INTRODUCTION-TO-ANIMAL-SCIENCE.pdf

INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL SCIENCE The livestock sector generates more greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 ANIMALS equivalent – 18 percent – than transport. Multicellular orga...

INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL SCIENCE The livestock sector generates more greenhouse gas emissions as measured in CO2 ANIMALS equivalent – 18 percent – than transport. Multicellular organisms. They have developed muscles and hence Most of this comes from manure and it mobility accounts for respectively 37 percent of all They have specialized sense organs and human-induced methane (23 times as warming nervous system and able to respond rapidly to as CO2), which is largely produced by the stimuli. digestive system of ruminants, and 64 percent They feed on organic material Animals of ammonia, which contributes significantly to They are capable of reproducing sexually acid rain. Livestock now use 30 percent of the They breathe oxygen and exhale C02 earth’s entire land surface. ANIMALS HAVE LONG BEEN ONE OF THE Forests are cleared to create new pastures, it WORLD’S MOST VALUABLE RESOURCES is a major driver of deforestation, especially in Food Latin America where, for example, some 70 Fiber and leather percent of former forests in the Amazon have Fuel been turned over to grazing. The growth of Draft power animal population could introduce on (Modern animal agriculture is the business of imbalance in the ecosystem in a way that could producing, processing, and marketing high deplete the vegetation. animal product for human utilization) ANIMAL SCIENCE MAN, ANIMAL AND ECOSYSTEM It is a branch of Agriculture that deals with the People are consuming more meat and dairy study of raising domesticated animals under the products every year management of man for food, fiber, fuel, draft Global meat production: 229M tons (work purposes), clothing, and its byproduct. (1999/2001) to 465M tons (2050) Man, Animal and Ecosystem It also refers to the breeding, feeding, care Milk output: 580M tons 1,043M tons and management of animals for the purpose of (The global livestock sector is growing faster making profit. Introduction to Animal Science than any other agricultural subsector providing livelihoods to about 1.3B people and ANIMAL HUSBANDRY contributes about 40% to global agricultural Also known as zoo techniques. Refers to the output.) breeding, feeding, care, and management of animals for the purpose of making profit NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF ANIMAL PRODUCTION The livestock business is among the most THE BENEFITS damaging sectors to the earth. Food The major polluting agents are animal wastes, Protection/ security/ guide antibiotics and hormones, chemicals from Source of power or Draft tanneries, fertilizers and the pesticides used to Medicine spray feed crops. Recreation It is also a major source of land and water Biogas/biofuel degradation.  Organic Fertilizers Dam - it refers to the mother animal (the Research female parent) Clothing and aesthetic use Parturition - The general term for the act of Others- musical instruments, etc. giving birth in farm animals. Calving - in cows (cattle) LIST OF FARM ANIMALS Farrowing- in sows (pig/swine) 1. SHEEP - Ovis aries Foaling- in mares (horse) 2. Goat - Capra hircus Kidding- in does (goat) 3. Cattle - Tropical Bos indicus Lambing- in ewes (sheep) 4. Cattle - Temperate Bos taurus Draft Animals - These are animals that are used 5. Horse - Equus caballus for work. 6. Swine - Sus domesticus Culling - The act of eliminating or removing 7. Carabao - Bubalus bubalis carabenesis undesirable animals in a herd or flock. 8. Chicken - Gallus gallus domesticus Cull - It refers to the old, unproductive animals, 9. Duck - Mallard Anas platyrhyncos or young but undesirable animals from a herd 10. Duck - Muscovy Cairina moschata or flock. 11. Turkey - Meleagris gallopavo Teat/s - refers to the udder of the animal where 12. Quail - Coturnix coturnix the milk passes through. 13. Goose - Anser anser Tether - to tie or to fasten an animal and 14. Rabbit - Oryctolagus cuniculus allowed to graze in the field or pasture area. TERMINOLOGIES IN ANIMAL SCIENCE ANIMAL BREEDING AND REPRODUCTION Livestock TERMINOLOGIES four-footed domesticated terrestrial animals Species - A group of animals having several that are raised to provide a diverse array of common characteristics that differentiate them goods and services such as traction, meat, milk, from other animals. Ex. Cattle, swine, chickens and hides. are species of farm animals. Poultry Breed - Animals having common origin and It is a collective term for all domesticated characteristics that distinguish them from other birds rendering economic benefits to man. groups of animals within the same species. Ex. It also refers to the dressed carcass of a fowl. Landrace and large white are breeds of pig. Ruminants Type -The presumed relationship between Animals that have four compartment animal’s body conformation and its ability to stomach; these animals chew their cud or bolus perform a given function. Ex. Dairy type cattle Small ruminants are raised for milk production. Goats and sheep Large ruminants cattle, ox, Pedigree - An animal’s list of ancestors. Usually carabao and buffalo. only the five closest (last 5) generations are Pseudo-ruminants included in the list. forage-eating animals like rabbit, and horse Offspring - Also known as progeny. It refers to but do not have four compartment stomach. the young of an animal. These are also known as nonruminant Puberty - It is defined as the time when an herbivores. animal reaches its sexual maturity. It is also Sire - it refers to the father animal (the male when an animal begins to develop secondary parent) sexual characteristics and its