Lecture I - Introduction PDF

Lecture I - Introduction Assoc. Prof. Eman Ramadan 1  UN SDGs The Strategy for Teaching and learning is extracted from the Egypt Vision 2030 which is aligned with the sustainable development goals of the united nations (UN SDGs) 3&4...

Lecture I - Introduction Assoc. Prof. Eman Ramadan 1  UN SDGs The Strategy for Teaching and learning is extracted from the Egypt Vision 2030 which is aligned with the sustainable development goals of the united nations (UN SDGs) 3&4 Universal healthcare system capable of improving health conditions A high-quality education and training system Intended Learning Outcomes ILos a. Knowledge and Understanding b. Professional and Practical Skills c. Intellectual Skills d. General and Transferable skills  a. Knowledge and Understanding On completion of this module students should be able to: a1. utilize the proper medical terms, abbreviations and symbols in biomedical sciences. a2. demonstrate understanding of knowledge of physiology, pathophysiology, anatomy, histology and medical terminology. a3. express knowledge of normal structure and function of the human body at the molecular, biochemical, cellular, organ / organ system. a 4. articulate knowledge from function and pathology to explain and understand drug actions.  b. Professional and Practical Skills On completion of this module students should be able to: b1. employ the principles of body function and basis of genomics to understand various health and disease states b2. compare the etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, laboratory diagnosis, and clinical features of CNS, musculoskeletal and cancer diseases.  c. Intellectual Skills On completion of this module students should be able to: c1. integrate the principals of anatomy, histology, physiology and pathophysiology in health and diseases states of the nervous and musculoskeletal system. c.2. relate etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical features of diseases of the nervous and musculoskeletal system to the clinical presentation and the treatment of patients  d. General and Transferable skills On completion of this module students should be able to: d 1. demonstrate responsibility for team performance and express time management skills. d 2. use contemporary technologies and media to demonstrate effective presentation skills.  Lecture Distribution The 12 lectures will be covered by: Medical terminology, Anatomy, Physiology, Pathophysiology and Histology Assoc. Prof. Eman Ramadan & Dr Enas Bahaa 8  Marks Distribution 10-15 % course work. Quiz I: First 4 Lectures (70 %) 25-30 minute. Graded assignment (30%) max 3 25- 30 % In Class assessment : Project McGrew Hill & weekly online quizzes. Participation and Behavior 60 % Unseen 9  Integrated Body system This module introduces: Human Anatomy, Histology Physiology Pathophysiology Medical Terminology to students as Integrated body system I, II and III. 10 Definitions Anatomy: scientific discipline that investigates the body’s structure Physiology: scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things. Pathophysiology: is the study of functional changes in the body that occur in response to disease or injury 11  What are the levels of organization? Chemical level Atoms, molecules, macromolecules as Nucleic acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates and Lipids Cellular level Cell The functional and structural unit of life e.g. import nutrients, eliminating wastes, synthesizing cellular components and teamcarterlces.com respond to changes in the surrounding environments 12  Tissue Level of Organization Tissue level Cells of similar shape and specialized function Four major tissue types Muscle Specialized for contracting and generating tension Nervous Specialized in impulse production and transmission Connective Specialized for connecting and supporting Epithelial Specialized for surface lining and exchange 13 Organs and Organ Systems Organ level Composed of two or more tissues that perform a common function e.g. Stomach Organs system level Composed of two or more organs that work to perform a common functions that is essential to survival e.g. Digestive system: The mouth, stomach, and small intestine are some of the organs of the digestive system. 