Introduction to History Notes PDF

CHAPTER 1 other fields of the Social Sciences such as Anthropology, Sociology Economics etc. INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY HISTORY ILLUMINATES PIECES OF THE...

CHAPTER 1 other fields of the Social Sciences such as Anthropology, Sociology Economics etc. INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY HISTORY ILLUMINATES PIECES OF THE PAST IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY OF HISTORY  History provides for explanations of things that happened in the past. By looking at  The study of History is important because it relationships of different events and provides us with the capacity to analyze phenomena, it provides explanations for previous events and phenomena which seemingly unexplainable gaps. therefore will provide us with proper basis on how to view the present and the future. This HISTORY IS CONSTANTLY CHANGING being the case history will provide is with a strong basis for providing answers for HISTORY problems that pervades at present  Since claims to historical facts are ETYMOLOGY AND DEFINITION based on personal accounts, documents and artifacts, a historian makes an analysis based only on available  History (from the Greek word Historie or sources of data. The historian cannot Historia which means “learning, inquiry and or investigation”) is a branch of the Social conclude something which is baseless. Sciences that deals with the systematic study of significant past, a branch of knowledge HISTORY SHEDS LIGHT TO TRUTH that records and explains past events and which concerns people and human nature.  Since a historian constantly write about previous phenomena using HISTORIOGRAPHY historical sources as basis, all claims therefore supports only the truth base  Historiography on the other hand refers to the on the data available. This however study of history itself. Historiography does not preclude the fact that a analyzes who is the history writer, the historian uses also unwritten sources motives of the writer, the sources of the such as oral accounts and traditions. writer, theories applied and other historical methods. It also analyzes the context when According to E. Kent Rogers, we study the history was written. History because of the following: ELEMENTS OF HISTORY  First, “to know more about the roots 1. The Historian- This refers to the person of our current culture”. This being the writing the history. case history will provide us with the 2. Place- The location where the history was basis by which we can understand written better different cultural institutions 3. Period- Refers to the context of the time and constructs. Second, “to learn when the history was written 4. Sources- Refers to the basis of claims or about human nature by looking at analysis of the historian such as documents, trends that repeat through history” written or oral accounts. and “learn about mistakes of those who have gone before us”. History deals with analysis therefore, by studying different trends that NATURE OF HISTORY AS AN happened before this could provide us ACADEMIC with a clear analysis of causes of events that happened.  The subject matter of history covers all the persons and all events that have happened in the past. SOURCES OF HISTORY (PRIMARY, SECONDARY, AND TERTIARY HISTORY SYNTHESIZES KNOWLEDGE SOURCES) FROM OTHERS FIELDS PRIMARY SOURCEP  Since it covers all phenomena, History as a branch of the Social Sciences analyzes the  A primary source provides direct or relations of different events, their cause and firsthand evidence about an event, effects using also the knowledge used in object, person, or work of art. These are the evidences by eyewitnesses or  created by people who experienced objects, oral histories, computer tapes, and the said event or phenomena video and audio cassettes.  Eyewitness accounts GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS  Pieces of creative writing Government documents provide evidence of  Speeches, and art objects activities, functions, and policies at all  Results of experiments government levels.  Historical and legal documents SERIALS- Journals, magazines, and  Audio and video recordings newspapers are serial publications that are published on an ongoing basis VISUAL AND AUDIO MATERIALS - Visual materials such as maps, photographs, prints, graphic arts, and original art forms can provide insights into how people viewed SECONDARY SOURCE and/or were viewed the world in which they existed.  Secondary sources, on the other hand, are interpretatEions of history They BOOKS- Most books are secondary sources, describe, discuss, interpret, comment where authors reference primary source upon, analyze, evaluate, summarize, materials and add their own analysis. “The and process primary sources. These First Filipino” by Leon Ma. Guerrero is a are the products of people or writers biography of Jose Rizal. If you are who were not part of the event or researching Jose Rizal, this book would be a phenomena. secondary source because the author is  Movies offering his views about the hero.  Articles found in scholarly journals that discuss or HISTORICAL CRITICISM evaluate someone else's original research  Historian’s duty is to check on the authenticity of the sources that are  Book or movie reviews  Articles in news paper presented to him to be used as basis in  Popular magazines writing history. Sources have to undergo doubting and therefore should be critically tested for validity TERTIARY SOURCE. There are two kinds of criticisms that a historian can use in the process ;  Others cite another classification, the these are External and Internal Tertiary Sources. Tertiary sources Criticisms. contain information that has been compiled from primary and EXTERNAL CRISTISM secondary sources.  