reproductive organs start to function both for female and offspring frequently or numerous young at male animals. frequent intervals Estrus Period or Heat Period - The period of Impotency - failure to copulate sexual receptivity of female animals. The female Sterility - inability to produce normal young animals will show signs if they are in-heat. Crossbreeding - It is the breeding or mating of Female animals are fertile during estrus period. two or three purebred animals belonging to the same species for the purpose of producing better breeds. Example: 100% Large white x 100 % Mei shan = 50% Large white & 50% Meishan Hybrid - The product or offspring from crossbreeding. Pure breeding - It is the breeding of two animals that belong to the same breed. Estrous Cycle - The interval or time gap Example: between two successive heat or estrus periods 100% Large white x 100% Large white = 100% Large white Purebred - The offspring from Pure breeding Inbreeding - It is the breeding of closely related animals. Example: brother x sister, Father x daughter Inbred - The product or offspring from inbreeding. Upgrading - It the cross between a native or Sexual receptivity or sexually receptive - It is local breed with a purebred or an established defined as the willingness of the animal to be breed. This is done to upgrade or improve the bred. traits of the local or native breeds. Breeding - The act of the mating and production Example of offspring by animals. 100% Native breed of pig x 100% Landrace Gestation - It refers to the condition of being = 50%native pig & 50% Landrace pregnant. Gestation period -It refers to the period or CATTLE TERMINOLOGIES length of pregnancy Bovine - a wild or domesticated animal that is part of the cattle group (to include bison and buffalo) Calf - a young bovine under one year of age. Yearling - A cattle regardless of sex at least one year of age Heifer - a sexually mature female cattle that has not been bred or given birth. Cow - female cattle that has been bred or given Conception - act of fertilization birth to a calf Fecundity/Prolificacy - ability to give birth to Calving - The act of giving birth to a calf. Bull - an intact (uncastrated) male cattle, used Boar - uncastrated male swine used primarily primarily for breeding for breeding Castration - The surgical removal of testicles in Pork -Meat of pigs. male animals Steer - a young male cattle castrated before the reaching the age of puberty. Stag - a young male cattle castrated after the reaching the age of puberty. Freemartin - Female born twin to a bull calf, usually sterile Beef -meat of a mature cattle. Veal - the meat of a calf (young cattle). SWINE TERMINOLOGIES Swine - a broad term for pigs. Also known as porcine Hog -a domesticated pig Piglet - a young pig Suckling - young pigs from birth up to weaning SHEEP TERMINOLOGIES Weanling - young pigs separated from the Ewe - a sexually mature female sheep. One sow, about 5 weeks old that as given been bred and given birth. Litter - group of pigs born in one farrowing Ram - a sexually mature male sheep (not litter size - the number of young pigs in one castrated) used for breeding. farrowing Wether - castrated male sheep fleece wooly Shote - young pig of either sex, weighing covering the sheep 17 26/08/2024 approximately 60 kg Wool - is a textile fiber obtained from sheep Gilt - a sexually matured female pig under a and some other animals, including cashmere year old that has not had a litter of piglets and mohair from goats, qiviut from muskoxen, (farrowed) angora from rabbits, and other types of wool Sow - a sexually mature female pig that has from camelids. been bred and has given birth. Flock - group of sheep Farrowing - The act of giving birth to piglets. Lambing - The act of giving birth in sheep. Barrow - a castrated male pig Flock Lambing 18 26/08/2024 Layer -a female bird used for egg production Lamb - a young sheep, under a year old - It Broiler -chickens used for meat production, also refers to the meat of a young sheep may be male or female Mutton - Meat of a sheep 1. CHICKEN TERMINOLOGIES Fowl - The term used to describe all members GOAT TERMINOLOGIES (Capra hircus) of Gallus gallus domesticus (domestic fowl) Doe - Also known as Nanny. A sexually mature Chick - Young Chicken Cock/ Rooster, mature female goat that has been bred and given birth. male chicken raised for breeding purposes. Buck - Also known as Billy. Uncastrated male Cockerel - young male chickens up to 6 months goat used as a breeder. of age. Wether - castrated male goat Hen - A sexually mature female raised for Doeling - a female goat under one year of age breeding and egg production Buckling - a male goat under a year of age Pullet - young female chickens up to 6 months Kid - a goat under 12 months of age of age. Kidding - The act of giving birth in goat. Chevon - The meat of goat. 2. TURKEY TERMINOLOGIES Tom - Also known as a gobbler, is an adult male turkey. Hen - An adult female turkey. Poult - A young turkey of either sex. 3. DUCK TERMINOLOGIES Duck/Hen - An adult female duck Drake - An adult male duck Duckling - A young duck Mallard Duck - Egg type duck. Also known as Itik EQUINE/HORSE TERMINOLOGIES (EQUUS Muscovy Duck - Meat type duck - Also known CABALLUS) as bibe Mare - A sexually mature female horse that has been bred and has given birth. 4. GEESE TERMINOLOGIES Stallion - an intact (not castrated) male horse Gander - An adult male goose. used for breeding purposes. Goose - An adult female goose. Gelding - castrated male horse Filly - a young Gosling - A young goose. 26 female horse Colt - a young male horse Yearling -a male or female horse between 1 and 2 years old Foal - a male or female horse less than a year old Foaling - The act of giving birth in horse Equitation - The art or practice of horse riding or horsemanship POULTRY TERMINOLOGIES