14 Cell structure & Function 15 https://youtu.be/F1jBN00zda8?si=3ZJykkRLHtAWAa-j  The Importance of Cells All organisms are made of cells. The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can live e.g Bacteria 17  The cell Cells are the basic unit of complex organisms. Cell structure is correlated to cellular function The cell has organells, cytoskeleton, and inclusions. Similar or related cells are grouped and organized together to from tissues. http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/science_ed/whatart1.html https://www.britannica.com/science/human-body 18  The cell Two types of cells: Prokaryotic: Bacteria and Archae Eukaryotic: Animals, Plants, Fungus and Protists. https://image.slidesharecdn.com/036kingdomsprokaryoteeukaryote-120111073917-phpapp02/95/03-6-kingdoms-prokaryote-eukaryote-5- 728.jpg?cb=1326267802 19  The cell A. Nucleus B. Cytoplasm a) Inclusions : Stored food and pigments b) Organelles : Non-membranous organelles: Ribosomes, Microtubules, Filaments, centrioles, cilia and flagella. Membranous : Cell membrane (Plasma membrane), Mitochondria Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, Lysosomes and Endosomes 20 http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/RITCHISO/301notes1.htm  Cell membrane The plasma membrane is composed of: 1. lipids, arranged as a phospholipid bilayer 2. Proteins ( integral, peripheral) 3. Carbohydrates (glycolipids or glycoproteins). 21 http://diagram.monfch.com/diagram-of-a-cell-membrane/  Cell membrane:1-Lipids The phospholipid bilayer: Arranged into a lipid bilayer. Each of the phospholipid molecule is composed of a polar head (hydrophilic) and two non polar (hydrophobic) tails. Cholesterol on both sides of the membrane. 22 http://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/34679/why-dont-phospholipid-bilayers-dissolve  Cell membrane:1-Lipids Phospholipids: fatty acid bound to glycerol and phosphate ,The phosphate group is hydrophilic (facing water) Tails are fatty acid chains – which is hydrophobic (away from water) 23 http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio110/chap02/chap02.htm  Cell membrane: 2- Protein 2- Protein Integral protein ( intrensic) Cell -cell signaling, interactions, Enzymes, receptors. Domains within the membrane, form channels and pores, move molecules across the membrane Peripheral protein (extrensic) Anchoring cytoskeletal proteins to the membrane to triggering intracellular signaling pathways 24 http://keywordsuggest.org/gallery/141030.html  Cell membrane: 3. Carbohydrates Chains of carbohydrates attached to the lipid (glycolipid) or integral protein (glycoprotein) this forms Glycocalyx or cell coat. They serve as the finger print of the cells Cell -cell recognition (antigens MHC) ABO system (glycoproteins on the surface of RBCs) Basis of rejection of foreign cells by the immune system. 25  Glycocalyx Is the sugar coat located on the outer surface of the cell membrane Responsible for the fuzziness seen on electron microscope Consists of oligosaccharides side chain covalently linked to proteins and some lipids of the plasma membranes Function: Attachment of cells to the extracellular matrix Binding antigen and enzymes to the cell surface. Facilitates cell – cell recognition. Protects cells from injury. 26 http://www.keyword-suggestions.com/Z2x5Y29jYWx5eCBjZWxsIGJpb2xvZ3k/ https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/kn251-exam-ii-lecture/deck/15772407 Cell membrane http://slideplayer.com/slide/6835538/ 27  Cell membrane “selective permeability” Passes certain substances through while restricting the passage of others Types of cellular transport: I. Passive transport (cell does not use energy) Substances move down their concentration gradient 1. Diffusion 2. Facilitated diffusion 3. Osmosis II. Active transport (cell uses energy) Substance across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient 1. Protein pumps 2. Endocytosis 3. Exocytosis 28 I. Passive transport (cell does not use energy) 1. Simple diffusion Small non charged molecules such as H2O, O2 and CO2 or lipid soluble molecules as steroids Moving from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration (they move down their concentration gradient). http://www.biologymad.com/cells/cellmembrane.htm 29 I. Passive transport (cell does not use energy) 2. Osmosis (diffusion of water) Water molecules diffuse through a selectively permeable membrane from areas of high water concentration to areas of lower water concentration (or diffusion of water from low solute concentration to high solute concentration). 30 https://online.science.psu.edu/bisc004_activeup002/node/545 I. Passive transport (cell does not use energy) 3. Facilitated diffusion Substances move down their concentration gradient through protein channels in the cell membrane. Allows polar and charged molecules, as carbohydrates, amino acids, nucleosides, and ions. Two classes of proteins Channel proteins: form open pores through the membrane, Carrier proteins: bind specific molecules, undergo conformational changes that allow the molecule to pass. http://www.ck12.org/biology/Facilitated-Diffusion/lesson/Facilitated-Diffusion-BIO/ 31  II. Active transport (cell does use energy) Active transport is the energy-demanding transfer of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient. Pumping of substances across a membrane by a trans-membrane protein pump molecule. Major examples of Active Transport Sodium/potassium pump in cell membranes (especially nerve cells) http://www.mun.ca/biology/desmid/brian/BIOL2060/BIOL2060-08/CB08.html 32  Bulk