Introduction to Nursing & History of Nursing PDF

Introduction Introduction to to Nursing Nursing History History of of Nursing Nursing By Medical surgical staff Code of conduct  Learning Objectives After completing of this lecture, the students will b...

Introduction Introduction to to Nursing Nursing History History of of Nursing Nursing By Medical surgical staff Code of conduct  Learning Objectives After completing of this lecture, the students will be able to: 1. Discuss contemporary factors influencing the development of nursing. 2. Identify the essential aspects of nursing.  Learning Objectives Cont. 4.Describe the roles of nurses. 5. Discuss the criteria of a profession and professionalization of nursing.  Introduction Nursing is one of the most important professions within the health care industry which changed over the course of history and are learned in a wide range of occupational duties that are utilized within a variety of settings throughout the world. Additionally it has a significant effect on people's lives.  Introduction cont’ As rapid change continues to transform the profession of nursing and health care system. Today, nurses bring knowledge, leadership, spirit, and vital expertise to expanding roles that afford increased participation, responsibility, and rewards.  Introduction cont. To understand nursing today and prepare for the future, must understand past events, contemporary nursing practice, sociological and historical factors that affect it.  Contemporary nursing practice An understanding of contemporary nursing practice includes a look at: - Definitions of nursing, - Recipients of nursing, - Scope of nursing, - Settings of nursing practice, - Current standards of clinical nursing practice. What is a Nurse?  IMAGE OF NURSING Why study history? Why study history?  Historical Perspectives  Change from generation to generation (dramatic change) in response to societal needs and influences.  Women’s role (in home, occupation )  Religion( encourage benevolence)  War (need for nurses and medical specialties)  Societal attitude (nursing's image)  Nursing Leaders Florence Nightingale (1820- 1910) “Lady with the lamp”.  Her accomplishments at Scutari in two years included:  Death rate decreased from 40 to 2% during Crimean war  She established cleanliness and sanitation rules,  Patients received special diets and plenty of food, improved water supply  Patients received proper nursing care  Florence Nightingale Nightingale established nursing school at St. Thomas’ Hospital, London upon return Nightingale developed basic philosophy to the profession of nursing different from other existing programs Today Nightingale is considered the ‘Founder of Modern Nursing’  Rufaidah bint Sa'ad ‘Founder of the Nursing Profession in Islam’ She was both a public health nurse and a social worker. She had clinical skills that she shared with the other nurses whom she trained and worked with. First Egyptian nurse leader  The first nurse with PHD degree the first gen for the high nursing institution at Alexandria1955 She establish a lot of nursing school at different Arab country eg. Saudi Arabia, Kuwait….  Definitions of Nursing Florence Nightingale “The act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery" (Nightingale, 1860). She considered a clean, well-ventilated, and quite environment essential for recovery. Virginia Henderson "The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death)". Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) Described nursing practice as a dynamic, caring, helping relationship in which the nurse assists the client to achieve and obtain optimal health.  According to the American Nurses Association “Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities and populations.” American Nurses Association (ANA) “Nursing direct, goal oriented, and adaptable to the needs of the individual, the family, and the community during health and illness" (ANA, 1973). American Nurses Association Cont. In 1980, the (ANA) changed this definition of nursing to this "Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems".  World Health Organization (WHO) Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings. It includes the promotion of health, the prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people.  Certain themes are common to many of these definitions Nursing is caring. Nursing is an art. Nursing is a science. Nursing is client centered.  Certain themes are common to many of these definitions Cont. Nursing is holistic. Nursing is adaptive. Nursing is personalized Nursing is concerned with (health promotion, health maintenance, and health restoration).  Recipients Recipients of of Nursing Nursing The Recipients of Nursing are sometimes called patients, and sometimes clients.  Recipients of Nursing Cont. A patient is a person who is waiting for or undergoing medical treatment and care. The word patient comes from a Latin word meaning "to suffer“. Traditionally, the person receiving health care has been called a patient.  Recipients of Nursing Cont. A client is a person who engages the advice or services of another who is qualified to provide this service. The term client presents the receivers of health care as collaborators in the care, that is, as people who are also responsible for their own health. What does it take to be a nurse? Knowledge Skill Role model Integrity Patience Empathy Kindness Communicator………….. What else?  Scope Scope of of Nursing Nursing Nurses provide care for three types of clients: individuals, families, and communities.  Nursing Activities Include the following: Providing direct care to the ill person, such as administering medications, baths, and specific procedures and treatments. Performing diagnostic and assessment procedures, such as measuring blood pressure and examining feces for occult blood.  Nursing Activities con. Consulting with other health care professionals about client problems. Teaching clients about recovery activities, such as exercises that will accelerate recovery after a stroke. Rehabilitating clients to their optimal functional level following physical or mental illness, injury, or chemical addiction.  Settings for Nursing In the past, the acute care hospital was the main practice setting open to most nurses. Today many nurses work in hospitals, but increasingly they work in clients homes, community agencies, ambulatory clinics, long- term care, health maintenance organization (HMOs), and nursing practice centers.  