Professional Skills: Ethics For The Information Age PDF

PROFESSIONAL SKILLS Ethics for the Information Age 8th Edition by Michael J. Quinn Chapter 1: Catalysts for Change Introduction to Computing  Course Description This course offers students a balanced exploration of the social, legal,...

PROFESSIONAL SKILLS Ethics for the Information Age 8th Edition by Michael J. Quinn Chapter 1: Catalysts for Change Introduction to Computing  Course Description This course offers students a balanced exploration of the social, legal, philosophical, ethical, political, constitutional, and economic implications of computing and the controversies they raise. From the computer science perspective, it also covers issues that students will face as members of a technological society and as professionals in computer-related fields. A primary goal is to develop computer professionals who understand the implications of computer science and how it generally fits into society. 1-3 1-3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley  Course Objectives ∙ to increase awareness and interest in legal, social, ethical, and professional issues; ∙ to equip students with a range of academic, professional, personal, technical, transferable, and employability skills; ∙ to improve analytical skills that are essential for algorithm design in solving various computer problems; ∙ to provide an understanding of the techniques and skills needed to develop more usable secure interactive computer systems; to deliver subject-specific fundamental concepts, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, big data systems, and cyber security. 1-4 1-4 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley  Course Outline 1. Introduction to Informatics and Computing Concepts 2. Introduction to Ethics; Technological Diversity; Theories of Ethics and Behavior Codes. 3. Networked Communications: Social Media and Online Advertising, Surveillance of Internet Content; Freedom of expression. 4. Intellectual property: Rights of intellectual property; Peer-to-peer networks; Software protection; Legitimacy of intellectual property 5. Privacy: Perspectives; Benefits and harms; Disclosing information; Public records, Data mining; Identity Theft; Encryption. 6. Privacy and Government 7. Computer and Network Security: Hacking and Malware. 8. Midterm Exam 1-5 1-5 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley  Course Outline 9. Computer Reliability 10. Cyber Crime and Cyber Attacks: Privacy vs. cybersecurity and ethical hacking. Inside cybersecurity businesses. 11. Professional Ethics: Concepts and inside - Ethical codes, professional behavior, authorship, open-source, licenses, privacy, and GDPR. 12. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (AI), machine learning, and Big Data. How to Develop and Use AI in a Responsible Way 13. Research skills 14. Work and Wealth 15. Plagiarism and Argumentation: Academic Writing; Plagiarism awareness 16. Final Exam 1-6 1-6 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley  Course Evaluation Type of Evaluation Quantity Percentage Midterm Exam 1 30 Quizzes - - Homework(s) - - Projects - - Presentation 5 10 Laboratory work 5 10 Attendance and Participation 1 10 Other - - Final Exam 1 40 Total 100 1-7 1-7 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Objectives Thinking about how social conditions can lead to the development of new technologies and how the adoption of new technologies can lead to social change; To provide an introduction to the history of computing, networking, and information storage and retrieval; To help students to understand how the introduction of information technology has raised some new ethical issues. Outline Introduction Milestones in Computing Milestones in Networking Milestones in Information Storage and Retrieval Contemporary Information Technology Issues Introduction WE ARE LIVING IN THE INFORMATION AGE!!! Two principal catalysts for the Information Age: low-cost computers and high-speed communication networks development of new technologies (smartphones, video streaming services, voice-activated digital assistants, low-cost drones, and self-driving cars) Transformation! Examples of advances in past two decades??? Some of the transformations are physical. The neural pathways and synapses in our brains demonstrate neuroplasticity: literally changing with our experiences!!! Different ways people are affected by technology Physical changes (e.g., pains accompany the use of laptops) Psychological changes (e.g., smartphones make you feel safer) Technologies can solve problems, create new problems Automobile Refrigerator and the Ozone Layer Low-cost international communication (low wages of programmers in India made pressure on American programmers) Nuclear weapons and radiation to the Ozone Layer  The Amish The adoption of a new technology can affect the way people