PSY ELEC 4 INTRO TO COUNSELING SLM 2 PDF

PSY ELEC 4 INTRO TO COUNSELING SLM 2 - LESSON : COUNSELING Instructor: Haira Aguinaldo | BS Psychology 4P3 1st SEMESTER A.Y. 2024 – 2025 First, helping clients to understand how their decisions...

PSY ELEC 4 INTRO TO COUNSELING SLM 2 - LESSON : COUNSELING Instructor: Haira Aguinaldo | BS Psychology 4P3 1st SEMESTER A.Y. 2024 – 2025 First, helping clients to understand how their decisions MODULE 2 and their values may be received within the context of the society in which they live, and how they may Nature and Purpose of Counseling impinge on the rights of others. American Counseling Association The second consideration is related to the client’s ability to make sound and rational decisions. Persons Professional counseling is the “application of not capable of making competent choices, such as mental health, psychological or human children and some individuals with mental disabilities, development, principles, though cognitive, should not be allowed to act on decisions that could affective, behavioral or systematic intervention harm themselves or others. strategies, that address wellness, personal growth or career development as well as pathology. ★ JUSTICE as Kitchener (1984) points out, is “treating ◦ Counseling is the heart of the guidance program. equals equally and unequals unequally but in proportion to their relevant differences” (p. 49). ◦ It is the counseling service that integrates all the Justice does not mean treating all individuals the data gathered about the individual and his/her same. If an individual is to be treated differently, the environment in order for them to make sense counselor needs to be able to offer a rationale that explains the necessity and appropriateness of treating the individual differently. An example of ◦ It is the core activity to which all the other activities justice is that a counselor would give a person who is become meaningful blind a form that is in braille, or would go through the form with that individual orally, instead of giving him ◦ The counselor interprets the data gathered about or her a standard written form to fill out. But the the individual and relates them to the information counselor would treat him or her the same as any about the world outside the client in order to facilitate other client in all other regards. growth and adjustment, problem-solving and decision-making. ★ BENEFICENCE reflects the counselor’s responsibility to ➔ Counseling is a goal-oriented relationship contribute to the welfare of the client. Simply stated, between a professionally trained, competent it means to do good, to be proactive, and also to counselor and an individual seeking help for prevent harm when possible (Forester-Miller & the purpose of bringing about a meaningful Rubenstein, 1992). Beneficence can come in many awareness and understanding of the self and forms, such as prevention and early intervention environment, improving planning and actions that contribute to the betterment of clients. decision-making, and formulating new ways of behaving, feeling, and thinking for problem ★ NONMALEFICENCE resolution and/or development growth. is the concept of not causing harm to others. Often explained as “above all, do no harm,” this ETHICAL PRINCIPLES principle is considered by some to be the most critical ★ AUTONOMY of all the principles, even though theoretically they is the principle that addresses respect for are all of equal weight (Kitchener, 1984; Rosenbaum, independence, and self determination. The essence 1982; Stadler, 1986). This principle reflects both the of this principle is allowing an individual the freedom idea of not inflicting intentional harm, and not of choice and action. It addresses the responsibility of engaging in actions that risk harming others the counselor to encourage clients, when (Forester-Miller & Rubenstein, 1992). appropriate, to make their own decisions and to act on their own values. There are two important Weighing potential harm against potential considerations in encouraging clients to be benefits is important in a counselor’s efforts toward autonomous. ensuring “no harm.”  PYS ELEC 4 INTRO TO COUNSELING MODULE 2 ★ FIDELITY 4. Main problem should be focused so that the involves the notions of loyalty, faithfulness, sub-problems should be identified by the patient and honoring commitments. Clients must be able to himself. trust the counselor and have faith in the therapeutic relationship if growth is to occur. Therefore, the 5. Make the patient to accept himself with his counselor must take care not to threaten the problem and help him to adjust with it till it gets over. therapeutic relationship or to leave obligations unfulfilled. 6. To focus on his strengths by studying the case and produce a positive attitude in him and ultimately help PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELLING: him to reduce his negativity. 1. Principle of acceptance—accept the patient with his physical, psychological, social, economical and GOALS OF COUNSELING (GIBSON AND MITCHELL, cultural conditions. 