INTRO-TO-ANATOMY-2024.pdf

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 1  ANATOMY Anatomy is the oldest medical science. Cave paintings of the early Stone Age, about 30,000 years ago. Anatomy is a branch of biological science. It deals with the...

INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 1  ANATOMY Anatomy is the oldest medical science. Cave paintings of the early Stone Age, about 30,000 years ago. Anatomy is a branch of biological science. It deals with the structure of an organism. MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 2  ANATOMY - Definition The word anatomy comes from Greek word “anatome” meaning to cut up or to cut repeatedly (‘ana’ -up; ‘tome’-cut). The term “dissection”is the Latin equivalent of the Greek term anatome”. Human anatomy is the scientific study of structures of the human body. MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 3  Importance of anatomy Ánatomy is the basis of medical discourse’ - Hippocrates (460-377BC) MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 4  Importance of anatomy  Knowledge of anatomy is essential for better understanding of other subjects of medical science such as physiology, biochemistry, pathology, micro-biology, medicine and allied subjects, surgery and allied subjects, obstetrics and gynaecology.  Knowledge of anatomy is essential for diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of diseases. MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 5  Structural and Functional Organization 1) Chemical Level 2) Cellular Level 3) Tissue Level 4) Organ Level 5) Organ system Level 6)Organism  CHEMICAL LEVEL CELLULAR LEVEL Atoms combined to molecules form form molecules organelles which makes up cell TISSUE LEVEL ORGAN LEVEL similar cells and different tissues surrounding combine to form materials make up organs tissue. O R O G organs such as the urinary organ system make A bladder and kidneys make R up an organism N up an organ system G A S N Y S I T S E M M  Characteristics of Life 1. Organization 2. Metabolism 3. Responsiveness - condition on which the - ability to use energy - ability of an parts of the organism to perform vital organism to sense have specific relationship function such as changes in the to each other and the growth, movement, environment and parts interact to perform reproduction. make adjustments specific functions. that help maintain its life. 4. Growth - result in the increase in size of all parts of the organism. 5. Development - changes an organism undergoes in time. It begin in fertilization and end in death. It involves: b.) Differentiation - changes in cell structure and function from generalized a.) Growth to specialized. Like from cell to tissue to organ. 6. Reproduction - formation of new cell or organisms.  Anatomical position of the body In anatomical position 1) The body is in erect position. 2) Face is directed forward, 3) Eyes looking forward, 4) Upper limbs are placed by the side of the body with palms facing forward, 5) Feet are placed together and resting on the floor. MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 11  MEDICAL TERMS MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 12 4 Parts to a Medical Term 1. Word roots or base of the word 2. Combining Forms = Word Root & Combining Vowel 3. Prefixes = at beginning of word root 4. Suffixes = at end of word root (usually with combining vowel) MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 13 4 Parts to a Medical Term 1. Word roots or base of the  Examples: word: Word roots usually, but –cardi = heart not always, indicate the –gastr = stomach part of the body involved. –neur = nerve 2. Combining Forms Note: Word roots do not mean 3. Prefixes pertaining to or relating to; that meaning 4. Suffixes comes from the suffix MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 14 4 Parts to a Medical Term 1. Word roots or base of the  Created by adding a vowel word: Word roots usually, but (usually the letter not always, indicate the “o”) to the end of a word part of the body involved. root. 2. Combining Forms  Used when connecting word roots or when 3. Prefixes the word root is joined to a 4. Suffixes suffix that begins with a consonant. MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 15 4 Parts to a Medical Term 1. Word roots or base of the word: Word roots usually, but not always, indicate the  Examples: part of the body involved. –cardi/o = heart –gastr/o = stomach 2. Combining Forms –neur/o = nerve 3. Prefixes 4. Suffixes MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 16 4 Parts to a Medical Term 1. Word roots or base of the word: Word roots usually, but not always, indicate the  Examples: part of the body involved. –cardi/o = heart –gastr/o = stomach 2. Combining Forms –neur/o = nerve 3. Prefixes 4. Suffixes MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 17 Some GREEK root words Term Meaning Term Meaning Derma Skin Osteon Bone Hepar Liver Pharynx Throat Hygieia Health Soma Body Hymen Membrane Stoma Mouth Kardia/Cardia Heart Trauma Wound Kephalic/ Cephalic Head Ophthalmos Eye Kranion/Cranion