Chapter 2 - Hardware PDF

Chapter Chapter 2 Part Part Part Part Part 1 2 3 4 5 HARDWARE – Evolution – System Unit – Input Output - Secondary Storage –Hardware Trends 1 Learning Objectives Part 1 – Evolution of IT Hardware The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E 1. Explain the stage of IT Infrastructure 2. D...

Chapter Chapter 2 Part Part Part Part Part 1 2 3 4 5 HARDWARE – Evolution – System Unit – Input Output - Secondary Storage –Hardware Trends 1 Learning Objectives Part 1 – Evolution of IT Hardware The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E 1. Explain the stage of IT Infrastructure 2. Different type of computer hardware 2 Evolution of IT Infrastructure The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E 3 General-Purpose Mainframe and Minicomputer Era: (1959 to Present) The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫The introduction of the IBM 1401 and 7090 transistorized machines in 1959 marked the beginning of widespread commercial use of mainframe computers. In 1965, the mainframe computer truly came into its own with the introduction of the IBM 360 series. Mainframe computers became powerful enough to support thousands of online remote terminals connected to the centralized mainframe using proprietary communication protocols and proprietary data lines. 4 Personal Computer Era: (1981 to Present) The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫Proliferation of PCs in the 1980s and early 1990s launched a spate of personal desktop productivity software tools—word processors, spreadsheets, electronic presentation software, and small data management programs—that were very valuable to both home and corporate users. These PCs were stand-alone systems until PC operating system software in the 1990s made it possible to link them into networks. 5 Client/Server Era (1983 to Present) ⚫In client/server computing, desktop or laptop computers The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E called clients are networked to powerful server computers that provide the client computers with a variety of services and capabilities. Computer processing work is split between these two types of machines. The client is the user point of entry, whereas the server typically processes and stores shared data, serves up Web pages, or manages network activities. The term “server” refers to both the software application and the physical computer on which the network software runs. The server could be a mainframe, but today, server computers typically are more powerful versions of personal computers, based on inexpensive chips and often using multiple processors in a single computer box., or in server racks. 6 Enterprise Computing Era (1992 to Present) The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫In the early 1990s, firms turned to networking standards and software tools that could integrate disparate networks and applications throughout the firm into an enterprise-wide infrastructure. As the Internet developed into a trusted communications environment after 1995, business firms began seriously using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) networking standard to tie their disparate networks together. 7 Cloud and Mobile Computing Era (2000 to Present) The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫The growing bandwidth power of the Internet has pushed the client/server model one step further, towards what is called the “Cloud Computing Model.” Cloud computing refers to a model of computing that provides access to a shared pool of computing resources (computers, storage, applications, and services) over a network, often the Internet. These “clouds” of computing resources can be accessed on an as-needed basis from any connected device and location. 8 Evolution of Computing The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E 9 HARDWARE -Part 2 (System Unit) Introduction The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫Speed, capacity, and flexibility determine the power of personal computers. ⚫Knowledge of a computer’s power allows you to make good buying decisions and to determine if your current system will run new applications. ⚫Competent end users need to understand the functionality of the basic components of the system unit 10 Learning Objectives Part 2 – System Unit The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E 1. Differentiate between the five basic types of system units. 2. Describe system boards, including sockets, slots, and bus lines. 3. Recognize different microprocessors, including microprocessor 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. chips and specialty processors. Compare different types of computer memory including RAM, ROM, and flash memory. Explain expansion slots and cards. Describe bus lines, bus widths, and expansion buses. Describe ports, including standard and specialized ports. Identify power supplies for desktop, laptop, tablet, and mobile devices. Explain how a computer can represent numbers and encode characters electronically. 