Introduction to Psychology PDF

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1ST TERM | BLOCK TRANSES | 1P4 | Ms. Jeau Raizza Go OUTLINE WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT PSYCHOLOGY? The scientific...

INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY 1ST TERM | BLOCK TRANSES | 1P4 | Ms. Jeau Raizza Go OUTLINE WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT PSYCHOLOGY? The scientific study of behavior and mental processes I. The Science of Psychology It is the study of how people think, feel, and act in their a. Enduring Issues in Psychology everyday life b. The History of Psychology Early Pioneers of Psychology SO WHY STUDY PSYCHOLOGY? Three Influential Approaches Helps you understand why people and even animals behave c. The Field of Psychology Today the way they do Modern Perspectives Allows you to understand yourself and your reaction to others Psychological Professionals and Areas of as well Specialization Makes you understand how your brain and body are d. Scientific Research connected to each other The Scientific Approach Descriptive Methods THE GOAL OF PSYCHOLOGY? Correlations 1. DESCRIBE: What is happening? The Experiment Experimental Hazards and Controlling for Effects 2. EXPLAIN: Why is it happening? e. Ethics of Psychological Research 3. PREDICT: When will it happen again? Guidelines for Doing Research with People 4. CONTROL: How can it be changed? Animal Research II. Sensation THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY a. The ABCs of Sensation Transduction THE GROWTH OF PSYCHOLOGY Sensory Thresholds Habituation and Sensory Adaptation 1. Wilhelm Wundt b. The Science of Seeing “Father of Psychology” Light and the Eye Established 1st Ψ laboratory at University of Leipzig, The Visual Pathway Germany (1879) Perception of Color Objective introspection- objectively examining c. The Hearing Sense one’s thoughts and mental activities Sound Waves and the Ear Aim was to study the structure of the human mind Perceiving Pitch 2. Granville Stanley Hall Types of Hearing Impairments Studied with Wundt d. Chemical Senses 1st American with PhD in Psychology Gustation Established 1st psychological laboratory at Johns Olfaction Hopkins University, USA (1883) e. The Other Senses Founded American Psychological Association and Somesthetic Senses served as its first president (1892) Body Movements and Position III. Perception 2. Edward Titchener: Structuralism IV. Consciousness Focus on the study on the structure of the mind Experiences could be broken down into individual emotions and sensations UNIT 1: The Science of Psychology Consciousness could be broken down into basic elements ENDURING ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGY Basic elements of mental life 1. Nature- Nurture Believed in objective introspection (research method) Is a person the product of genetics (nature) or simply the sum of their experiences? 3. William James: Functionalism 2. Stability- Change Importance of consciousness to everyday life than Are behaviors patterns learned in childhood just its analysis permanent or do people change over time? ‘Why’ people do what they do 3. Diversity-Universality Focus on how the mind allows people to functions in How are people similar to others and how are they the real world- how people work, play, and adapt to unique? their surroundings 4. Mind-Body What is the relationship between the mind and the body? 1P4 BLOCK TRANSES | PSY 431  INFLUENTIAL APPROACHES TO PSYCHOLOGY 6. Biopsychological The study of biological bases of behavior and mental 1. Max Wertheimer,Wolfgang Köhler,& Kurt Koffla: Gestalt processes Gestalt is German for ‘configuration’ of ‘form’ Human and animal behavior as seen as a direct Organization of mental processes result of events in the body (eg. hormones, brain ‘Whole is greater than the sum of its part’- one structures, genetic influences) cannot understand the parts of something to understand the thing as whole. 7. Evolutionary Biological bases for universal mental characteristics, 2. Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Karen Horney: such as why we lie, how attractiveness influence Psychodynamic/ Psychoanalytic mate selection, the universality of fear, and why we Behavior results from forces at work within the enjoy things life music and dance individual, often at an unconscious level Id, Ego & Superego PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFESSIONS AND AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION 3. Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, John B. Watson: Behaviorism Psychologist Saw introspection is ‘unscientific’ Has a doctorate degree and works w either human or animals Focuses only on observable (overt) behaviors in a variety of settings based on the area of specialization Behavioralism is the science of behavior Must be licensed to practice independently; typically does not Ivan Pavlov’s classical conditioning prescribe medications but can go through specialized training B.F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning to do so in a few states and some parts of the military THE FIELD OF PSYCHOLOGY TODAY Psychiatrist Medical doctor who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of 1. Clinical psychological disorders; can prescribe medication Diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders 2. School and Educational Psychiatric Social Worker Learning and emotional problems in schools; Has training in area of social work and often has a professional organization of educational institutions license to practice 3. Industrial-Organizational Application of psychology in workplace to improve LICENSES IN PSYCHOLOGY productivity and quality of worklife MODERN PERSPECTIVES 1. Psychometrician- B.S (No single perspective is used to explain all human behavior and 2. Psychologist- M.A., Ph.D., Psy. D. processes) 3. Psychiatrists- M.D 4. Psychoanalysts- M.D. or Ph.D. 1. Psychodynamic 5. Social Workers (M.S.W)- LSW Focused on the role of the unconscious mind and its influence on conscious behavior, early childhood 6. Marriage Family Therapists- M.A. experiences, development of sense of self, and other motivation SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Based on Freud’s theory THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH 2. Behavior Focuses on how behavioral responses are learned 5 Steps of the Scientific Approach through classical or operant conditioning 1. Perceiving the question. Early work of Watson and later B.F Skinner 2. Forming a hypothesis. 