Fundamentals Of Nursing 1st Lecture PDF

Fundamentals of Nursing 1st Lecture Dr. Motasem AlDaieflih RN, MSN, PhD 2024/2025  Historical Perspective (Beginning of Civilization) Theory of Animism: Belief that good and evil spirits bring health or illness. Bel...

Fundamentals of Nursing 1st Lecture Dr. Motasem AlDaieflih RN, MSN, PhD 2024/2025  Historical Perspective (Beginning of Civilization) Theory of Animism: Belief that good and evil spirits bring health or illness. Belief that illness is caused by sin and gods’ displeasure. Temples were centers of medical care. Priest as physician. Nurse viewed as slave carrying out menial tasks ordered by priests. Physician as medicine man. Nurse portrayed as woman caring for family (nurturing role)  Historical Perspective (16th Century) Focus on religion replaced by focus on warfare. Exploration and expansion of knowledge. Shortage of nurses: criminals recruited. Nursing considered disreputable.  Historical Perspective (18th –19th Century) Hospital schools organized. Female nurses under control of male hospital administrators and physicians. Male dominance of health care. Nursing becomes respected occupation. Modern methods in nursing education founded.  Historical Perspective ( World War II) Explosion of knowledge in medicine and technology Efforts to upgrade nursing education Women more assertive and independent  Historical Perspective (1950’s to Present) Varied healthcare settings developed. Nursing broadened in all areas. Growth of nursing as a profession.  Nursing Leaders Florence Nightingale (1820- 1910):  Florence Nightingale is considered the founder of modern nursing. She became a nurse over the objections of society and her family. She advocated that nurses provide clean surroundings with fresh air and light to improve the quality of care. Nightingale believed that nurses should be formally educated and should function as client advocates.  Florence Nightingale Believed nursing is separate and distinct from medicine. Recognized nutrition as important to health. Maintained accurate records/beginning of nursing research. Identified personal needs of patient and role of nurse in meeting them (individualized care).  Nursing Leaders Clara Barton (1812-1956)  Clara Barton She was school teacher who volunteered as nurse during American civil war. She participated in establishment of American Red Cross.  Nursing Leaders Lillian wald (1867-1940):  Lillian wald Is considered the founder of public health nursing. She was the first who offered trained nursing services to the poor.  Nursing Leaders Laviana dock (1858-1956)  Laviana dock She participated in protest movements for women’s rights, which granted women the right to vote. Her campaigned for legislation to allow nurses rather than physicians to control their profession.  Definitions of Nursing According to Florence Nightingale (1860), nursing “ is the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery”. According to Virginia Henderson ( 1966), “the function of nursing is to assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery”  Definitions of Nursing According to American Nursing Association (ANA) “ Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human response to actual and potential health problems ”  Characteristics of Nursing Nursing is caring. Nursing is an art. Nursing is a science. Nursing is holistic. Nursing is client centered. Nursing is adaptive. Nursing is helping profession.  Recipients of Nursing Consumer : is an individual, a group of people, or a community that uses a service. Patient: is a person who is waiting for or undergoing medical treatment and care. Client: is a person who engages the advice or services of another who is qualified to provide this service  Scope of nursing Nurses provide care for three types of clients: - Individuals. - Families. - Communities. Nursing Practice involves four areas: - Promoting health and wellness. - Preventing illness. - Restoring health. - Care of the dying.  Promoting health and wellness Nurses encourage a clients to engage in activities that enhance quality of life and healthy life-styles. Examples: - Improving good appropriate nutrition. - Exercise. - Restricting smoking. - Reduction of body weight. - preventing accidents and injuries.  Preventing illness Marinating a healthy status by preventing illness. Examples: - Immunizations. - Educational programs ( such as prenatal care)  Restoring health Focus of individual with illnesses and range from early detection to rehabilitation and teaching during recovery. Examples: - Direct care ( treatment, medication, baths). - Performing diagnostic measurement( Blood pressure, blood glucose). - Teaching patients about recovery activities.  Settings of nursing In the past, the acute care hospital was the only practice setting. Today nurses works in hospitals, client’s home, community agencies, education settings, schools, mental health…..etc.  Roles and functions of the Nurses Caregiver: include activities that assist the client physically and psychologically. Teacher: The nurse helps the clients learn about their health and health care procedures they need to perform or restore or maintain their health. Counselor: The nurse help the client to recognize and cope with stressful psychological or social problems.  Roles and functions of the Nurses Client Advocate: The nurse acts to protect the clients. “ If a nurse observes a practice or procedure she believes to be wrong, advocating for her patient demands she speak out even if that practice was carried out by her superior” Leader : The nurse influence others to work together to accomplish a specific goals. Manager: The nurse delegates nursing activities other nurses, and supervises and evaluates their performance.  Roles and functions of the Nurses Researcher and Research Consumer. Communicator: The nurse support the client through health team and support people in community.  Professionalization Profession: an occupation that requires extensive education, special knowledge, skill, and preparation. Professionalization: is the process of becoming professional.  Criteria of a Profession Specialized education. Body of knowledge. Ongoing research. Code of ethics. Autonomy: is a state of independent and self directed with out any control from out side. Professional organization.  Concept of Health There is no consensus about an definition of health. According to Nightingale (1969), health is “ a state of being well and using every power the individual possesses to the fullest extent”. According to WHO (1948), health is “ state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely absence of disease”  Components of Wellness Physical : The ability to carry out daily tasks, achieve fitness, maintain adequate nutrition, avoid abusing drugs and alcohol. Social: The ability to interact successfully with people and within the environment of which each person is a part. Emotional: The ability to manage stress and to express emotions appropriately.  Components of Wellness Intellectual: The ability to learn and use information effectively for personal family and career development. Spiritual: The belief in some force that serves to unite human beings and provide meaning and purpose to the life. Occupational: The ability to achieve a balance between work and leisure time. Environmental: The ability to promote health measures that improve the standards of living and quality of life.  Concept of illness Illness: is highly personal state in which the person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental functioning is diminished. Disease: is an alteration in body functions resulting in a reduction of capacities or shortening of life-span. Etiology : is the causation of illness.  Illness Acute illness: characterized by severe symptom with short duration. Chronic illness: characterized by symptoms that last for extended period ( more than 6 months). Remission: when symptoms disappear. Exacerbation: when symptoms reappear. Thank You