The ‘External Criticism’ covers the  Chronologies physical examinations of sources like  Encyclopedias documents, manuscripts, books,  Manuals pamphlets, maps, inscriptions and  Dictionaries monuments. In original documents it  Guidebooks includes looking at the paper and ink  Textbooks used whether or not it is within the same circa as the content of the work. TYPES OF HISTORICAL SOURCES Following are the elements that have to be Historians can get his sources, primary or taken into consideration in doing secondary, from the following: validation: ARCHIVAL MATERIAL- Includes diaries AUTHORSHIP and journals, legal and financial documents, photographs, maps, architectural drawings,   The name of the author of the REINTERPRETATION OF document usually provides credence HISTORICAL FACTS AND EVENTS in the establishment of validity of a certain document.  Historical Revisionism is a practice in writing history in which historians TEXTUAL ERRORS reinterpret views of causes and effects, decisions, explanations and  The historian should always be in the evidence. lookout for errors in the text of documents and manuscripts. REWRITING HISTORY IN THE FILIPINO POINT OF DATE AND PLACE OF PUBLICATION  The biggest problem that was raised  The date of the document including is the fact that writers were foreigners the time and place of publication therefore Philippine history was should be properly analyzed in order mostly written in a foreigner’s point to establish its authenticity. of view and not on the point of view of the Filipinos. MEANING OF WORDS USED CORRECING THE ERORS OF  The meaning of words used usually PULISHED HISTORICAL WORK changes, therefore the historian have to interpret the words used based on  Since most of the primary sources the time when the document was were written in foreign language, made. errors in translation have happened and have affected much the writing of INTERNAL CRITICISM history. There was therefore the need to correct errors in publication  Positive criticism refers to understanding of both literal and real FILLING THE GAPS IN PHILIPPINE meaning of words. A historian therefore must be able to analyze and  there were very few anthropologists interpret the contents of documents in and archaeologist in the Philippines their real meaning. Document hence there are still gaps in some contains the idea of the person who account or parts of the Philippine wrote or made the evidences, history. therefore they should be understood within that context History as a western concept and Kasaysayan as a Filipino concept NOTE! HISTORY AS A WESTERN CONCEPT  Historians should refrain from making their own conclusions so as o History is a western concept not to convey their own interpretation introduced by our colonizers, rather than the true meaning of the particularly by the Spaniards. content. One important characteristic o Historia became known as the that a historian should possess is the account of the pat of a group of people capacity to doubt all documents and through written documents and facts when these are not yet subjected historical evidence. to authentication. The historian o History accounts only recorded past.. should question the motive of the that means it is only for those who can writer and question the accuracy of write, those who are educated. the document. o From the very word “history”, Filipino historians noticed it being CHAPTER 2 gender-biased towards male ISSUES & PROBLEMS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY  Zeus Salazar’s Pantayong Pananaw and other Pananaw Pangkasaysayan KASAYSAYAN AS A FILIPINO CONCEPT PANTAYONG PANANAW o History is a western concept o Only few of our historical introduced by our colonizers, documents are written in Filipino particularly by the Spaniards. or native language. o Kasaysayan, unlike history, is not o They wrote for foreigners to only bound by written documents but understand our history but not for as well as oral traditions. their fellow Filipino who mostly o As to the inclusivity of the concept of do not understand the medium kasaysayan, it advocates the that they used. philosophy of “People’s History” or “Ang buod ng pantayong pananaw ay nasa “History from Below”. panloob na pagkakaugnay-ugnay at paguugnay ng Bipartite View vis-à-vis Tripartite View of mga katangian, halagahin, kaalaman, Philippine History karunungan, hangarin, kaugalian, pag-aasal at karanasan BIPARTILE VIEW OF PHILLIPINE ng isang kabuuang pangkalinangan -- HISTORY kabuuang nababalot sa, at ipinapahayag sa pamamagitan o Spaniards made us believe that there ng isang wika; ibig sabihin, sa loob ng isang was no civilization in Philippines. nagsasariling talastasan/diskursong o Philippine History can be only pangkalinangan viewed into two epochs: “Pre- o pangkabihasnan. Isang reyalidad ito sa loob Hispanic period” and “Hispanic ng alin mang grupong etnolingguwistikong period”. may o The Bipartite View of Philippine kabuuan at kakanyahan, sa atin at sa ibang History made us think that we owe dako man ng mundo.” – Zeus Salazar our civilization to the Spaniards. As a o Through the guiding philosophy of metaphor to this view, the Pantayong Pananaw, Philippine Katipuneros illustrated this view as historiography will be seen from “dilim-liwanag”. point of view of Filipinos and o Dilim means darkness and liwanag addressed directly to the Filipinos. means light.  PANGKAMING PANANAW TRIPARTITE VIEW OF PHILLIPINE Historical perspective in which HISTORY Philippine history is written by Filipinos in foreign language and  The educated Filipinos during the intended for to be read by foreigners Spanish era, known as the ilustrados to understand our history in our point cannot accept the bipartite view of of view. Philippine history presented by the Spaniards.  PANSILANG PANANAW o The Katipuneros adopted this Historical perspective in which historical framework and used Philippine history is written by “liwanag-dilim-liwanag” as a foreigner in a foreign language as metaphor. well but it is meant to be addressed or directed to Filipinos as audience. o The pre-colonial being “liwanag” since it was a great of civilization and  PANGKAYONG PANANAW identity for the Filipinos. Historical perspective in which o The colonial period being “dilim” Philippine history is written by since it was an epoch of abuse of foreigner in a foreign language as power and lost of Filipino identity. well but it is meant to be addressed or directed to Filipinos as audience. READING 1, 2, 2 THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD AND THE CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOG Who is the Author of The First Voyage Around the World? a. Ferdinand Magellan b. Enrique de Malacca c. Antonio Pigafetta d. Juan de Placensia  Pigafetta was born into a wealthy Vicenza family, and studied navigation among other things. He served on board the galleys of the Knights of Rhodes, and accompanied the papal nuncio, Monsignor Chieregati, to Spain. Later, he joined the Portuguese captain Ferdinand Magellan and his Spanish crew on their trip to the Maluku Islands.  