Standards of Clinical Nursing Practice Establishing and implementing standards of practice are major functions of a professional organization. The purpose of the ANA Standards of Practice is to describe the responsibilities for which nurses are accountable  Nursing Organizations Purpose: To improve the quality of nursing care. Establishes standards for nursing practice. Establishes a professional code of ethics. Develops educational standards The standards: Reflect the values and priorities of the nursing profession. Provide direction for professional nursing practice. Provide a framework for the evaluation of nursing practice. Define the profession's accountability to the public and client outcomes for which nurses are responsible.  (ANA) Standards of Clinical Nursing Practice: nursing process Assessment: the nurse collects patient health data. Diagnosis: the nurse analyzes the assessment data in determining diagnoses. Outcome identification: The nurse identifies expected outcomes individualized to the patient. (ANA) Standards of Clinical Nursing Practice: nursing process cont. Planning: the nurse develops a plan of care that prescribes interventions to attain expected outcomes. Implementation: the nurse implements the interventions identified in the plan of care. Evaluation: the nurse evaluates the patients progress toward attainment of outcomes.  Roles and Functions of the nurse 1.Caregiver Provide nursing care on physical, psychosocial, developmental, cultural, and spiritual levels. The nursing process provides nurses with a framework for providing care. a nurse may provide care directly or delegate it to other caregivers. discus  2.Communicator Communication is integral to all nursing roles. Nurses communicate with the client, support persons, other health professionals, and people in the community. nurses identify client problems and then communicate these verbally or in writing to other members of the health team. discus  3.Teacher As a teacher, the nurse helps clients learn about their health and the health care procedures they need to perform to restore or maintain their health. The nurse assesses the client's learning needs and readiness to learn, sets specific learning goals in conjunction with the client, enacts teaching strategies, and measures learning. discus  4. Client advocate A client advocate acts to protect the client. In this role the nurse may represent the client's needs and wishes to other health professionals, such as relaying the client's wishes for information to the physician. They also assist clients in exercising their rights and help them speak up for themselves. discus 5. Counselor Counseling is the process of helping a client to recognize and cope with stressful psychological or social problems, to develop improved interpersonal relationships, and to promote personal growth. It involves providing emotional, intellectual, and psychological support. discus  6. Change agent The nurse acts as a change agent when assisting clients, to make modifications in their behavior. Nurses also often act to make changes in a system, such as clinical care, if it is not helping a client return to health. Nurses are continually dealing with change in the health care system. discus  7. Leader A leader influences others to work together to accomplish a specific goal. The leader role can be employed at different levels: individual client, family, groups of clients, colleagues, or the community. discus  8. Manager The nurse manages the nursing care of individuals, families, and communities. The nurse manager also delegates nursing activities to other nurses, and supervises and evaluates their performance.  Managing requires knowledge about organizational structure and dynamics, authority and accountability, leadership, delegation and supervision and evaluation. discus  9. Case manager Nurses case managers work with the multidisciplinary health care team to measure the effectiveness of the case management plan and to monitor outcomes. Each agency or unit specifies the role of the nurse case manager. discus 10. Research consumer Nurses often use research to improve client care. In a clinical area, nurses need to: Awareness of the process and language of research. Be sensitive to rights of human subjects. Identification of significant researchable problems. Be a discriminating consumer of research  findings. discus  Expanded role of the NURSE  Clinical specialists  Nurse practitioner  Nurse midwife  Nurse anesthetists  Nurse educator  Nurse entrepreneur  Nurse administrator etc…  Criteria of a profession Profession defined as an occupation that requires extensive education or calling that requires special knowledge, skill, and preparation. A profession is generally distinguished from other kinds of occupations by:  Criteria of a profession Cont. of prolonged, specialized training to 1.Its requirement acquire a body of knowledge 2.An orientation of the individual toward service, either to a community or to an organization. 3.Ongoing research 4.Code of ethics. 5.Autonomy. 6.Professional organization  Two terms related to profession need to be differentiated Professionalism Refers to professional character, spirit, or methods. It is a set of attributes, a way of life that implies responsibility and commitment. Professionalization Is the process of becoming professional, that is, of acquiring characteristics considered to be professional. :Factors Influencing Contemporary Nursing Practice Economics Consumer Demands Family Structure Science and Technology Information and Telecommunications Legislation Demography Science and Technology: Advance in science and technology affect nursing practice.  Information and Telecommunications The information Internet has already impacted health care, with more and more clients becoming well informed about their health concerns. Digital technologies refer to electronic tools, systems, devices, and resources that generate, store, process, and/or transmit data. These range from equipment such as computers and smartphones to intangible products such as software, web-based platforms, and algorithms, e.g. Artificial Intelligence. 66  IMAGE OF NURSING Humanity first….Everything next……