relate to each other. Amish bishops meet twice a year to discuss matters of importance to the church, including whether any new technologies should be allowed. “Does it bring us together, or draw us apart?” You can visit an “Old Order” Amish home and find a gas barbecue on the front porch but no telephone inside, because they believe gas barbecues bring people together while telephones interfere with face-to-face conversations. We may not be able to prevent a new technology from being invented, but we do have control over whether to adopt it! 1983: Nuclear power moratorium Nuclear power advances in rest of world People can influence rate at which technologies are developed Intellectual property laws (make money from creativity) Tax structure (accumulate great wealth) Milestones in Computing Aids to manual Mechanical Punched card Cash register calculating calculators tabulation Precursors of First Programming Transistor and commercial commercial languages and integrated computers computers time-sharing circuit IBM Personal Microprocessor System/360 computer Aids to Manual Calculating ~By the late Middle Ages: Europeans used erasable slates. Illustration (Gregor Reisch’s Margarita Philosophica, 1503: two aids to manual calculating. The person on the left is using a tablet; the person on the right is adding numbers using a counting board, a type of abacus. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division [LC-USZ62-95297]  Aids to Manual Calculating The three important aids to manual calculating are: Mathematical tables Tablet Abacus Tables of logarithms (17 th century) Income tax tables (today). However, even with them manual calculating is slow, tedious, and error-prone.  1640 Early Mechanical Calculators Leibniz's Stepped Reckoner …IT IS BENEATH THE DIGNITY of excellent men to waste their time in Hanover, Germany calculation when any peasant could do the work just as accurately with the aid of a machine.” — Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz Early Mechanical Calculators Calculators (from 17th – 19th century) Social Change → Market for Calculators Gilded Age (late 19th century America) Rapid industrialization Economic expansion Concentration of corporate power New, larger corporations Multiple layers of management Multiple locations Needed up-to-date, comprehensive, reliable, and affordable information Early Mechanical Calculators Calculator Adoptions → Social Change Fierce competition in calculator market Continuous improvements in size, speed, ease of use Sales increased rapidly “Deskilling” and feminization of bookkeeping People of average ability quite productive Calculators 6× faster than adding by hand Wages dropped Women replaced men Cash Register Store owners of late 1800s faced problems Keeping accurate sales records for department stores Preventing embezzlement from clerks Response to problems: cash register Created printed, itemized receipts Maintained printed log of transactions Rang bell every time drawer was opened An NCR cash register in Miller’s Shoe Shine Parlor, Dayton, Ohio (1904). (The NCR Archive at Dayton History) Tabulators → Data-processing Systems Punched cards (late 19th century) One record per card Cards could be sorted into groups, allowing computation of subtotals by categories Early adopters U.S. Bureau of the Census Railroads Retail organizations Heavy industries Data-processing system Receives input data Performs one or more calculations Produces output data IBM and Holocaust Death’s calculator! First Commercial Computers Precursors of Commercial Computers Small-Scale Experimental Machine: CRT ( cathode ray tubes) memory. A fully electronic computer system that had both program and data stored in its memory. It successfully executed its first program in 1948. Remington-Rand Completed UNIVAC in 1951 Delivered to U.S. Bureau of the Census Predicted winner of 1952 Pres. Election IBM (entered the commercial market in 1953) Larger base of customers Far superior sales and marketing organization Greater investment in research and development Dominated mainframe market by mid-1960s 1946: ENIAC (electronic numerical integrator and computer) FIRST Commercial Computer 1951: Ferranti Ltd. (British Co.) Ferranti Mark 1 Descendant of research computers University of Manchester Until 1957 9 Computers in association with Cambridge University  Elections prediction! 1946: UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) First commercial digital computer. Agreement: The Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation and the National Bureau of Standards (representing the Census Bureau). Huge costs 1950 bankruptcy. Remington Rand bought them out and UNIVAC I to the US Bureau of the Census in 1951. 