Engineering Utilities 2 - Water Supply PDF

ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 Chapter 1: Water Supply ENGR. MICHAEL CARL M. BILOG College of Engineering and Computer Studies Lyceum of the Philippines University-Laguna WATER Water is a combination of two elementary substances hydrogen and oxygen. It appears in its natural state as: 1. S...

ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 Chapter 1: Water Supply ENGR. MICHAEL CARL M. BILOG College of Engineering and Computer Studies Lyceum of the Philippines University-Laguna WATER Water is a combination of two elementary substances hydrogen and oxygen. It appears in its natural state as: 1. Solid 2. Liquid 3. Gas Three Sources of Water: 1. Rainfall 2. Natural Surface 3. Underground Water WATER CYCLE WATER SYSTEMS SOURCES OF WATER Source Advantage Disadvantage Hard to store for a long time as it will be a breeding place Obtained from roofs and for mosquitoes, requires big watersheds. It is soft pure and containers for storing big Rainwater good on places where there is quantities for long uses, roofs an abundant rainfall. may not be clean, bad for places that receives a little amount of rain- fall. SOURCES OF WATER Source Advantage Disadvantage Obtained from ponds, lakes, Dangerous because it rivers easiness of contains large amounts of procurements and good for bacterias, organic and Natural Surface locality near such bodies of inorganic substances of water. varying quantities. SOURCES OF WATER Source Advantage Disadvantage Obtained from below ground surface by means of Because of various organic mechanical and manual matter and chemical elements equipments. present, it requires treatment Groundwater of various nature, such as More water can be obtained sedimentation, chemical, depending by equipments filtration, aerations. used and locality. METHODS OF PURIFICATION AND TREATMENT OF WATER 1. Sedimentation-particles of matters that are suspended in the water are allowed to stay in a container so that they will settle in the bottom, then drawing the water out, leaving these sediments in the container. METHODS OF PURIFICATION AND TREATMENT OF WATER 2. Chemical Treatments - water are given chemical treatments to kill the harmful bacterias present and to cure the turbid taste or mudtaste, remove clay, salts, iron etc. commonly used chemical is chlorine. METHODS OF PURIFICATION AND TREATMENT OF WATER 3.Filtration - water are filtered on various processes, so as to remove the particles of vegetable matter, mud, and other particles of matter present in the water, most commonly used materials are sand and gravel. METHODS OF PURIFICATION AND TREATMENT OF WATER 4. Aeration- praying the water into the atmosphere through jets or passing it over rough surfaces to remove entrained noxious gases such as carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide.  WELLS TYPES OF WELLS 1. Shallow Well- excavated by hand; used for shallow water 2. Deep Well- sunk by machine; used for deep water PUMPS -are used whenever the water supply at its natural pressure cannot be directly piped to a building, tank or reservoir. 3 CLASSES a. Lifting water by suction to the level of a pump situated above the source b. Raising the water by forcing it to an elevation above a pump situated in the source. c. Both lifting the water to the pump by suction and in addition forcing the water to an elevation above the pump PUMPS TYPES OF PUMPS 1. LIFT PUMP- Consist of a piston traveling up and down within a cylinder which is connected with a pipe extending down into the source. The piston and the bottom of the cylinder are each provided with a valve opening upward. Upon the piston’s upstroke; valve “a” closes and valve “b” opens. Upon the piston's downstroke valve “a” opens and b closes. PUMPS TYPES OF PUMPS 2. FORCE PUMP- used to deliver water at a point higher than the position of the pump itself. When the plunger descends; the valve “a” is closed and the water in the cylinder is forced out through the valve “b” and up to the storage. When the plunger is raised valve “b” is closed and “a” open to admit water to the cylinder. PUMPS TYPES OF PUMPS 3. CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS- Water is drawn into the pump & discharged with a centrifugal force PUMPS TYPES OF PUMPS 4. DEEP WELL PLUNGER PUMPS - are used when the