Introduction to Computing (CC100) Reviewer Module 1 & 2 PDF

Introduction to Computing (CC100) - Reviewer 01: Introduction to the Computing Professions A. The Computing Industry The computing industry is influenced by technologies used in the following fields:  Real Estate  Consumer Business  Automotive  Financial  Manufacturing  Healthcare  Educa...

Introduction to Computing (CC100) - Reviewer 01: Introduction to the Computing Professions A. The Computing Industry The computing industry is influenced by technologies used in the following fields:  Real Estate  Consumer Business  Automotive  Financial  Manufacturing  Healthcare  Education  Telecom  Media  Government Essentially, these industries include computers in their day-to-day workflow. For example, in the automotive business, they often use CAD (Computer Assisted Design) software in order to make a vehicle part in the virtual space. It allows the manufacturer to see manufacturing defects ahead of time such as parts that do not fit or are malformed.  B. Careers in the Computing Industry Computing professionals perform a variety of tasks:  They write specifications for new computer systems  They design instruction pipelines for superscalar processors  They diagnose timing anomalies in embedded systems  They test and validate software systems  They restructure the back-end databases of inventory systems  They analyse packet traffic in LANs (Local Area Networks)  They recommend security policies for medical information systems And many more specific careers in the computing industry. Computing professionals are obligated to perform these tasks because their decisions affect the performance and functionality of computer systems (Essentially, they oversee/manage), which in turn affect the welfare of the systems' users directly and that of other people less directly.  **List of Professions  Computer Engineer - Works with hardware and software part of development, often working as a team that designs computing devices and computer-related equipment such as chips or device controllers. (They make stuff like Raspberry Pi's, PCIe devices like Wi-Fi cards, and more hardware related stuff)  Network Specialist - Responsible for the security and administration of the networks they design and implement systems that keep networks functioning smoothly. Their duties include planning and installation of the hardware and software that comprise the network. They are also responsible for troubleshooting problems and maintaining peripherals connected to the network like Wireless Devices, Wired LAN Cables, etc.  Software Computer Programmer - they write, test, and maintain the programs or software. They also conceive, design, and test logical structures for solving problems by utilizing computers. (They program stuff)  Content Development - Includes product descriptions, basic operations, field applications, installation, configuration, alignment procedures, maintenance and system performance information. They are responsible for producing high quality comprehensive product and system materials for documentation by interpreting technical data into written content that can easily be used by technical personnel and end-users with varying degrees of knowledge  Database Administrator - They are the maintainers of database accuracy, efficiency, maintenance, and development. DB Admins test and debug software before implementing it.  Database Specialist - They design, install, update, modify, maintain, and repair computer databases. They may provide technical support for other existing databases, may modify them, may plan and design databases for clients, solve problems for clients, program databases for a wide array of applications, oversee the installation of a new database, and train staff about databases.  E-Commerce - Doing business over the internet (ie: Shopee).  IT and Education - They may be employed in the education sector because of their knowledge of the subjects.  Interface Designer - Designs the way that humans interact with software. It tackles with the ergonomics and interface details in computing (Essentially, UI or User Interface design). It focuses on how the user and the computer interact.  Software Engineers - Contrary to Computer Engineers, Software Engineers highly focus and specialize on software. They are more often than not, employed to create highly specialized software to aid in research, operating systems, and networks. They analyse the users' needs, design, create, and modify software.  Systems Analyst - Also known as Systems Developer and Systems Architect. They enable computers to meet the individual needs of an organization. They may include planning and developing new computer systems or devising ways to apply existing systems' resources to additional operations. They may also prepare cost-benefit and return-on-investment analysis to help management decide whether implementing the proposed system will be financially feasible.  Technical Writer - design, write, and edit manuals and/or brochures. Their activities may vary.  Web Design - They build, design, and edit websites.  Interface Design and Usability Testing Engineers - they help make software more user- friendly  Proposal Writers - they help engineers, researchers, and scientists write successful proposals  Web Designer - Responsible for day-to-day site design and creation. **Latest Trends and Technologies in Computing Artificial Intelligence or AI  a wide-ranging branch of computer science concerned with building smart machines capable of perfuming tasks that typically require human intelligence.  the simulation of human intelligence by machines which include Learning, Reasoning, and Self-Correction.  the branch of com-sci that emphasizes the development of intelligence machines, thinking and working like humans  EX: Speech Recognition, Problem Solving, Learning, and Planning Internet of Things or IoT  Essentially, smart devices. Things that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices.  