Introduction to Human Anatomy PDF

By: Ali yousif BABiker, PhD  After studying this lecture you should confidently be able to: 1. Outline the history of anatomy discipline. 2. Define the word “ANATOMY. 3. Enumerate the different anatomical fields 3. Describe the anatomical position 4. Describe different anatomical terms of posit...

By: Ali yousif BABiker, PhD  After studying this lecture you should confidently be able to: 1. Outline the history of anatomy discipline. 2. Define the word “ANATOMY. 3. Enumerate the different anatomical fields 3. Describe the anatomical position 4. Describe different anatomical terms of position as well different anatomical planes Introduction: “Anatomy is the oldest medical sciece, the word “anatomy” comes from the Greek words “ana,” meaning “up,” and “tome,” meaning “taking part.” It is a descriptive science It describes the location, shape, and structure, of the organs and systems in the body and their relationships to each organ with others Anatomy divided mainly into two types we study 1. It needs naked eye to describe the organs (Muscle, bone, ect). 2. it needs microscope to describe the tissue and cells. v Histology = study of tissue v Histology = tissue 1. Developmental Anatomy (Embryology) 2. Radiological Anatomy: Study of bodily structure using radiograph and other imaging methods 3. Cross sectional Anatomy: Studying the human body through a ransverse cut through a structure or tissue 4. Surgical Anatomy: Study of anatomical structure in reference to the surgical diagnosis and treatment This describes examining things from the fundamental building blocks and scending to more complex and larger structures. Getting familiar with basic key terminology for body structure is important before going on to the following learning units, which will cover subjects on various human body systems in more detail. Knowing these terms will make it much easier for us to understand the content of the following learning units. Three groups of terms are introduced here: Directional Terms Planes of the Body Body Cavities “To prevent misunderstanding a special set of terms are used to describe identification and location of body structures”. Anatomical position: The standard position in which the body assume to describe its parts. 1- Body is standing erect. 2- The face and eyes are directed forward. 3- Arms are kept by the side with palms facing forward. 4- Feet parallel. Terms of Position: Superior (cranial): near to head Inferior (Caudal): away from head. Anterior ( ventral ): near to front. Posterior (dorsal): near to back. Medial: near to median plane Lateral: away from median plane Proximal : near to trunk Distal: away from trunk Superficial: near to skin (surface) Deep: away from skin  TERMS OF POSITION  Anterior: Describes the front or direction toward the (front of the body).  Posterior: Describes the back or direction toward the (Back of the body). HAND:  Palmar = Anterior.  Dorsal = Posterior. FOOT:  Planter = Anterior.  Dorsal = Posterior.  TERMS OF POSITION (External): Toward or at the body surface or the center of an organ or a cavity. (skin is superficial to the muscle layer) Deep (Internal): Away from the body surface or the center of body (muscle layer is deep to the skin but Superficial to the intestine)  TERMS OF POSITION Intermediate: The relative location of an anatomical structure lying between two other structures:  TERMS OF POSITION Superior: Describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper. Inferior:: Describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper; near or toward the tail  Describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body. Lateral: Describes the side or direction toward the side of the body. (Away from the median plane).  TERMS OF POSITION The body lies on the back. Prone: The face is downwards.  TERMS OF POSITION Proximal: Describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. Distal: Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.  PLANES OF THE BODY A plane is an imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body. There are Four most common planes: 1. Sagittal (Midsagittal /median)plane 2. Parasagittal (Paramedian) plane 3. Vertical (Frontal /coronal) plane 4. Transverse (horizontal) plane  Sagittal plane Divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. If it runs directly down the middle of the body and gives equal left and right parts, it is called the or plane.  PARAMEDIAN PLANES  Situated on one or the other side of the median plane and are to it.  If it gives unequal left and right parts, it is called parasagittal plane.  Frontal (coronal) plane  The frontal is a vertical plane. referred to as a coronal plane. (“Corona” is Latin for “crown.”) Divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion.  The transverse plane is the plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions. Transverse planes produce images referred to as cross sections.