water level of the source is more than 22 feet (6.70mts) below the ground, they consist of a cylinder installed below the water level and connected to the driving mechanism at or near the ground level by a wood or steel rod. OVERHEAD TANK -Does not have any pressure concerns but relies on gravity to supply water to fixtures below -Usually made of galvanized steel, stainless steel, or reinforced concrete, it can come in various shapes and sizes CISTERN TANK Usually built of reinforced concrete underground and connected with a pump THREE WAYS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION 1. UPFEED SYSTEM - Water is provided by the city water companies using normal pressure from public water main THREE WAYS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION 2. PNEUMATIC (AIR PRESSURE) SYSTEM-When pressure supplied by city water supply is not strong enough compressed air is used to raise and push water into the system. THREE WAYS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION 2. PNEUMATIC (AIR PRESSURE) SYSTEM- This is usually below the fixtures to be supplied. When water is called for by the opening of any device like a faucet, air pressure in the top portion of the tank deliver water into the system. A FLOAT VALVE operates the pump to make up this water when the level has become low enough to actuate the starting switch. A high level switch turns it off when the water is up to level. In big water tanks, the water level is seen on a marker as made by the float valve which rise or descends. THREE WAYS OF WATER DISTRIBUTIN 3. DOWNFEED SYSTEM- Water is pumped into a large tank on top of the building and is distributed to the fixtures by means of gravity. THREE WAYS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION Method Advantage Disadvantage 1. Pressure from water main is inadequate Eliminates extra cost of to supply tall buildings. Upfeed System pumps and tanks. 2. Water supply is affected during peak load hour. THREE WAYS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION Method Advantage Disadvantage 1. Compact pumping unit requires limited space. 2. Water chamber being air tight makes the system a sanitary one. 3. Compressed oxygen air tend to purify the water and make it more palatable. 1. In case of power Pneumatic/Air Pressure interruption, water supply System 4. The system is efficient and is greatly affected by the loss economical as it requires smaller diameter pipe and has few working of pressure inside the tank.. parts 5. less initial construction cost and maintenance. 6. It is adoptable to all types of buildings. THREE WAYS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION Method Advantage Disadvantage 1. Water inside the tank exposed to the atmosphere is subject to 1. Because of the water stored inside contamination. the tank, water supply is not affected by the peak load hour 2. The water distribution unit is very even if the pressure at the water expensive because it has so many main becomes considerably low. working parts thus increasing maintenance cost Downfeed System 2. Power interruption does not affect the water supply inside the building. 3. The pumping unit including the entire installation throughout the 3. When the pumping unit breaks building occupies valuable space. down, the time involved to replace the parts does not affect the water supply 4. It requires stronger Foundation and of water. other structures to sustain the heavy load of the tank and water. HOUSEHOLD WATER SUPPLY Water is conveyed to the plumbing fixtures by means of PIPES. Materials commonly used are galvanized Iron (G.I.) polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Others are brass, copper, wrought and cast iron. The pipe from the public water main or source of water supply to the building served is called HOUSE SERVICE or SERVICE PIPE. The vertical supply pipe which extends upward from one floor to the next is called a riser and the horizontal pipes that serves the faucets or fixtures are called BRANCHES. Water Main refers to the public water system laid underground along the streets where house service is connected. PIPE FITTINGS Include the equipment required for the joining of the various lengths of pipe, such as couplings for connections in a straightline, elbows for connections at 90° or 45°; Tees for 45° or 90° branches from one side, and crosses for 90° branches opposite each other. PIPE FITTINGS 1. Straight Coupling PIPE FITTINGS 2. Galvanized Iron Fitting PIPE FITTINGS 3. Street Tee PIPE FITTINGS 4. Straight Tee PIPE FITTINGS 5. Reducing Tee PIPE FITTINGS 6. Cross Tee PIPE FITTINGS 7. Reducing Cross Tee PIPE FITTINGS 8. 