transport Bulk transport requires energy A. Endocytosis B. Exocytosis Large molecules as proteins and carbohydrates cross membrane in bulk via vesicles Vesicle formation: materials are enclosed by a fold of the cell membrane, which then pinches and form a closed vesicle (Endocytosis) https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/ch-3b-transport-mechanisms/deck/5477890 33  A. Endocytosis The cell takes in substances by invaginating a portion of the plasma membrane, and forming a vesicle around the substance (invagination, pouch, vesicle) Endocytosis occurs as: 1. Phagocytosis: for solid particles (cell eating) 2. Pinocytosis: engulfing fluids (cell drinking) 3. Receptor –mediated endocytosis: specific particles https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/ch-3b-transport-mechanisms/deck/5477890 34  A B 1. Phagocytosis The cell is able to engulf solid particle forming a vesicle called phagosome Occur in certain types of cells e.g macrophages Fig: B First: A neutrophil extends a pseudopod toward two pneumococci. Center: these bacteria have been engulfed (arrows), and the neutrophil is beginning to engulf four more pneumococci at the upper right. last: Two pneumococci have escaped. 35 From W. B. Wood, M. R. Smith, and B. Watson, Journal of Experimental Medicine84:387, 1946  2. Pinocytosis The cell engulf a small amount of extracellular fluid forming pinocytotic vesicle. Occur in all types of cells. 36 http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/memb/c8.7x20b.pinocytosis.jpg  3. Receptor-mediated endocytosis Selective uptake of certain molecules (hormones) by binding to membrane specific receptors in certain cells. http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/memb/c8.7x20c.receptor.jpg 37  B. Exocytosis Transport vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents Examples: Release of digestive enzymes from cells of the pancreas. Secretion of insulin hormone. Dopamine release at Nerve endings Illustration of an axon releasing dopamine by Exocytosis 38 http://www.biology-pages.info/E/Exocytosis.html Exocytosis Vs Endocytosis 39 http://legacy.hopkinsville.kctcs.edu/instructors/Jason-Arnold/VLI/Module%202/m2cellfunctionandenergetics/m2cellfunctionandenergetics7.html  Mitochondria Membranous organelle Present in metabolically active cells as liver cells (hepatocytes) Power house of the cell (ATP production). 40 http://www.basic.northwestern.edu/g-buehler/mito.htm  Lysosomes Produced by Golgi apparatus Membranous vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes Increases in cells with high phagocytic activity (e.g macrophages).  Lysosomes A. Primary lysosomes are newly formed lysosomes B. Secondary lysosomes: a. Autophagosomes - from the fusion of lysosome with autophagosome that contain worn out, cytoplasmic organelles b. Heterophagosomes - fusion of lysosme with phagosomes that contain ENDOCYTOSED material from out side the cell c. Residual bodies - remanants of digested materials from autophagosomes or heterophagosomes. http://www.auburn.edu/academic/classes/zy/hist0509/html/Lec03Bnotes-the_cell2.html  Cytoskeleton A network of protein filaments Responsible for keeping the cell morphology, helps in cellular motion. Consists of 1. Microtubules, 2. Thin filaments(microfilaments), 3. Intermediate filaments http://biology4isc.weebly.com/cell-organelles.html 43  1. Microtubules Form tubular structures, consists of tubulin Keep cell shape Transport of organelles and vesicles such as secretory granules. http://oregonstate.edu/instruction/bi314/summer09/cytoskel.html  2. Thin or micro-filaments Mainly contractile thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments in skeletal muscle They form a thin sheath under plasmalemma Help in moving cytoplasmic components. Help cleavage of mitotic cells. http://plantphys.info/plant_physiology/cytoskeleton.shtml  3. Intermediate filaments Consists of protein: 1. Keratins are found in epithelium, protection from injuries. 2. Desmin is found in muscles, essential for muscle architecture. http://jcs.biologists.org/content/125/17/3923.supplemental https://www.researchgate.net  Inclusions Non living material which are either cell product or metabolite by the cell A. Stored food a. Glycogen b. Lipid B. Pigment a. Endogenous e.g. Haemoglobin and melanin b. Exogenous: Dust, carotene, tattoo and lead poising http://laboratoryinfo.com/periodic-acid-schiff-pas-staining-technique-for-carbohydrates/  Endoplasmic reticulum A system of interconnected tubules and vesicles. It is either Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (rER) Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum (sER) http://www.columbia.edu/itc/hs/medical/sbpm_histology_old/lab/lab04_micrograph.htm l. 48  Endoplasmic reticulum Rough Endoplasmic reticulum: Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum: no covered by polyribosomes for protein ribosomes synthesis Function of sER Function rER Lipid metabolism, glycogenesis, drug Synthesis of secretory protein ,e.g detoxification, calcium storage and pump enzymes and hormones and HCl formation Post-translational modification of Synthesize steroid hormones and proteins (sulfation, folding and phospholipids for all cell membranes glycosylation). Storage and transport of proteins. 