While in the Philippines Magellan was killed, and Pigafetta was injured. Nevertheless, he recovered and was among only 18 of Magellan’s original crew who, having completed the first circumnavigation of the world, returned to Spain on board another vessel, the Victoria. Most importantly, [Pigafetta] kept a journal of his voyage, and this is a key source for information about Magellan’s famous journey. THREE MAJOR REASONS: 1. Economic 2. Political 3. Religion WHY DO EUROPEANS NEED SPICES? a. Used as preservatives b. Enhanced the taste of the food c. For medical purposes d. All of the above Two routes that Europeans used to travel in trading from Western to East Indies  SILK  Pope Alexander VI, was the Pope at the time of the treaty. He drew an imaginary line 2,193 km to the west of the Cape Verde Islands, gave Portugal the land to the east of this line, and gave Spain the land to the west of this line. ARAB-ITALIAN ROUTE PORTUGALS MONOPOLIZED THE SPICE According to the Europeans, what Island in the East Indies has the most abundance in  The first country to discover a route from East Indies terms of spices? a. Moluccas  Prince Henry- maritime school b. Zamar c. China  Put up a maritime school that trained d. Mar Pacifica sailors who would later discover an eastern route to Spice Island (Moluccas Island) and other island in Southeast Asia via Atlantic and FIVES SHIPS THAT MAGELLAN USED Indian Ocean Magellan's five ships were:  Portugal – Africa- Asia - Cape of Good Hope (Africa)  TRINIDAD- the flagship FERDINAND MAGELLAN  a Portuguese explorer who organized commanded by Magellan the Spanish expedition to the East  SAN ANTONIO- which left the Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in expedition after a mutiny the first circumnavigation of the  CONCEPTION- which was Earth, completed by Juan Sebastián Elcano. abandoned and burned after Magellan's death  One of his main objectives was to  SANTIAGO- which was wrecked search for a new maritime path to the in a storm Spice Islands that would not violate  VICTORIA- the only ship that Spain’s Treaty with Portugal (Treaty completed the circumnavigation of Tordesillas).  Spain – Atlantic Ocean- South America (Strait of Magellan )– Pacific Ocean - -Islas de los Ladrones (Mariana Island)- Samar And what is the only ship who returned to Spain? The Victoria WHAT IS TREATY OF TORDESILLAS  treaty between Portugal and Spain in 1494 in which they decided to divide up all the land in the Americas between the two of them, no matter who was already living there.   Since Magellan and his crew crossed the International Dateline, there is one day added to the original dates that Antonio Pigafetta wrote in his book.  Enrique of Malacca served as the translator and slave for Magellan. TIMELINE OF MAGELLAN IN THE  King Charles V provided Magellan PHILIPPINES and his troops five ships which are- Trinidad (55 ) under Magellan’s MARCH 16, 1521 command, San Antonio (60)  They arrived in Zamal (Samar) commanded by Juan de Cartagena,  The island was called Humunu Concepcion (45) commanded by (Homonhon) Quesada, Santiago (32) commanded  Magellan and his men called it by Juan Rodriguez Serrano, and Acquada da li buoni Segnialli (The Victoria (43) commanded by Watering-place of Good Signs) Mendoza which carries the supplies  There are many islands in the district, provisions. and therefore they called it Archipelago of San Lazaro (Sunday of St. Lazarus) APRIL 1, 1521 Magellan’s Voyage  The first mass in the Philippines was held in Mazua (Limasawa)  It was attended by Magellan, Raia Colambu (Raja Kolambu), Raia Siaui (Raja Siagu), Spanish voyagers and the local islanders APRIL 8  Magellan and his men entered the port of Zubu (Cebu)  Initially, Magellan and his men encountered some struggle when first entering the port of Zubu  The “King” of Zubu wanted Magellan and his men to pay tribute to them but Magellan refused and told the translator that they were working for the King of Spain and threatens him with war. APRIL 14, 1521  A mass was held with Raia Humabon and his people attending the ceremony  Almost 800 locals were baptized  Pigafetta showed the Queen an image  At the end of the Voyage, of our Lady, a very beautiful wooden Antonio Pigafetta was on board the child Jesus, and a cross Victoria- the only ship that was  She asked for the little child Jesus to able to return to Spain keep in place of her idols and this image of child Jesus is now known as  His original diary was lost the Sto. Nino found in Cebu. and it is not known in what language it was written. Survives in four manuscript versions, one in Italian and three in French. Reminder:   It showed the reaction of the natives when they first met the Spaniards. THE CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOG APRIL 26, 1521  According to Zula, the chief of Matan Cilapulapu refused to obey the King What is the historical context of Placencia’s of Spain Customs of the Tagalogs?  