Skull Chole Bile MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 18 Some LATIN root words Term Meaning Term Meaning Anus Ring Labium Lip Aqua Water Manus Hand Bucca Cheek Pelvis Basin Caput Head Uterus Womb Cervix Neck Vagina Sheath Corpus Body Ovum Egg Cutis Skin Fetus Embryo MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 19 PREFIX Prefix are added to the beginning of a word to make a new word. ◦ Example: Mistake ◦ Prefix - Mis ◦ Root – Take MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 20 COMMON PREFIX PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE Anti- Against Antibiotic Hemi- Half Hemisphere Circum- Around Circumference Macro- Large Macrostomia Micro- Small Microstomia Auto- Self Autonomic Supra - Upper Suprascapular MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 21 Key Vocabulary Terms (prefixes):  Cyt/o = combining form for cell  Intra- = within  Blast/o = immature  Contra- = against  Hist/o = tissues  Trans- = across  Sinistr/o = left  Retro- = behind  Dextr/o = right  Peri- = around  Ultra- = excess or beyond  Circum- = around  Dia- = through MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 22 Key Vocabulary Terms (prefixes)  Brachi/o – Arm  My/o – Muscle  Encephal/o – Brain  Neur/o – Nerve  Ocul/o – Eye  Hemat/o – Blood  Ophthalm/o – Eyes  Intestin/o – Intestine  Or/o – Mouth  Lapar/o – Abdomen, loin or flank  Ot/o – Ear  Pulmon/o – Lungs MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 23 Directional Prefix MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 24 SUFFIX The ending part of the word that modifies the meaning of the word. ◦ Example : Homeless ◦ Root – Home ◦ Suffix - Less MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 25 COMMON SUFFIX SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE -ectomy To cut out Appendectomy -otomy To cut into (not Tracheotomy removal) -ostomy To make a mouth Colostomy MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 26 NUMBER : SINGULAR & PLURAL WORD MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 27 NUMBER : SINGULAR & PLURAL Singular (um) Plural (a) Ovum Ova Epithelium Epithelia Flagellum Flagella Cilium Cilia MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 28 NUMBER : SINGULAR & PLURAL (Contd…) Singular (um) Plural (a) Tentorium Tentoria Atrium Atria MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 29 NUMBER : SINGULAR & PLURAL (Contd…) Singular (x) Plural (ges) Phalanx Phalanges Larynx Larynges Meninx Meninges MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 30 NUMBER : SINGULAR & PLURAL (Contd…) Singular (us) Plural (i) Fasciculus Fasciculi Alveolus Alveoli Embolus Emboli Miniscus Minisci MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 31 NUMBER : SINGULAR & PLURAL (Contd…) Singular (on) Plural (a) Ganglion Ganglia Spermatozoon Spermatozoa Mitochondrion Mitochondria MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 32 NUMBER : SINGULAR & PLURAL (Contd…) Singular (a) Plural (ae) Patella Patellae Papilla Papillae MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 33 NUMBER : SINGULAR & PLURAL (Contd…) Singular (us) Plural (ora) Corpus Corpora Majus Majora Minus Minora MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 34 NUMBER : SINGULAR & PLURAL (Contd…) Singular (us) Plural (i) Coccus Cocci Vagus Vagi Leprus Lepri MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 35 NUMBER : SINGULAR & PLURAL (Contd…) Singular (-ex/ix) Plural (-ices) Apex Apices Cervix Cervices Pollex Pollices Matrix Matrices Cortex Cortices MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 36  Anatomical Terms- Body Directions : MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 37 Anatomical Terms- Body Directions : proximal/distal lateral /medial cephalic/ caudal superior/ inferior superficial/ deep anterior/ posterior ventral/ dorsal MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 38 Anatomical Terms- Body Directions : Proximal  Proximal describes a position in a limb that Distal is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The shoulder is proximal to the elbow.  Distal describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. The elbow is distal to the shoulder. MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 39 Anatomical Terms- Body Directions : Proximal Distal MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 40 Anatomical Terms- Body Directions : *Lateral describes the side or direction toward the side of the body. *Medial describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body. MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 41 Anatomical Terms- Body Directions : * Superior (or cranial) *Inferior (or caudal) describes a position describes a position below or lower than above or higher than another part of the body another part of the proper; near or toward body proper. The orbits the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the are superior to the oris. spinal column). The pelvis is inferior to the abdomen. MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 42 Anatomical Terms- Body Directions : * Superior (or cranial) *Inferior (or caudal) describes a position describes a position below or lower than above or higher than another part of the body another part of the proper; near or toward body proper. the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column). MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 43 Anatomical Terms- Body Directions : *Superficial describes a position closer to the surface of the body. The Superficial skin is superficial to the bones. Deep *Deep describes a position farther from the surface of the body. The brain is deep to the skull. MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 44 Anatomical Terms- Body Directions : Anterior (or ventral)- Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body. Anterior Posterior Posterior (or dorsal) -Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body. MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 45 Anatomical Terms- Body Directions : Anterior (or ventral)- Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body. Sternum (Anteriorly) Vertebral column Posterior (or dorsal) -Describes (Posteriorly) the back or direction toward the back of the body. MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 46 Anatomical Terms- Body Directions : MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 47  BODY PARTS AND REGION Upper Limb is divided into the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand. Arm- extends from shoulder Forearm- extends from elbow to elbow to wrist Lower Limb is divided into the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot. thigh- extend from the hip leg- extend from the knee to to knee ankle  BODY PARTS AND REGION The central region of the body consist of head neck and trunk. The trunk can be divided into three parts: thorax abdomen pelvic  ABDOMEN Quadrants Regions DIFFERENT PLANES MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 51 DIFFERENT PLANES  Sagittal Plane ◦ Vertical (front to back) ◦ Divides body into right & left sections ◦ Midsagittal = get two equal halves ◦ Sagittal = get unequal right & left sides MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 52 DIFFERENT PLANES (Contd…)  Frontal / Coronal Plan ◦ Vertical (side to side) ◦ Get anterior & posterior sections MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 53  DIFFERENT PLANES (Contd…)  Transverse Plane ◦ Horizontal ◦ Gives “cross sections” ◦ Divides body into superior & inferior sections MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 54 DIFFERENT PLANES (Contd…) MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 55 DIFFERENT PLANES (Contd…) MBBS/BDS WWW.AHMMOSTAFAKAMAL.COM 56 THE ORGAN SYSTEM INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Principle organ/s : Skin Primary Functions/s: Provides protection, regulates temperature, prevent water loss, and produces vitamin D precursor SKELETAL SYSTEM Principle organ/s: Bones, Ligaments Primary Functions/s: Provides protection and support, allows body movement, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat MUSCULAR SYSTEM Principle organ/s: Skeletal muscle and tendons Primary Functions/s: Produces Body movement, maintains posture, and produces body heat. NERVOUS SYSTEM Principle organ/s: Brain, Spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs. Primary Functions/s: A major regulatory system and controls movements, physiologic processes, and intellectual functions ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Principle organ/s: Pituitary gland, adrenals, pancreas, thyroid, parathyroids, and other gland Primary Functions/s: A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many othe function CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Principle organ/s: Heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries Primary Functions/s: transport nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Principle organ/s: Lymphnodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils Primary Functions/s: Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from digestive tract RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Principle organ/s: Lungs, bronchial tree, trachea, larynx, and nasal cavity Primary Functions/s: exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Principle organ/s: stomach, intestine, esophagus, liver, mouth, pancreas Primary Functions/s: Performs mechanical and chemical process of digestion, adsorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste URINARY SYSTEM Principle organ/s: kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra Primary Functions/s: removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (MALE) Principle organ/s: testes, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicle, penis Primary Functions/s: Produces and transfer sperm cell to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (FEMALE) Principle organ/s: Ovaries, uterine tube, uterus, vagina and breast Primary Functions/s: produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development; produces milk for the newborn; produces hormone that influence sexual function and behavior