1999) ◦ DEVELOPMENTAL: 2. Principle of communication—communication when clients are assisted in preparing for their should be verbal as well as non- verbal and should be anticipated human growth and development in the skilful. physical, personal, emotional, social, cognitive and spiritual dimensions, the goal of counseling may be 3. Principle of empathy—instead of showing sympathy developmental in nature. put yourself in patients shoes and then give reflections accordingly (Empathy is ability to identify with a ◦ PREVENTIVE: person.) when clients are encountered at the time they are not experiencing any problem but are 4. Principle of non-judge—mental attitude-do helped to avoid experiencing undesired outcomes, not criticize or comment negatively regarding the goal may be preventive patient’s complaints. ◦ ENHANCEMENT GOALS: 5. Principle of confidentiality—always keep the when clients’ encountered need is to be patient’s name, and the problem strictly secrete and helped to identify, recognize and enhance unused or assure the patient about the same. underused talents, skills and abilities, the goal may be enhancement 6. Principle of individuality—treat each and every patient as unique and respect his problem as ◦ EXPLORATORY: well. when clients do not believe they have an existing problem but can benefit from examining 7. Principles of non-emotional involvement—not options, testing skills, and trying new and different getting emotionally involved with the patient and activities, environments, relationships, and so on, they avoid getting carried away with his feelings. can be helped to explore other pathways GOALS OF COUNSELLING: ◦REINFORCEMENT GOALS: 1. Listening keenly to the patient is the main When clients are already taking action for goal. resolving their concerns or already have a planned course of action when they come for counseling, the 2. Identify the need of the patient. E.g., parents goal would be to help them recognize that what they need counselling for their children’s behaviour are doing, thinking, and/or feeling may be okay or problems. may need some fine-tuning 3. To make the patient to ventilate his emotions ◦ REMEDIAL GOALS: properly and help him to be aware of his own goals whereby clients are assisted to emotions and encourage him to be independent. overcome or solve an already existing concern are called remedial. 2  PYS ELEC 4 INTRO TO COUNSELING MODULE 2 HUMAN DIMENSIONAL GOALS (GIBSON, 2003) The counselor is not a specialist on healthy  COGNITIVE GOALS: these goals refer to the lifestyle but can safely focus on certain aspects that development of the intellect, and this is a concern are known to contribute to holistic health. The four mainly in schools. The focus would be the acquisition focal points are: of the basic foundations of learning and cognitive 1. Diet skills 2. Sleep 3. Exercise  PSYCHOLOGICAL GOALS: these goals refer to the 4. Substances development of good intra and interpersonal skills: social/interaction skills, emotional control, self-esteem and the like ❖ CRISIS COUNSELING Usually thought of as a stress to severe that the  PHYSIOLOGICAL GOALS: these are the goals individual becomes disorganized and dysfunctional. whereby clients are helped to develop the basic Crisis intervention is a helping process to assist an understanding and habits for good health, such as individual or group to survive an unsetting event so those done by fitness and diet counselors. that the probability of debilitating effects (e.g. PTSD) is minimized and the probability of growth is maximized  SPIRITUAL GOALS: helping individuals focus on (Thompson, 1992). internal processes within them which have to do with wholeness and inner peace constitutes the spiritual Crisis often falls into two categories: goals, whether this includes the relationship with God 1. Developmental crises – are universal and or not. often experienced as one goes through the different stages of life and encounters different developmental TYPES OF COUNSELING ACCORDING TO AREAS tasks. COVERED (SETTINGS) ❖ ACADEMIC / EDUCATIONAL 2. Situational crises – encountered through injury, This type of counseling focuses mainly on disaster, death, abandonment or illness. school or academic concerns: school selections; school entry; school maintenance. Key elements in helping people handle distressing and traumatic events in their lives, ❖ VOCATIONAL / OCCUPATIONAL / CAREER according to Conner, 2006. This type of counseling focuses mainly on 1. Education proper preparation or the selection or the selection if an occupation or career. Decisions on whether to 2. Observation and awareness pursue a degree or non degree course, field of concentration for college and /or after college, and 3. Discovering and using potentials the appropriate school for a selected program of study. 4. Understanding problems ❖ PERSONAL / SOCIAL 5. Creating necessary structure This type of counseling can be extended to anyone at any age and usually focuses on the 6. Challenging irrational beliefs and unrealistic interpersonal and intrapersonal growth of a person. It expectation can be preventive, developmental or remedial. 