1952: Remington Rand + CBS UNIVAC for election predictions the outcome of the 1952 presidential election. Photo source: CBS News. Programming Languages Assembly language Symbolic representations of machine instructions Programs just as long as machine language programs FORTRAN (1957) First higher-level language (shorter programs) Designed for scientific applications COBOL (1959) U.S. Department of Defense standard Designed for business applications a common business-oriented all manufacturers would support  Time-Sharing Systems and BASIC BASIC (In the early 1960s) Developed at Dartmouth College Simple, easy-to-learn programming language Popular language for teaching programming Time-Sharing Systems (In the early 1960s) Divide computer time among multiple users Users connect to computer via terminals Cost of ownership spread among more people Gave many more people access to computers  Other Advances Transistor Replacement for vacuum tube Invented at Bell Labs (1948) Semiconductor Faster Cheaper More reliable More energy-efficient Integrated Circuit : Semiconductor containing transistors, capacitors, and resistors Advantages over parts they replaced Smaller Faster More reliable Less expensive The eight founders of Fairchild Semiconductor on the factory floor. Gordon Moore is second from the left and Robert Noyce is on the right Moore’s law: roughly every two years, the number of transistors on microchips will double. computational progress will become significantly faster, smaller, and more efficient over time. IBM System/360 Before System/360 IBM dominated mainframe market in 1960s IBM computers were incompatible Switch computers → rewrite programs System/360 (1964) Series of 19 computers with varying levels of power All computers could run same programs - Compatible Upgrade without rewriting programs  Microprocessor and Personal Computer Microprocessor: Computer inside a single semiconductor chip Invented in 1970 at Intel Made personal computers practical Example of first PCs Altair 8800 (1975) Personal computers become popular Apple Computer: Apple II Developments draw businesses to personal computers IBM launches IBM PC Milestones in Networking A semaphore telegraph tower on the first line from Paris to Lille (1794) : A message initiated at one tower would be seen by another tower within viewing distance. The receiving tower would then repeat the message for the next tower in the network, and so on Milestones in Networking Discoveries in electromagnetism (early 1800s) Telegraph (1844) A telegraph is a machine used to transmit messages in the form of electrical impulses that can be converted into data Telephone (1876) Typewriter and teletype (1873, 1908) In 1908 a typewriter was modified to print a message transmitted over a telegraph line; the inventors called the invention, a teletype Radio (1895) Television (1927)  Other Milestones in Networking Remote computing (1940) ARPANET - Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (1969) Email (1972) Internet: January 1 (1983) network of networks communicating using TCP/IP Broadband (2000) Broadband High-speed Internet connection At least 10x faster than dial-up connection Enhanced by fiber optic networks South Korea, with an average speed of 28.6 megabits per second; World Leaders: Norway, broadband networking at 23.5 megabits per second; Sweden, at 22.5 megabits per second; United States ranks tenth, 18.7 megabits.  Other Milestones in Networking Newspapers Graphical User Interface World Wide Web (1990) Protocols based on TCP/IP → general Later browsers Mosaic Netscape Navigator Netscape Mozilla Microsoft Internet Explorer (most popular) Search Engines - Google, AltaVista, MSN Information Technology Information Technology Definition: Devices used in creation, storage, manipulation, dissemination of data, sound, and/or images Examples: Computers, telephones, video cameras, music players People making greater use of IT Costs keep falling Capabilities keep rising  IT Issues Easy way to keep in touch Email Spam has become a real problem Free access to huge amounts of information Web Harmful consequences of some sites CDs, MP3s, Free or cheap copies readily available May be unfair to musicians MP4s Convenience over cash and checks Credit cards Increases possibility of identity theft Who owns information about transactions? IT Issues (cont.) Telecommuting Saves time, allows more flexible work hours Can lead to longer work hours May result in fewer chances for promotion Improved global communication network Allow companies to sell to entire world Allow companies to move jobs out of their home countries. World Wide Web A conduit for democratic ideas? Another tool for totalitarian governments? Conclusions Revolutionary discoveries are rare Information technology has long history Rate of technological change accelerating 1-43  Wrong question: “What will the computer do to us?” Right question: “What will we make of the computer?” Conclusions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-M6lANfzFsM Thank you!