Cilapulapu did not want to pay  The author, Juan de Plasencia was, in Magellan and his men the goat that the first place, not a native Tagalog they were promised but a Franciscan missionary who first arrived in the Philippines in 1577. He  Magellan was not please since they went to Matan to garner food for their was tasked by the King of Spain to expedition document the customs and traditions of the colonized (“natives”) based on, APRIL 27, 1521 arguably, his own observations and judgments  Magellan and his crew, together with some of Raja Humabon’s men, reached Matan three hours before dawn  Magellan died during the battle Friar of the Franciscan Order in the Philippines  He spent most of his missionary life in the Philippines, where he founded JUAN SEBASTIAN ELCANO numerous towns in Luzon and authored several religious and  May 2, 1521 – they abandoned and linguistic books, most notably the burned the ship Concepcion, the fleet Doctrina Cristiana (Christian reduced to Victoria and Trinidad fled Doctrine), the first book ever printed westward to Palawan. in the Philippines  June 21, 1521 – left Palawan and sailed to Boneo and eventually  He is believed to have arrived to the reached Moluccas Island. Philippines in 1578, after a stopover  December 18, 1521 – they left in Mexico. As soon as he arrived, he Moluccas Island for Spain. joined forces with another  Trinidad sprang a leak and unable to missionary, Fray Diego de Oropesa, repair, was abandoned. and they both started preaching  September 6, 1522 – the Ship around Laguna de Bay and Tayabas, Victoria retuned to Spain after Quezon, in Quezon Province, where crossing the Indian and Atlantic he founded several towns. Ocean. RELEVANCE  As a friar, Juan de Plasencia lived up to his pledge, leading a lifestyle  Enriched Philippine historiography devoid of any luxury and in constant because it contains important details contact with the people he was trying about the Visayan Islands in the 16th to convert to Christianity. He was century. also known to be a defender of the  The prominent leaders were native population, looking after the identifies, economic activities, social poor, ill, or neglected, and standing and cultural practices, and religious up for their rights on numerous beliefs. occasions  It is the main historical information  He was also very keen on creating about the beginning of Christianity in primary schools, and requested the Philippines. official sanction for the creation of educational centers where "Filipinos  could not only learn Christian  Description of early Filipinos doctrine, but also reading and  Customs and traditions and etc. writing, and some arts and crafts, so DATO(DATU) they would become after, not only good Christians but also useful citizens", an initiative that was approved by Domingo de Salazar, the first Bishop of the See of Manila (1512–1594).  During the following years they are Governs the barangay and captain of also credited with the foundation of a wars. large number of towns in the  Obeyed and revered by the members provinces of Bulacan, Laguna and of the barangay. Rizal, such as Tayabas, Caliraya,  Create and execute laws. Lucban, Mahjayjay, Nagcarlan, MAHARLIKA Lilio(Liliw), Pila, Santa Cruz, Lumban, Pangil, Siniloan, Morong, Antipolo, Taytay, and Meycauayan  As a friar, Juan de Plasencia lived up to his pledge, leading a lifestyle devoid of any luxury and in constant contact with the people he was trying  They do not pay taxes to convert to Christianity. He was  Freeborn also known to be a defender of the  Must accompany the Datu in war, at native population, looking after the their own expense, but divide the poor, ill, or neglected, and standing spoils. up for their rights on numerous occasions.  In the language more common in ALIPINING NAMAMAHAY these Islands, I have written some works like the "Arte de la lengua tagala" and "Declaracion de toda la doctrina Cristiana," and now I am writing the "Vocabulario." These are very necessary for all the ministers if they would only be printed. It would be particularly favorable if Your  Lower ranking than the Maharlika Majesty would send me a "cedula" so  Also called Aliping namamahay. they could be sent for printing in  Everyday folks, forming the majority Mexico at the expense of His Real of the population. Hacienda. It would be of great use for  They pay taxes and served the Datu these souls." as well as the Maharlikas.  They live in their own houses, and are lords of their property and gold. What is the first Book printed in the  They are allowed to earn money but Philippines? have to surrender a percentage of Doctrina Christiana earnings to their masters.  They cannot be slaves nor either The Customs of the Tagalogs parents nor children can be sold.  They cannot be taken away from their  It provide insights in the early life of own village and be carried with the the Filipinos, it include/s: master who is going to dwell to  Forms of Governments another village.  Classes of the Filipinos ALIPINING SANGUIGUILIR  Marriage and children  Dowries  Gods and Deties  a woman of another village, the children were divided equally to two barangays. DOWRIES  Could not own anything.  Dowries are given by men to  Usually captives of war or sentenced women’s parents. criminal.  If the women’s parents are living,  Could be bought or sold at will. they will enjoy the use of it. At their  Couldn’t enter into a contract or death, provided the dowry has not marriage. been consumed, it is divided like the  Used in sacrificial ceremonies and rest of the estate, equally among the could be buried alive upon the death children. of their masters, to continue serving  If the wife, at the time of her marriage them in the after life. has neither father, mother, nor grandparents, she enjoys her dowry.  In case of a divorce before the birth of children, if the wife left the husband to marry another, all her MARRIAGE AND CHILDREN dowry and an equal additional  Those who are maharlikas on both amount goes to the husband; but if father’s and mother’s side continue to she left him, and did not marry be so forever; if it happens they another, the dowry is returned. should be slaves, it is through  When the husband left his wife, he marriage. lost half of the dowry, and the other  If maharlikas (men) had children half is returned to him. among their slaves, the children and  If the husband possessed children at their mothers became free. the time of his divorce, the whole  If a slave-woman is pregnant, she is dowry and fine will be given to the compelled to give her master half of children, and held for them by their the gold tael because of her risk of grandparents or other responsible death, and for her inability to work relatives. during pregnancy.  