7. Breaking vicious cycles and addictive behavior ❖ PERSONAL HABITS COUNSELING To restore healthy living and full functioning. 8. Creating temporary dependencies facing fear and Since the physical affects the psychological, emotional pain unhealthy habits can create illness and body malfunctions that impede the person from performing 9. Recognizing that one is not destroyed all the unnecessary physical, social and/or intellectual activities desired or expected. 3  PYS ELEC 4 INTRO TO COUNSELING MODULE 2 PSYCHOLOGICAL FIRST AID- Modular approach for ❖ LEISURE COUNSELING assisting people in the immediate aftermath of Leisure is considered as discretionary time and disaster and or free or unobligated time and can focus on: terrorism to reduce initial distress and to foster short- 1. The kind of leisure activities that are suitable and long-term adaptive for the individual functioning. 2. When and/or how long one must engage in leisure activities ❖ GRIEF OR BEREAVEMENT COUNSELING Although grief is normal, grief counseling is Leisure counseling can assist individuals in can be helpful to normally functioning individuals who identifying options consistent with their lifestyle and have suffered an overwhelming loss. interest, making appropriate choice and when needed, securing the necessary education (Gibson The goals of grief counseling are: and Mitchell, 1999). 1. To work through the tasks of mourning completely and healthily Counseling can be done to encourage abusers to take the necessary action regarding their 2. To deepen understanding of oneself addiction. These sessions could focus on helping the abusers: 3. To adjust to the loss and return to normal 1. Admit they have a problem or recognize that functioning their substance is a problem in some ways. 4. To deepen one’s appreciation of what or who 2. Recognize the destructive outcomes of their was lost, without pain. behavior, damage to their health, strain on relationships, unacceptable work behaviors, possible loss of jobs, etc. ❖ PASTORAL COUNSELING Not every counselor is qualified to conduct 3. Desire to change Pastoral Counseling since is combines religion and spirituality with secular counseling to promote health 4. Find appropriate avenues for initiating the and wholeness. The training of pastoral counseling changes: detoxification, rehabilitation includes Theology and Behavioral Sciences. This type of counseling is usually conducted among those with 5. Engage in follow-ups or involvement in different moral-spiritual issues, as in the case of those who: activities to prevent a relapse. a. Have cognitive dissonance regarding sexuality, extramarital affairs, cohabitation, the decision to terminate suffering by choosing to die or ❖ CYBER ADDICTION COUNSELING taking away gadgets to prolong life. Addiction to virtual realms or experience created through computer engineering (internet, online b. Are deciding whether to pursue or leave games, virtual-reality games). The addiction takes religious life or marriage different forms according to Young, 1998. A. ADDICTION TO ONLINE RELATIONSHIPS c. Are planning a change of religious affiliation Cyber-sexual addiction – addiction to adult chat rooms or cyberporn where most of the discussions d. Cannot find meaning in their pain and pertain to sex. suffering, as in the case of those who are sick and dying or the bereaved. Cyber-relationship addiction – online friendships – including cyberaffairs – formed through chatrooms, e. Have committed an abortion BLOGS that replace real life friends and family. B. ADDICTION TO OTHER ONLINE FACETS Net activities (online gambling, online auction, online trading, game playing) 4  PYS ELEC 4 INTRO TO COUNSELING MODULE 2 Information overload (compulsive web surfing or 7. Feeling unable to control online use. database searches) TYPES OF COUNSELING ACCORDING TO PARTICIPANTS Programming activities COUNSELING can be delivered in different ways. Five of the most popular are: individual, group, Computer use is healthy up to a point. It multiple, couple and family counseling. becomes negative when the following effects are observed in the user (Young, 1998) INDIVIDUAL COUNSELING 1. Experience limited to just one dimension of life This is an interaction between two people only – the computer and what it can offer – the client and the counselor. It is the most common form of counseling in the Philippines, because it can 2. Distorted image of people and life itself in the spring from, absence of the usual give-and-take relationships, a. Routine interviews whereby counselors ensure that actual performance of tasks, and handling real each student is called to determine whether there challenges and difficulties. are concerns that must be explored or to interpret test results. 