Ex: Smart watch sends how many times you took a step to your phone Security  prevents unauthorized access to organizational assets such as computer networks and data. It maintains the integrity and confidentiality of sensitive information and blocks access from hackers. Big Data  Collection of structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data collection by organizations that can be mined for information (Similar to Data Mining). It is often used to predict customer behaviour and to analyse other aspects of the data. Mobile Application Development  Creating software and applications that run on a mobile phone Augmented Reality or AR  Adds digital elements to a live view often by using the camera on a smartphone. Ex: Pokemon Go Virtual Reality or VR  Complete immersion into the digital world. No sign of the physical world can be seen. Mixed Reality or MR  Combines AR and VR for a more realistic digital view of the world Extended Reality or XR  Umbrella term for AR, VR, and MR Robot Process Automation or RPA  The use of robots to do human jobs with very little error especially on repetitive tasks. Blockchain  Is often associated in crypto coins, it is a type of DLT in which transactions are recorded with an immutable cryptographic signature called a hash. If one block of the chain was changed, it would be immediately apparent that it was tampered. The untampered version of the block would still be available to other blocks across the chain. Autonomous Driving  An AI drives a car for you. No need for human involvement. However, as of 2024, it is still unreliable. Business Intelligence  Data mining, Data visualization, and other customer and market data in order to help organizations make decisions based on the trends of the data. Cloud Computing  You may run software over a provider's data centre or servers to essentially rent it. Services like AWS by Amazon which provides websites with computing power to handle lots of traffic without overloading your own servers. Biometrics  May use fingerprints, palm veins, face recognition, DNA, Face Geometry, and more. Basically, whatever may uniquely identify you from the rest is a form of Biometrics. **Two broad types of Programmers 1. Application Programmer - (Recap: Application runs on System) Application programmers create software that help you with specific tasks. Software such as word processors which is typically used by end-users. 2. Systems Programmer - They program/help maintain an operating system. They are typically involved in the backend side of programming which provides the Applications a foundation to work on.  02: Concepts of Computing System ⚠️ IMPORTANT ⚠️ You must:  Learn what computing is and know some of the computing devices  Learn computer characteristics and capabilities  Learn how data process into information  Learn the different types of data  Learn the information cycle  Learn the computer history from the early century and how computers evolved  What is Computing? The process of utilizing computer technology to complete a task Keyword(s): Utilizing, Computer Technology It includes:  Designing  Developing  Building hardware and software systems  Processing  Structuring and managing various kinds of information  Doing scientific research with computers  Entertainment media  Computing Devices: What is a Computer? It is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data (Input), and process the data according to specified rules, produce information (Output), and store the information for future use (Store)  The word computer comes from the word "Compute", which means, "To calculate". A computer is also called a data processor because it can store, process, and retrieve data whenever desired.  Capabilities A computer can...  Perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.  Can perform logical operations  Has the ability to store and retrieve information because it has storage called memory  Has the ability to process information at a very high speed  Can direct itself into a predetermined manner without human intervention  Data vs Information Data Information It is a collection of unorganized facts (raw data) & It is structured data. Meaning that figures and does not provide any further information the raw data was processed into regarding patterns, context, etc meaningful data. Examples: Data  123  John  June Information  $123 Tax  The student's name is John  His birthday is June Keyword(s): Raw Data, Raw Facts, Processed, Meaningful Data, Useful.  Types of Data Types of Data Examples Alphanumeric Data numbers, letters, and other characters like $#@! Image Data graphics, images, or pictures Audio Data sound, noise, or tones Video Data moving images or pictures (GIF, MP4, etc.)  Data Processing (Similar to Data vs Information) It is the method of collecting raw data and translating it into usable information. It is usually performed in a step-by-step process by a team of data scientists and data engineers in an organization. The raw data is collected, filtered, sorted, processed, analysed, stored, and then presented in a readable format. Information Processing Cycle  Advantages and of a Computer (this part is not very important to memorize)  Speed  Time Saver  Accuracy  Multi-tasking  Automation  Storage  Security  Cost-Effective  Internet  Creating Employment Disadvantages  Improper use  Virus Attacks and Hacking  Health Issues  Cybercrimes  Creating Dependency  Loss of Privacy  Unemployment  Impact on the Environment  Lack of Learning  History of computing Earliest Data Processing Devices  Fingers (to count, duh)  Stones and sticks (also for counting)  Knots on a string  Scratches on a stick, as record keeping device  Clay tablets with stick, used by the Babylonians  (Important) Papyrus, developed by the Egyptians to write/keep records, using sharp pointed-reed as pen and organic dies (dye) as ink.  (Important) Abacus, the earliest form of manual calculating which originated from China and is still being used today in the modern world. Machine Computation  Mechanical Data Processing Machines (17th Century)  (Important)Pascaline Calculator - Blaise Pascal of France  (Important) Step Reckoner - Gottfried Leibnitz of Germany Automatic Processing of Data Recording (18th Century)  Electromechanical Punched Card Machines  Punch Card by Joseph Jacquard of France  Computer Pioneers (must remember) Charles Babbage  the first person to propose the concept of modern computer  considered as the Father of Computers Lady Agusta Ada Byron  Countess of Lovelace, the daughter of Lord Byron, the famous English poet  Considered to be the first computer programmer  Ada - a programming language named in honour of her.  History of Computers ABC (Astanasoff Berry Computer) - 1942 (very computer, heh)  Developed by John Astanasoff together with Berry, of Iowa State University.  The first working model of an Electronic Digital Computer Mark 1 (Automatic Sequenced Controller Calculator) - 1944  Developed by Howard Aiken, of Harvard University with the support of IBM  The first Large-scale Electromechanical Digital Computer, that use electrical relays instead of mechanical gears.  It relied heavily on the concept of IBM's punched card calculator that was developed in the 1930s. ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator Calculator) - 1946  Developed by John Mauchly and JP Eckert of University of Pennsylvania  The first operational Electronic Digital Computer EDSAC (Electronic Delayed Storage Automatic Computer) - 1949  Developed under the direction of MW Wilkes, at Cambridge University, England  The first stored program electronic computer EDSAC and EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) - 1952  Based on the concepts advanced in 1945 by Dr. John Von Neumann of Princeton, New Jersey.  Neumann proposed that the operating instructions or program of the computer be stored in high speed internal storage unit - or memory, and both data instructions be represented internally by the binary number system rather than the decimal system  These and the other computer design concepts of Babbage form the basis of much of the design of present day computers.  Ages of Present Computers 1. ==Vacuum Tube Age (1951 - 1959) - First (1st) Generation of Computers UNIVAC 1 (Universal Automatic Computer)  The first general purpose electronic digital computer to be commercially available, that marks the beginning of the first generation of computers  became the first computer to process business applications at the General Electric Plant in Kentucky in 1954  It made use of magnetic tape as input and output medium Operating speed in seconds: Milliseconds (one thousandths, 0.001) Memory Capacity: 2kb to 4kb 2. ==Transistor Age (1959 - 1964) - or the Second (2nd) Generation of Computers  It is described as the transitional device between conductor and insulator. The insulator is used to strengthen or control electronic signals and electrical power.  It uses a semiconductor substance, normally with not less than three (3) terminals to link to an outside circuit  A lot smaller, generates less heat, is less expensive, and requires less power than vacuum tubes circuit Operating speed in seconds: Microsecond (one millionth, 0.000001) Memory Capacity: 30,000 bytes or 30kb 3. ==Integrated Circuit Age (1965 - 1970) or the Third (3rd) Generation of Computers  ICs replaced Transistors. They were invented by Jack Kilby  ICs are smaller in size and lower in voltage than transistors and resistors  Generally, a 3rd-gen computer is a desk size minicomputer Operating speed in seconds: Nanosecond (one billionth) or picosecond (one trillionth) Memory Capacity: up to 512kb 4. ==Very Large Scale Integrated Age (1971 - 1980) or the Fourth (4th) Generation of Computers  Is composed of thousands of transitional devices and other electrical components of a circuit on a single chip (eg: PCB)  Introduction of VLSI differentiate the computers of this age from others 5. ==Ultra Large Scale Integrated Age (1980 - present) or Fifth (5th) Generation of Computers  ULSI replaced VLSI which resulted into the creation of microprocessor chips that contained millions of electronic components  IBM introduced their first computer in 1981  Apple introduced the Macintosh in 1984  **Timeline summary 1941 - J.V Atanasoff and Clifford Berry devised a computer capable of solving 29 equations at the same time. The first time a computer can store data in its memory. 1945 - John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert of University of Pennsylvania created an ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator). It was capable of solving "a vast class of numerical problems" by reprogramming. It earned the title of "Grandfather of computers". 1946 - The UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) was the first general purpose electronic digital computer designed for corporate applications (businesses). 1949 - EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator), developed by a team at the University of Cambridge, is the "first practical stored-program computer" 1950 - SEAC (Standards Eastern Automatic Computer), built in Washington, DC, was the first stored-program computer. (Sakit na ng kamay ko - F.S)    Research and Application in Different Computing Fields (not very important to memorize) Business  Accounting  E-commerce sites  Data Mining Education  Online classes  *Aiding in learning  Research Government  Military (weapons systems, etc.)  Meteorological  Data Handling Banking  E-banking  Data maintenance Arts & Entertainment  Video editing  Graphics  Designing 