There are fine stipulated in the  If two persons married, of whom one contract, that he who violates it shall was a maharlika and the other a slave, pay a certain sum which varies whether namamahay or sagigilid, the according to the practice of the children were divided; first, whether village and the affluence of the male or female belonged to the individual father, as did the third and fifth; and  If upon the death of the parents, the the second, fourth, and the sixth fell son or daughter should be unwilling to the mother. to marry because it was arranged by  In this manner if the father were free, his or her parents, the dowry which all those belonged to him were free; the parents received is returned if he were a slave all those who nothing more. belonged to him were slaves; and  If the parents are living, they pay a same applied to mother. fine, because it was assumed that is  Maharlikas could not, after marriage was their design to separate the move from one village to another, children. without paying a certain fine of gold, as arranged among them. LAWS AND PUNISHMENT  This fine is larger or smaller  Investigations made and sentences according to the inclination of the passed by the datu must take place in different villages, running from one the presence of those in his barangay. to three taels and banquet to the entire  If any of the litigants (being sued) felt barangay. himself aggrieved, an arbiter (judge)  Failure to pay the fine might result in is unanimously selected from another a war between the barangay where village. the person left and one which he  A man of low birth who insulted the entered. daughter or wife of the Datu will be  This applied equally to men and condemned to death. women except that when one married  Witches were killed, and their children and accomplices becomes slaves of the Datu.  All other offenses were punished by fines in gold, which id not paid in promptness, expose the culprit to serve until the payment should be made. WORKSHIP OF THE TAGALOGS  Pandot - a celebration of festival or worship which is held at the large house of the Datu.  Sibi - a temporary shed to shelter the people during worship.  Sorohile – small lamps to illuminate the sibi during worship.  Naagnitos – the act of worshipping ANCIENT TAGALOG COUNTERPART that unites the whole barangay and OF HELL families.  At the center of the house, worshippers place one large lamp adorned with leaves of white palm wrought into many designs.  They also bought together many drums, large and small which they beat successively during the feast, which usually lasted for four days. TAGALOG GODS AND DETIES 1. BATHALA- all powerful, maker of all things 2. MAYARI (MOON))- especially when it was new which they had great rejoicing, adoring it and bidding its welcome. 3. APOLAKI- Sun was also worshipped and 1. SITAN- The guardian of Kasamaan and is being accounted for its beauty, and it is the keeper of all souls therein. In a 1589 universally respected and honored record, Sitan and Bathala is said to have once 4. TALA- the morning star waged a war with each other to determine 5. MAPOLON- the God of season, medicine who should rule the realms intended for and health ancestral souls. 6. DIAN MASALANTSA- goddess of love, 2. CATOLONANone of the priestess of the conception and childbirth and the protector devil of lovers. 3. MANISILAT OR MANSISILAT- she 7. LACAPATI- identified as the most was tasked to destroy and break very happy important fertility deity. The goddess of and united family. cultivated land 4. MANGANGAUAY- witches who 8. BALANCE- The greater Bear pretends to heal the sick 9. LIC-HA- images with different shapes, 5.SILANGAN - if they saw anyone clothed sometimes worshipped with little importance in white, it will tear out his liver and eat it. 10. IDIANALE- the goddess of labor and 6. MANCOCOLAM - the only male agent good deeds. of Sitan, he was to emit fire at night and Note: Tagalog deties are fluied genders, when there was bad weather, hence he is she was also known as a female deity of referred to as fire god. Fire caused during bad animal husbandry, and a male deity of weather are associated with him or Kidlat. agriculture. Deity of craftmanship 7. HOCLOBAN - could change herself into any form she desired. She can kill or make TAGALOG GODS AND DETIES people unconscious simply by greeting them. She could also kill someone by simply raising her hand and could heal without any difficulty as she wished. 8. MAGTATANGAL- shows himself at  The two principal aims of the KKK as night to may persons without his head or gathered from the writings of entrails. Bonifacio: 9. OSUANG - a flying creature that murders  UNITY OF THE FILIPINO men and eat their flesh  SEPARATION FROM SPAIN 10. MANGAGAYOMA - they made charms THROUGH REVOLUTION out of herbs, stones and woods, which infuse the heart with love. July 7, 1892 PANATAHOJAN - predicts the future  Bonifacio and his friends met secretly 13. BAYOGUIN- a cotquean (masculine at Deodato Arellano’s house at no.72 woman), a man whose nature inclined Azcarraga Street (now Claro M. toward that of a woman. Recto) near Elcano Street in Tondo Manila. DEATH July 7, 1892  MACA- a place of another life of  They decided to form a secret rest. The paradise or village of rest. revolutionary society called Those who go to this place are the Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang just, the valiant, and those who lived Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan without doing harm, or who (KKK) or Katipunan, dedicated possessed moral virtues. through national independence  CASANAAN - place of punishment, through armed revolution. grief, and affliction. Which is also TRIANGLE METHOD called plase of anguish  mode of recruiting members.  VIBIT- ghost  TIGBALANG - phantoms  PATIANAC- the lament, which can KATIPUNAN MEMBERSHIP be heard at night, of a woman died  The recruitment process of the during childbirth. She and her child Katipunan followed Masonic suffered punishment initiation rites. RELEVANCE  The new members of the society  Disapproves the claim of some were indoctrinated with the Spaniards that when they arrived in Katipunan rules an Its teachings the Philippines, Filipinos were still that emphasized the value of love uncivilized and lacking culture. of one’s country and fellow  Filipinos were already politically and Filipinos. economically organized.  