3. Failure to develop the mastery needed in society, work, school or relationships. b. Discovery from others of from collected information that someone need assistance but is not seeking it. 4. Social isolation and loss of the capacity for real intimacy since the addiction becomes a c. Referrals done by other significant people substitute for active life d. Voluntary counseling where an individual notice 5. Depression something about himself/herself which they cannot understand, accept or handle and which seems to 6. Tendency to escape rather than find solutions to be beyond his/her ability to deal with. problems. The counselor can verify whether a person is really GROUP COUNSELING addicted by checking on whether four or more of This is counseling extended to several people these symptoms are present, (Suler, 2004). with similar concerns and desired common goal. For 1. Preoccupation with previous or next internet some clients Group Counseling can be more use. beneficial than individual counseling because: 1. They are relieved to know they do not, after all, 2. Restlessness, moodiness, depression, irritability have the monopoly of problems or they are not the when attempting to cut down/stop internet use. only ones who have such a problem. 2. Staying on-line longer that originally intended. 2. Being with like-minded and like-hearted people give them courage to express their feelings. 3. Jeopardizing/risking loss of significant relationships, job, educational and/or career 3. It provides an avenue for those with social and opportunities for the internet. interpersonal deficits to have an immediate opportunity to develop social and 4. Using the internet to escape from problems or interpersonal skills. for relieving a dysphoric mood/negative feeling (helplessness, guilt, anxiety, depression) 4. Clients get to hear other people’s views and experiences 5. Lying to family members, therapist or others, to conceal extent of involvement with internet 5. The set up helps members learn the elements. needed to relate with others effectively and develop 6. Feeling a need to spend more and more time responsibility for maintaining productive work with online to achieve satisfaction others. 5  PYS ELEC 4 INTRO TO COUNSELING MODULE 2 nature and extent of exploration, differ from individual 6. The counselor is able to reach out to more people to individual. However there are certain basic stages, as a result of seeing more people at the same time. which form the essentials of counselling processes. These are criteria for using group instead of individual SIX STAGES counseling Stage One: Relationship building 1. Clients can benefit more from the set-up. Stage Two: Assessment and diagnosis Stage Three: Formulation of counseling goals 2. There are enough clients with similar concerns who Stage Four: Intervention and problem solving are willing to work on their concerns together Stage Five: Termination and Follow Up Stage Six: Research and evaluation 3. The clients have the ability to work cooperatively with a group. ❖ STAGE ONE: RELATIONSHIP BUILDING Tasks here include... 4. The individual members are free of mental and ▪ Laying foundations for trust emotional baggage that would hamper group work. ▪ Establishing the structure and form the relationship will take 5. Usually, six to eight members are useful for creating ▪ Informed consent process learning opportunities and for the counselor to be ▪ Articulating roles of counselor and client – able to handle the group effectively. developing a collaborative working alliance ✔ Empathy - promotes rapport and relationship MULTIPLE COUNSELING More than one counseling handles an individual, a couple or a group This way ✔ Unconditional Positive Regard- Client as person 1. The concern can be seen from different angles or of worth – separate from actions perspectives which make for comprehensive handling. ✔ Congruence - Genuine self in client interaction 2. More options may be generated by more people ✔ Respect- Strength focus looking into the problem and its resolution. 3. For couple counseling, have a male and a female ✔ Immediacy -Here and Now counselor may prevent client thinking of being ganged up against by the opposite sex. ✔ Confrontation - Promotes realistic, accurate view 4.For couple or group or family counseling, one counselor can be alert to the signals presented by the ✔ Concreteness -Attention on what is practical other members of the counseling relationship while the others counselor is busy processing one or the ✔ Self disclosure -->Promoting positive perception other member. and appropriate focus in counseling relationship Nystul (2003) COUPLE COUNSELING USING COUNSELING SKILLS: EFFECTIVE LISTENING In the past, this was called Marital Counseling. Early stages of the counseling relationship afford the chance to build counselor understanding of client and issues faced. Using counseling skills to gather FAMILY COUNSELING information, ✔ THE COUNSELING PROCESS to begin to formulate impressions Counselling is a process. It means that Counselling involves a sequence of identifiable DO... events spread over a period of time. The time taken, ⮚ Use listening skills and attend to nonverbals the sequence of events, and dynamics involved, the 6  PYS ELEC 4 INTRO TO COUNSELING MODULE 2 ⮚ Listen for the underlying communication ❖ STAGE FOUR: INTERVENTION AND PROBLEM SOLVING DON’T... Begins as soon as goals are established – this is ⮚ Be a judgmental counselor plan for how to achieve them ⮚ Jump to conclusions ⮚ Make language errors (e.g. parroting, jargon) Action...directed in accord with new perspectives ❖ STAGE TWO: ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS Collaboratively established plan works best Gathering information to promote understanding of client’s situation and Educational in that client is offered information perspective.....phenomenological regarding options, and advantages/disadvantages for each Completion of intake/of psychosocial New perspectives on both the way clients have Standardized (e.g. psychological tests) and Non looked at the problem and ways they might standardized (e.g. clinical interview) tools approach it *Confrontation vs Carefrontation Completion of Risk Assessment where *Self Disclosure as appropriate appropriate *A clear, simple plan toward goals Diagnosis Characteristics of a good treatment plan... *goals are clearly defined and reachable Stage Two - Tasks of this Stage *plan able to be adapted with time Identifying the nature of the presenting problem – *positive and action-oriented focus what kind of change is sought Essential to an effective plan...is client’s Counselor role moreso in helping the client articulate motivation and willingness to follow it than in pronouncing for them Termination Seeing problem in-context to the client’s larger world. Collaboration with client in identifying a date in Keeping an eye on strengths and resources. advance – Note that today, Managed care may dictate Counselor builds hypotheses during this stage and throughout Role to review progress, create closure in client counselor relationship and plan for future ❖ STAGE THREE: FORMULATION OF CLIENT GOALS Think of this as a means of empowering client The client articulates where they want their counseling journey to take them *Client role as one of driving the bus ❖ STAGE FIVE: TERMINATION - COUNSELOR CONSIDERS *Enhances sense of ownership and motivation – Counselor always mindful of avoiding fostering factors important in the change process dependency and is aware of own needs *Well identified goals help create a roadmap and Preparation for termination begins long before means to evaluate Open door / plan for possibility of future need *Goals may change, evolve as therapy progresses Termination considered not just at end of successful relationship, but also is considered when it seems counseling is not being helpful 7  PYS ELEC 4 INTRO TO COUNSELING MODULE 2 ❖ STAGE SIX: RESEARCH / EVALUATION People are much more likely to respect what Really completed throughout the counseling process they see as opposed to what they are told. – reflected in... *Generating hypotheses Counselors must live out what they preach, and *Trying intervention strategies that begins with being able to accept feedback. *Determining if/when goal is met 10. Confrontation - effective counseling A plan for evaluation relationships as antithetical rather than complementary. ★ COUNSELING SKILLS 1. Attending - Attending involves actively paying 11. Silence - Some clients process ideas and concepts attention to clients, and it is a vital aspect of avoiding in silence; the error of approach.  Some have difficulty in silence and feel a need to fill what they perceive to be a 2. Active Listening - Active listening may entail void. nodding one’s head, verbal tracking, accurate  Regardless of the reason, counselors have a summarization, and an ability to have the client feel responsibility to allow clients to own the silence heard.  The more counselors are comfortable with their 3. Reflection - Reflection helps therapists attend own silence, the more they will allow clients to to what is being communicated by conveying to own the silence. clients a sense of what they are picking up from them. 12. Goal Setting - Goal setting is contracting with clients about what they want. 4. Gathering Information - The skill of gathering information entails getting as much information as is 13. Modeling - Counselors are charged with the life- necessary long pursuit of self-awareness. 5. Questioning - Effective questioning is often 14. Reframing - To reframe what someone says, a accomplished when counselors are aware of the counselor merely has to reflect what clients say in a difference between content (what is said) and different way from how the clients presented it. process (how it is said). 15. Termination - Understanding when to terminate 6.Empathizing - If we were to not only walk in clients is a skill that takes experience, practice, and, another’s shoes, but live in another’s body, most often, guidance from an outside entity, such as experiencing the other person’s cognitive functioning, a supervisor. affective range, every emotional experience, memory, and even only have access to that person’s psyche, we would have made every single decision that person has made. 7. Self-Disclosure - means telling someone something about your life, something about you personally. 8. Focusing - the counselor’s job is to help the client focus on the issue at hand. 9. Providing Feedback - Two primary skills for counselors: to be able to accept feedback themselves, ⮚ to be able to circumvent the error of language. 8