Introduction to General Anatomy - Skeletal System PDF

Anatomy is the science that studies the gross structure of the human body....

Anatomy is the science that studies the gross structure of the human body. It encompasses various sub-disciplines, including osteology, which focuses Definition of Anatomy Overview of Anatomy specifically on bones. Understanding anatomy is crucial for medical professionals in diagnosing and treating conditions. Anatomical position: The body is upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms facing anteriorly. BRS Gross Anatomy 6th Edition, Kyung Won Chung & Harold M. Chung. Supine position: The body lies on the back, Terms of Position often used in medical examinations. Atlas of Human Anatomy - Netter – 2006. References Prone position: The body lies on the abdomen, commonly used for certain TeachMe Anatomy - Kenhub. medical procedures. Wikimedia Commons - Scapula Image. Sagittal plane: Divides the body into symmetrical right and left halves. Diaphysis: The shaft of the long bone, Coronal (frontal) plane: Divides the body composed of compact bone. into anterior (front) and posterior (back) Terms of Planes parts. Epiphyses: The two expanded ends of the long bone, involved in joint formation. Components of Long Bones Anatomical Terms Horizontal (transverse) plane: Divides the body into upper and lower parts. Metaphysis: The region between the diaphysis and epiphysis, important for Anterior (ventral): Near the front of the growth. body. The epiphyseal plate of cartilage allows for Posterior (dorsal): Near the back of the growth in length during childhood and body. adolescence. Structure of Long Bones Growth and Development Superior (upper): Near the head or upper Once growth is complete, the epiphyseal end; Inferior (lower): Near the feet or lower plate is replaced by the epiphyseal line. end. The outer surface of long bones is covered Medial: Near the median plane; Lateral: by a membrane called the periosteum. Terms of Relations Away from the median plane. Introduction to General Anatomy - Inside the shaft is the medullary cavity Bone Composition Proximal: Near the trunk; Distal: Away from filled with bone marrow, essential for the trunk. blood cell production. Skeletal System Superficial: Near the surface; Deep: Away from the surface. Axial skeleton: Comprises the skull, sternum, ribs, and vertebrae. External: Away from the cavity; Internal: Near the cavity. Regional Classification Appendicular skeleton: Includes bones of the upper and lower limbs. Osteology is the study of bones, focusing Membranous bones: Formed directly from on their structure, function, and mesenchyme (e.g., skull bones). classification. Cartilaginous bones: Develop from Definition of Osteology Overview of Osteology It plays a vital role in understanding the cartilage (e.g., limb bones). Developmental Classification skeletal system and its importance in overall health. Membrano-cartilaginous bones: Mixed type (e.g., mandible, clavicle). Bones provide shape and support for the Hard (compact) bones: Form the outer layer of all bones, providing strength. Classification of Bones body, maintaining its structure. Support and Shape Structural Classification They form the framework that supports Spongy (cancellous) bones: Found inside muscles and organs. the ends of long bones and in other types, providing lightness and support. Bones protect vital organs, such as the brain (skull) and heart (rib cage). Long bones: Characterized by a shaft and two ends (e.g., femur, humerus). Protection of Vital Organs This protective function is essential for survival and overall health. Short bones: Cube-shaped bones (e.g., carpals, tarsals). Bones serve as attachment points for muscles, facilitating movement. Flat bones: Thin and flat bones (e.g., scapula, sternum). Morphological Classification Muscle Attachment and Movement Joints between bones allow for various Functions of Bones types of motion, essential for daily Irregular bones: Complex shapes (e.g., activities. vertebrae, hip bones). Bones store essential minerals, particularly Sesamoid bones: Embedded in tendons calcium and phosphorus, which are crucial (e.g., patella), protecting tendons from for various bodily functions. friction. Storage of Minerals This storage function helps maintain mineral balance in the body. Bone marrow, found within certain bones, is responsible for the formation of blood cells. Formation of Blood Cells This function is critical for maintaining healthy blood circulation and immune response.