New members performs the  Filipinos has a functioning ancient blood compact, and government, tax system, set of laws, signed their membership papers criminal justice system, indigenous with their own blood. calendar, and long- standing customs Payment of Entrance Fee and traditions. - Real Fuerte (25centavos)  They had the concept of supreme Monthly Due being called Bathala, practicd burial - Media Real (about 12centavos) customs and believed in life after death.  Katipunan was a government itself  People then were already wearing with a constitution promulgated in garments and gold ornaments, and 1892, and another constitution their houses were decorated with replacing the first one in 1894.  Kataastaasang Sanggunian CHAPTER 5 (Supreme Council)- central government  Sagguniang Bayan (Provincial Council)- province  Council) THREE GRADE MEMBERS OF THE KKK OR KATIPUNAN KATIPUNAN  The Kataastaasan, KATIPUN(associate) Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng -Anak ng Bayan mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) or -Wore a black mask during meetings Katipunan is arguably the most KAWAL (soldier) important organization formed in the -GomBurZa Philippine history. -Wore a green mask during meetings BAYANI (patriot) of the Katipunan, which was called -Rizal Kartilya ng Katipunan. -Wore a red mask during meetings  When the leader of the Katipunan passed away, Emilio continued to carry out the wishes of Bonifacio. The During the first election, the following Katipunan at this time had many officers of the Supreme Council were factions and not all of them operated chosen: in the same way in their efforts to gain President- Deodato Arellano their independence from Spain. As Comptroller- Andres Bonifacio with his predecessor before him, Fiscal- Ladislao Diwa Jacinto refused to join with these Secretary- Teodoro Plata factions who had different views. Tresurer- Valentin Diaz This included refusing to join the Magdalo faction of the Katipunan  In 1895, Andres Bonifacio was under the leadership of Emilio elected Supremo (President) Aguinaldo KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN  These teachings are expected from WRITTEN BY EMILLIO AGUINALDO the members even after the attainment  It was penned by Emilio Jacinto of freedom from the colonizers. (Pingkian), the greatest writer of the  The teachings are followed by a form Katipunan. to be filled out with name, hometown,  It was printed as a small pamphlet that age, occupation, status, and address. was distributed to the members of the Katipunan. TO THOSE WHO WANT TO JOIN  Serves as a primer as the primary ASSOCIATION lessons for the members of the  In order that all who want to enter this Katipunan. Association may have a full  Emilio attended the San Juan de understanding and knowledge of its Latran College when he first guiding principles and main embarked on his college career. teachings, it is necessary to make However, he later attended the these things known to them so that University of San Tomas in order to they will not, tomorrow or the next study law. Emilio left college before day, repent, and so that they may completing his law degree. perform their duties wholeheartedly.  After dropping out of college at the (*The word Tagalog means all those born in age of 20, Emilio joined the this Archipelago; even a person who is a Katipunan, a secret revolutionary Visayan, Ilocano, or Kapampangan, etc. is society. This was a group whose therefore a Tagalog too.) objective was to gain Philippine independence from Spain in 1892.  One of the foremost rules here is true love of the native land and genuine  Jacinto became the secretary, directly compassion for one another. reporting to the leader of the  Poor, rich, ignorant, wise – here, all are Katipunan. He also became the chief advisor on fiscal matters concerning equal and true brethren. this secret society. In addition to these  As soon as anybody enters here, he shall duties, Emilio also wrote the society’s perforce renounce disorderly habits and newspaper, the Kalayaan. shall submit to the authority of the sacred commands of the Katipunan.  Emilio was given a new name when  All acts contrary to noble and clean he was part of this group. To the living are repugnant here, and hence the Katipunan, he was often referred to as life of anyone who wants to affiliate with Utak ng Katipunan. However, he this Association will be submitted to a wrote under the pseudonym searching investigation. Dimasailaw when writing for the  If the applicant merely wishes to know newspaper and he was more the secrets of the Association, or to seek commonly referred to in the group as personal gratification, or to know who is Pingkian. Jacinto was also placed in here in order to sell them for a handful of charge of writing the guidebook for silver, he cannot proceed, for here the new members and current members  many who are watching him will already 2. Ang gawang magaling na nagbubuhat sa know his intentions, and will pagpipita sa sarili, at hindi sa talagang nasang immediately have recourse to an gumawa ng kagalingan, ay di kabaitan. effective remedy, such as befits traitors.  Here, only actions are demanded and esteemed; hence anybody who is not 3. Ang tunay na kabanalan ay ang pagkakawang willing to act should not enter, no matter gawa, ang pagibig sa kapua at ang isukat ang how good a speaker he might be. bawat kilos, gawa’t pangungusap sa talagang Katuiran.  It is also announced that the duties to be performed by the members of this 4. Maitim man at maputi ang kulay ng balat, association are exceedingly hard, lahat ng tao’y magkakapantay; mangyayaring especially if one remembers that there ang isa’y higtan sa dunong, sa yaman, sa can be no dereliction or willful evasion ganda…; ngunit di mahihigtan sa pagkatao. of duty without the exaction of a terrible punishment. 