49 https://www.quia.com/jg/1212028list.html  Golgi complex A specialized set of membranes Composed of series of: Flattened, slightly curved cisternae, (Golgi stack). 50 https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/golgi/golgiapparatus.html  Golgi complex function Referred to as post office where the molecules are packaged, labelled and sent to different parts of the cell The main function of the Golgi apparatus is to modify, sort and package the macromolecules Transport of lipid molecules around the cell. Lysosomes, vesicles and integral protein synthesis. Post- translational modification: addition of carbohydrates and phosphate by the process of glycosylation and phoshphorylation respectively Add a signal sequence that determines the final destination of the protein. Proteoglycans synthesis (extracellular matrix). 51  What is Homeostasis? The maintenance of a stable internal environment. 37 degrees C, pH 7.3-7.4 Other factors that are regulated? Most organ systems contribute to homeostasis Exception: reproductive system 52 53  What are the “Homeostatic Control Systems”? Network of body components that operate to maintain relatively constant around an optimal level Local (intrinsic) controls Inherent, or built into a particular organ. Decreased oxygen levels detected within skeletal muscle tissue can causes vasodilation of local blood vessels. Systemic (extrinsic) controls Outside of an organ. Involves neural and endocrine regulation. For example, control of body temperature. This is extrinsically controlled because the change is detected in one part of the body (the hypothalamus) and than the response involves other areas such as the blood vessels of the skin and sweat glands which are located elsewhere and are controlled by the nervous system 54 Homeostatic Control Systems Most control systems of the body act by a process of negative feed back. The effect opposite the change 55 Example: Blood glucose and Negative Feedback 56 Negative Feedback control Examples Blood Pressure Blood osmolarity 57 Other Regulatory Mechanisms Positive feedback loops It is the exact opposite of a negative feedback mechanism. The output enhances the original stimulus. Example child birth: during labor, a hormone called oxytocin is released that intensifies and speeds up contractions. The increase in contractions causes more oxytocin to be released and the cycle goes on until the baby is born. Feed forward mechanisms Anticipate change and responds to that change before it happens Examples : Thought or smell of food triggers salivation and increased respiratory rate in anticipation of exercise 58 Positive feedback loops Examples Breast Feeding 59 Disruption of Homeostasis 60 What happens if homeostasis fails? 61 Example Diabetes Blood pressure (hypertension or hypotension) Body temperature (hypothermia or hyperthermia) 62 Body Fluids 63 Body Fluids Total amount of fluid in the human body is approximately 70% of body weight Body fluid has been divided into two compartments: Intracellular fluid (ICF) Inside the cells 55% of total body water Extracellular fluid (ECF) Outside the cells 45% of total body water 64 Body Fluid Compartments Extracellular fluid includes Interstitial fluid Present between the cells Approximately 80% of ECF Plasma Present in blood Approximately 20% of ECF Also includes Lymph ⚫ vitreous body, synovial fluid ⚫ endolymph, aqueous humor ⚫ perilymph, cerebrospinal fluid ⚫ pleural, pericardial and peritoneal fluids 65 Body Fluid Compartments 66  Barriers separate ICF, interstitial fluid and plasma 1. Plasma membrane ⚫ Separates ICF from surrounding interstitial fluid 2. Blood vessel wall ⚫ Separate interstitial fluid from plasma 67 Composition of body fluids ⚫ Organic substances ⚫ Inorganic substances ⚫ Glucose ⚫ Sodium ⚫ Amino acids ⚫ Potassium ⚫ Fatty acids ⚫ Calcium ⚫ Hormones ⚫ Magnesium ⚫ Enzymes ⚫ Chloride ⚫ Phophate ⚫ Sulphate 68  Difference ECF ICF ⚫ Most abundant cation - Na+, ⚫ Most abundant cation - K+ – muscle contraction – Resting membrane potential – Impulse transmission – Action potentials – fluid and electrolyte balance – Maintains intracellular volume ⚫ Most abundant anion - Cl- – Regulates osmotic pressure ⚫ Anion are proteins and phosphates – Forms HCl in gastric acid (HPO42-) ⚫Na+ /K+ pumps play major role in keeping K+ high inside cells and Na+ high outside cell ICF differs considerably from ECF ECF most abundant cation is Na+, anion is Cl- ICF most abundant cation is K+, anion are proteins and phosphates (HPO42-) Na+ /K+ pumps play major role in keeping K+ high inside cells and Na+ high outside cell 70 Thanks 72