45-degree Elbow PIPE FITTINGS 9. 90-degree Elbow PIPE FITTINGS 10. Reducing Elbow PIPE FITTINGS 11. 45-degree Street Elbow PIPE FITTINGS 12. 90-degree Street Elbow PIPE FITTINGS 13. Return Bend PIPE FITTINGS 14. Floor Flanges PIPE FITTINGS 15. Nipple PIPE FITTINGS 16. Bushing PIPE FITTINGS 17. Cap PIPE FITTINGS 18. Plug PIPE FITTINGS 19. Union Patente MATERIALS AVAILABLE FOR PLUMBING INSTALLATIONS 1. Galvanized iron (G.I.) or Steel Pipes made out of a Mild Steel drawn through a die and welded cast into 6.00 meters long. Its usual life span is from 15 to 20years. However steel pipe is subject to deposits of salts and lime which gradually accumulate and eventually choke the flow of water. This type of pipe is corroded by alkaline and acid water. That is why when used for hot water line, it deteriorates faster than cold water supply pipe. MATERIALS AVAILABLE FOR PLUMBING INSTALLATIONS 2. Plastic or Synthetic Pipe There are two types a. Rigid Type b. Flexible Type Rigid Type can be: 1. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 2.Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (cPVC) 3. Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC) 4. Polypropylene (PP) 5. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) 6. Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR) Flexible Types are: 1. Polyethylene (PEl - Coil Form at 30 meters 2. Polybutylene (PB) up to 150 meters long in coil Form MATERIALS AVAILABLE FOR PLUMBING INSTALLATIONS 3. Cast Iron Pipe- This is durable and is conveniently installed in most of the plumbing needs in building which are less than 25 storeys high because water usually leaks at joints due to vibrations. Cast Iron is also affected to a certain extent by corrosion caused by the action of carbon dioxide, sulphur oxide and methane gases forming a solution of carbonic acid and sulphuric acid which attack the metallic materials, causing a slow chemical reaction or oxidation to take place forming ferrous oxide, called rusts. Two Types: 1. SV-For building installations. 2. XV-For underground installations this are extra heavy. MATERIALS AVAILABLE FOR PLUMBING INSTALLATIONS 3. Cast Iron Pipe MATERIALS AVAILABLE FOR PLUMBING INSTALLATIONS 4. Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe-Made of an alloy of cast iron and silicon. It is commonly installed in chemical laboratories where acid waste are being discharged. MATERIALS AVAILABLE FOR PLUMBING INSTALLATIONS 5. Asbestos Pipe - made of asbestos fibers and portland cement. The thickness is twice that of standard cast iron. Most suited for embedment on concrete structures. MATERIALS AVAILABLE FOR PLUMBING INSTALLATIONS 6. Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe- Cheapest light in weight, recommended for house sewer and septic tank installation. It could take slight soil movement without danger of cracking or pulling out of its joint. MATERIALS AVAILABLE FOR PLUMBING INSTALLATIONS 7. Lead Pipe-one of the oldest plumbing materials. Lead is highly resistant and is very suitable to underground installation. But because it is poisonous and injurious to human health, it is never recommended to convey water for human consumption. MATERIALS AVAILABLE FOR PLUMBING INSTALLATIONS 8. Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipes- this is better than steel pipe for plumbing installation, because it is more resistant to acid waste than the steel pipe. · MATERIALS AVAILABLE FOR PLUMBING INSTALLATIONS 9.Brass Pipe- The most expensive of all types of pipe. Made of an alloy of zinc and copper mixed at a proportion of 15% and 85% respectively. The brass pipe is a superior material for waste and water installation because of its smooth surface aside from its high resistance to acids. MATERIALS AVAILABLE FOR PLUMBING INSTALLATIONS 10. Copper Pipes-A durable material which is extremely corrosive resistant easiest to install. Type K - heaviest for underground installations Type L - Lighter than type k comes in flexible and rigid type Type M - thinner and available only in rigid form.