5. Ang may mataas na kalooban inuuna ang puri sa pagpipita sa sarili; ang may hamak na kalooban inuuna ang pagpipita sa sarili sa puri.  If an applicant merely desires financial support relief or wants to lead a life of 6. Sa taong may hiya, salita’y panunumpa. bodily comfort and ease, he had better not proceed, for he will encounter 7. Huag mong sasayangin ang panahun; ang weighty tasks, like the protection of the yamang nawala’y magyayaring magbalik; oppressed and the relentless fight against nguni’t panahong nagdaan na’y di na muli pang all that is evil. In this way, his fate will magdadaan. be a vexatious life.  Nobody is unaware of the misfortune 8. Ipagtanggol mo ang inaapi, at kabakahin ang that threatens the Filipinos who umaapi. contemplate these things that are sacred (and even those that are not) and the 9. Ang taong matalino’y ang may pagiingat sa sufferings they are made to endure by the bawat sasabihin, at matutong ipaglihim ang reign of cruelty, injustice and evil. dapat ipaglihim.  Everybody also knows the need for money, which today is one of the main 10. Sa daang matinik ng kabuhayan, lalaki ay things upon which we depend to bring siyang patnugot ng asawa’t mga anak; kung ang sustenance to all. In this regard, the umaakay ay tungo sa sama, ang patutunguhan ng punctual payment of dues is required: iaakay ay kasamaan din. one peso upon entry and then twelve and a half centimos each month. The 11. Ang babai ay huag mong tignang isang bagay custodian of the funds will periodically na libangan lamang, kundi isang katuang at render an account to the members, and karamay sa mga kahirapan nitong kabuhayan; each member has a right to examine the gamitan mo ng buong pagpipitagan ang accounts, should he so wish. The funds kaniyang kahinaan, at alalahanin ang inang cannot be expended without the consent pinagbuhata’t nagiwi sa iyong kasangulan. of the majority.  All this must be thought over and 12. Ang di mo ibig na gawin sa asawa mo, anak deliberated upon calmly, as it cannot be at kapatid, ay huag mong gagawin sa asawa, accomplished or endured by anyone anak, at kapatid ng iba. who has no love for his native land and no genuine desire to promote progress. 13. Ang kamahalan ng tao’y wala sa pagkahari, wala sa tangus ng ilong at puti ng mukha, wala sa pagkaparing kahalili ng Dios wala sa mataas KATILYA NG KATIPUNAN na kalagayan sa balat ng lupa; wagas at tunay na 1. Ang kabuhayang hindi ginugugol sa isang mahal na tao, kahit laking gubat at walang malaki at banal na kadahilanan ay kahoy na nababatid kundi ang sariling wika, yaong may walang lilim, kundi damong makamandag. magandang asal, may isang pangungusap, may dangal at puri; yaong di napaaapi’t di nakikiapi; yaong marunong magdamdam at marunong THE RISE OF AUINALDO lumingap sa bayang tinubuan.  With the revolutionary group led by 14. Paglaganap ng mga aral na ito at maningning Emilio Aguinaldo, the province of na sumikat ang araw ng mahal na Kalayaan dito Cavite became a hotbed for the sa kaabaabang Sangkalupuan, at sabugan ng revolution. matamis niyang liwanag ang nangagkaisang  He joined the Katipunan in 1894 and magkalahi’t magkakapatid ng ligaya ng walang adopted the name Magdalo. katapusan, ang mga ginugol na buhay, pagud, at  He had strings of victories starting with mga tiniis na kahirapa’y labis nang natumbasan. the Battle of Imus. Kung lahat ng ito’y mataruk na ng nagiibig pumasuk at inaakala niyang matutupad ang mga  The Magdiwang faction, led by Mariano tutungkulin, maitatala ang kaniyang ninanasa sa Alvarez (Bonifacio’s uncle), recognize kasunod nito Bonifacio as supreme leader, being the founder. RELEVANCE  The Magdalo faction led by Baldomero Aguinaldo (Aguinaldo’s cousin)  It established the rules not only for the agitated for Aguinaldo to be the members of the Katipunan but the organization’s head because of his principles for the citizens of a nation success in the battle field, Bonifacio once independence had been achieved. meanwhile has succession of defeat.  Though written in the 19th century, the  The greatest victory of Filipino arms was Kartilya is significant to the lives of won by Aguinaldo in Binakayan, Cavite modern Filipinos as it reads like a simple (Battle of Binakayan). It fanned the creed for living in the light of the many flames of revolution and thousands of changes occurring in the present. patriots for Bataan, Mindoro, Zambales, and Ilocos joined the revolutionary ON THE PHILLIPINE REVOLUTION cause. OF 1896 AND ITS AFTERMATH HISTORICAL CONTEXT CAUSE OF PHILPINE REVOLUTION BONIFACIO-AGUINALDO RIVARLY  Abuses of the Spanish officials  In the middle of revolution, a bitter  Failure of Spain to grant reforms asked rivalry between the two leaders by the people developed.  Persecution of oppressed people  A split occurred in the ranks of the  Racial prejudice and discrimination revolutionist, the Magdiwangs and against the people the Magadalos.  Desire to regain independence which  Aguinaldo’s troops gave no help to their ancestors enjoyed. the Magdiwang, in retaliation,  The first battle of the revolution took Bonifacio’s men did not come to aid place in San Juan del Monte at the dawn when Magdalo towns were under of August 30, 1896. attack by Spanish forces.  With less than 1,000 men, Bonifacio attacked the Spanish garrison. TEJEROS CONVENTION  It is also know as the Battle of Pinaglabanan.  In order to unite the Katipunan in Cavite,  The revolution spread to several Luzon the Magdalo invited Bonifacio to come provinces nearby. This prompted to Cavite and agreed to form a Governor-General Ramon Blanco to Revolutionary Government place the first 8 provinces (Manila, (Pamahalaang Paghihimagsik) to Laguna, Bulacan, Batangas, Cavite, replace the Katipunan and continue the Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija) struggle. to revolt against Spain under Martial Law.  