3. Testing the hypothesis. 3. Humanistic 4. Drawing conclusions. Focuses on human potential, free will, and possibility 5. Report your results. of self-actualization 2 pioneers: Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow DESCRIPTIVE METHODS 4. Cognitive NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION Focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, Immersing yourself thought processes, problem solving, language, and Observers who watch animals or people in natural learning environments must take into account the observer effect Has roots in Gestalt Psychology Observer effect - tendency of participants to behave differently when they know they are being watched 5. Sociocultural Participant observation - a naturalistic observation in which The behavior of individuals as the results of the the observer becomes a participant in the group being presence (real or imagined) of other individuals, as observed part of groups, or as part of a larger culture Disadvantage: Observer bias, tendency of observers to see what they expect to see. LABORATORY OBSERVATION IMPORTANCE OF RANDOMIZATION Researchers can watch in an artificial but controlled Process of assigning participants to the experimental or situation. control group randomly, so that participant has equal chances Conducted in a confined space, usually with a one way mirror. of being in either group Disadvantage: Artificial setting may cause artificial behavior Best way to ensure control over extraneous variables CASE STUDIES EXPERIMENTAL HAZARDS & CONTROLLING FOR EFFECTS Study of an individual in great detail. Comprehensive assessment PLACEBO EFFECT Disadvantage: Information gained may not be applied to other Expectation of any person in an experimental study can affect cases the outcome of the study SURVEYS EXPERIMENTER EFFECT Asking standardized questions to large groups of people Tendency of the experimenter’s expectations for a study to Addresses the disadvantage of case studies. unintentionally influence the results of the study. Representative sample - a randomly selected sample of participant from a larger population of participants SINGLE-BLIND STUDY Population: the entire group of people or animals in which a Study in which the participants do not know if they are in the researcher is interested experimental or the control group. Disadvantage: respondents may not always tell the truth or remember information correctly DOUBLE-BLIND STUDY Study in which neither the experimenter nor the participants STANDARDIZED TESTS know if the participants are in the experimental or the control Respondents answer a series of questions group. Scores are compared with others (norm) Quantity of behavior ETHICS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH Proper way of scoring and interpreting GUIDELINES FOR DOING RESEARCH WITH HUMANS ARCHIVAL RESEARCH Rights and well-being of participants must be weighed against In lieu of actual behavior the study’s value to science Literature, diaries, paintings, movies, text analysis, etc. Participants must be allowed to make an informed decision about participating (informed consent) CORRELATION METHODS Deception must be justified Participants may withdraw from the study at any time Measure of relationship between 2 or more variables. Participants must be protected from risks or told explicitly of Correlation coefficient - coefficient: a number that represents risks the strengths and direction of a relationship existing between Investigator must debrief participants, telling the true nature of two variables. the study and expectations of results ○ Positive correlation - exists when increase in one Data must remain confidential variable is matched by an increase in other variables. If for any reason a study results in undesirable consequences ○ Negative correlation - exists when decrease in one for the participants, the researcher is responsible for detecting variable is matched by a decrease in other variables and removing or correcting these consequences Cannot be used to prove cause and effect relationships GUIDELINES FOR DOING RESEARCH WITH ANIMALS EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Any animal research is covered by ethical considerations A deliberate manipulation of variables to see if corresponding Must avoid unnecessary pain and suffering changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause Why use animals? and effect relationships ○ Some research questions are important but can be Selection - random selection of a sample from a population difficult or dangerous to answer with human participants ○ Animals are easier to control THE VARIABLES ○ Animals have shorter lives; easier to study long-term Operationalization - specifically names the operations (steps effects or procedures) that the experimenter must use to control or measure the variables in the experiment Independent variable - variable that is manipulated Dependent variable - represents measurable response or behavior of the participants Experimental group - participants subjected to the independent variable Control group - participants that are not subjected to the independent variable and may receive a placebo treatment. UNIT 2: Sensation