internally technological content. conflicted and out of sync with R.A 11035 the world. - An act institutionalizing the Balik - Plato supports his ideas in both Scientist Program “gorgais” and “the republic” by - Signed by President Rodrgio Roa suggesting that virtuous people Duterte on June 15, 2018 are rewarded and wicked people Aristotle punished in the afterlife. - Endorses egoism, rationality, and Epicurus the value of life. - Believed that pleasure is what - Egoism is an integral part of makes life worth living. This idea Aristotle's ethics. is called hedonism. - Human flourishing arises as a - Hedonist often has a negative product of different factors such connotation, suggesting someone as phronesis, friendship, wealth who focuses on “lower” pleasures and power. like sex, food, and sensual - The Western Society where indulgence. Aristotle is included tends to be more focused on the individual. - East are more community centric. Jimmy Savile - Stoicism asserts that virtue (eg. - A British TV personality who was wisdom) is happiness and widely respected, after his death, judgment should be based on he was a serial sexual predator. acts rather than words. Materialism - This philosophy helps a person to - The first materialists were the overcome destructive emotions atomists in Ancient Greece. and acts on what can be acted - Atomists philosophers thought upon. that the universe and matter are Theism only made up of atoms “atomos” - The ultimate basis of happiness or seeds. These are indivisible for theists is the communication particles, assembled by chance with God. and in a purely mechanical way. - They believe that they can find - The founders of this theory was the meaning of their lives by the Greek philosophers using God as the creator of their Leucippus and his disciple existence. Democritus (around 460 370 BC). Humanism This belief aims that comfort, - Is another school of thought that pleasure, and wealth are the only affirms human beings have the highest goals. right and responsibility to give Hedonism meaning and shape their own - The hedonists see the end goal lives. of life in attaining pleasure. For - It is not theistic and does not hedonists, since life is limited, accept supernatural views of one must indulge itself with reality. pleasures. They strive to Eudaimonia (from daimon - true maximize their total pleasure, the nature) difference between pleasure and - Aristotle was the originator of this pain, and if the pleasure was concept. finally gained, happiness remains Vergragt (2006) fixed. - Argues that technology can Stoicism enhance a good life for everyone - Is one of the schools of thought in while preserving the earth’s philosophy created for those who ecosystem and future prospects. live their lives in the real world. Stutz (2006) - Founded in Athens by Zeno of - Emphasizes that a good life Citium. involves meeting basic needs and fulfilling aspirations for freedom, belonging, and self-realization.