On March 22, 1897, a meeting was held in Tejeros that called for the election of  officers of the Revolutionary  The new Governor General Primo de Government. Rivera even declared “ I can take Bik-na-  The session opened under the presidency Bato, any army can capture it. But I of Jacinto Lumberas. After a heated cannot end the Rebellion.” discussion with the other members,  Lawyer Pedro Paterno volunteered as Bonifacio reluctantly chaired the negotiator between the two sides. After 4 election. months of negotiation, the Pact of Biak-  Bonifacio was confident that he would na-Bato was signed. be elected President, called for election  Conditions: results to be respected. The surrender of Aguinaldo and the rest of the revolutionary corps.  Amnesty for those who participated in the revolution.  Exile to Hong Kong for the revolutionary leader.  Payment by the Spanish government to the revolutionaries: 400,000 pesos upon leaving the country, 200,000 President: Emilio Aguinaldo pesos upon the declaration of Vice-President: Mariano Trias general amnesty.  Aguinaldo agreed into accord with the Spaniards, agreeing to exile in Hong Kong in exchange of 400,000 pesos. Soon as his arrival, he purchased weapons for his troops that would require to continue the struggle.  After the surrender of Aguinaldo, Captain General: Artemio Ricarte revolutionaries were forced to retreat into the mountains. Secretary of War: Emiliano Riego de Dios  The truce however only lasted for a few months before it collapsed. Having lost his leadership, Bonifacio angrily walked out of the THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY Tejeros Assembly. He defies the Revolutionary Government which  Due to the conflict between Spain and the patriots established by majority the United States, this eventually led to vote. Spanish-American war, and the arrival  Aguinaldo won the presidency of a new colonizers to the Philippines. despite of being absent in the  April 25, 1898 – Commodore Dewey assembly, and was away fighting is commander of American Aquatic Pasong Santol. Squadron, sailed for Manila with fleet of  Bonifacio defies the Revolutionary 7 ships that was based in Hong Kong. Government which the patriots  May 1, 1898 - Americans entered established by majority vote. Manila Bay and engaged with Spanish  In a letter written by Bonifacio to fleet. The battle lasted for only few Jacinto, he stated that “even before hours, with the Spanish army defeated the elections were made, some of  Aguinaldo remained in Hong Kong and those from Imus had secretly spread met with the American consul general the word that it was not good for Rounseville Wildman, and paid 117,000 them to be under the leadership of pesos to purchase rifles and ammunition. someone from another province. It A first shipment worth 50,000 pesos was was for this reason Captain made, but the other half was never Aguinaldo was elected President”. delivered. Wildman never retuned the  The first phase of Philippine Revolution money given to him. ended up in a stalemate between the Spaniards and the Filipino rebels.  May 19, 1898 – Aguinaldo finally Francisco de Malabon and the returned to the Philippines on board the Philippine flag was once again US cruiser McCulloch. unfurled by Aguinaldo.  Aguinaldo conferred with Dewey on the Philippine conditions and was supplied with arms captured from the Spaniards.  From his headquarters in Cavite, Aguinaldo announced the resumption of the revolution against the Spaniards, thus Contents of the declaration of beginning the second phase of the independence: revolution.  The Filipinos immediately flocked to the province and joined the army. By the end  Tyranny and abuses of of May, Aguinaldo was in command of Spaniards 12,000 troops.  Reason for the revolution  May 24, 1898 – Aguinaldo announced Start of Spanish the creation of dictatorial government. colonization He emphasized that the dictatorship was  Pact of Biak-na-Bato only temporary as it would be a prelude  Spanish-American War to the establishment of a republican form  Spread of the second phase of government. of revolution to other  May 28, 1898 – the Filipino forces won provinces their first victory in Alapan, Imus. The  Right to be independent and newly made Filipino flag was hoisted for ceased any allegiance to the the first time. Spanish crown  The republican form is one in which the  Redemption of the country powers of sovereignty are vested in the as foretold by Jose Rizal people and are exercised by the people, either directly, or through representatives  Unjust execution of the chosen by the people, to whom those people who fought against powers are specially delegated. the Spanish abuses  The Philippine flag was sewn by  The Cavite Mutiny Marcela Marino de Agoncillo, Lorenza  Declaring that the Nation is Agoncillo, and Delfina Herbosa de free and independent Natividad in Hong Kong. It was formally unfurled during the Proclamation of Philippine Meaning of the Philippine Flag Independence.  the white triangle signifying the DECLARION OF distinctive emblem of the famous INDEPENDENCE PHILIPPINE Society of the "Katipunan" which by means of its blood compact inspired the  June 12, 1898 – Aguinaldo masses to rise in revolution; declared Philippine independence from Spanish rule  the tree stars, signifying the three at a ceremony in his house in principal Islands of these Archipelago - Kawit, Cavite. Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay where the revolutionary movement started;  Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista  the sun representing the gigantic step (penned the declaration made by the son of the country along the document) read the declaration path of Progress and Civilization; of independence that was later  the eight rays, signifying the eight signed by 177 persons, provinces - Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, including American military Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, officers. Laguna, and Batangas - which declares  Marcha Nacional Filipina themselves in a state of war as soon as composed by Julian Felipe was the first revolt was initiated; played by the Banda de San   and the colors of Blue, Red, and White, commemorating the flag of the United States of America, as a manifestation of our profound gratitude towards this Great Nation for its disinterested protection which it lent us and continues lending us. RELEVANCE The sole document that proves the value Filipinos place on their freedom.