11 System Unit The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E System Chassis ⚫Container that houses most of the electronic components that make up a computer system System Unit ⚫Contains system’s electronic components and selected secondary storage devices System Unit Types 1. Desktops ⮚ System unit is in a separate case ⮚ ⮚ Tower Units All-in-Ones ⮚ All components including monitor 2. Laptops ⮚ Portable and much smaller ⮚ ⮚ Ultrabooks – laptop and tablet in one Gaming – high end graphics 3. Tablets ⮚ Mini tablet ⮚ ⮚ Most popular device – handheld computer Extend the capabilities of cell phones ⮚ Contain embedded computers 4. Smartphone 5. Wearables 12 Components The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫Although all devices come in many shapes and sizes they have similarities such as ⚫System boards ⚫Microprocessors ⚫Memory 13 System Board The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E System board or main board or motherboard controls communication for the entire computer system ⚫All components and devices connect to the system board ⚫Data path and traffic monitor ⚫Allows various components to communication efficiently with one another The system board contains a variety of electronic components ⚫Sockets – the connection point for chips ⚫Chips ⚫Tiny circuit boards etched onto squares of silicon ⚫Also called silicon chip, semiconductor, or integrated circuit ⚫Mounted on chip carriers 14 Microprocessor Additional system board components: ⚫Central Processing Unit (CPU) or The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E Slots and Bus Lines ⚫Slots ⚫Provide a connection point for specialized cards or circuit boards ⚫Provide expansion capabilities for the computer ⚫Bus lines ⚫Connecting lines that provide pathways to support communication among electronic components Processor ⚫Contained on a single chip call a Microprocessor ⚫Brains of the computer ⚫Two Basic Components of the CPU ⚫Control unit ⚫Tells the computer system how to carry out a program’s instruction ⚫Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) ⚫Performs arithmetic and logical operations 15 Microprocessor Chips ⚫Chip capacities are expressed in The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E word size ⚫Word is the number of bits that can be processed at one time: 16, 32 or 64 ⚫Clock Speed ⚫Processing speed or the number of times the CPU fetches and processes data or instructions in a second Multicore Chips ⚫Multicore Processors ⚫Two or more separate and independent CPUs within a system unit ⚫Quad-core supports 4 core processes ⚫Parallel Processing ⚫Computer’s ability to divided tasks into parts that can be distributed across each core ⚫Windows 8 and Mac OS X support parallel processing 16 Specialty Processors The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫Coprocessors ⚫Designed to improve specific computing operations ⚫Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) / Graphics coprocessors ⚫Designed to handle a variety of specialized tasks ⚫3D images ⚫Encrypting data ⚫Standard features in gaming computers 17 Memory The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫Holding area for data, instructions, and information ⚫Contained on chips connected to the system board ⚫Three well-known types of memory chips: ⚫RAM ⚫Random Access Memory ⚫ROM ⚫Read Only Memory ⚫Flash Memory 18 RAM The System Unit C ⚫Random Access Memory (RAM) chips hold programs and data that the CPU is presently O processing M ⚫Volatile or temporary – contents are lost when computer is powered off P Cache memory – temporary, high-speed U ⚫holding area between the memory and CPU T ⚫Additional RAM can be added using an expansion module called a DIMM (Dual inE line memory module) R H A R D W A R E ⚫Virtual Memory ⚫ Dividing a program between memory and storage enabling the system to run very large programs ⚫Memory is expressed in bytes 19 ROM The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫Read-only memory (ROM) ⚫Information stored by the manufacturer ⚫Non-volatile and cannot be changed ⚫CPU can read, or retrieve data and programs in ROM but the computer cannot change ROM ⚫Contain special instructions ⚫Start the computer ⚫Access memory ⚫Handle keyboard input 20 Flash Memory The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫Flash memory combines of the features of: ⚫RAM, it can be updated ⚫ROM, it is non-volatile ⚫Contains startup information ⚫BIOS (basic input/output system) ⚫Amount of RAM ⚫Type of keyboard, mouse, and secondary storage devices connected Many ROM chips are being replaced by flash memory 21 Expansion Slots and Cards The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E Expands your system’s capabilities ⚫Graphics cards for high quality 3D graphics ⚫Network interface cards (NIC) connect devices to networks via cables ⚫Wireless network cards connect devices to networks without cables ⚫SD cards ⚫Expansion cards for mobile devices 22 Bus Lines / Bus The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E Connect parts of the CPU to each other and various other components on the system board ⚫Pathway for bits representing data and instructions ⚫Bus width ⚫Number of bits that can travel simultaneously down a bus ⚫Architecture and design Expansion Buses Principle types: ⚫Universal Serial Bus (USB) ⚫Connects external USB devices onto the USB bus ⚫FireWire ⚫Primarily used to connect audio and video equipment to the system board ⚫PCI Express (PCIe) ⚫Single dedicated path for each connected device are tied to the speed and power for the computer ⚫Two basic categories of buses ⚫System bus – connects CPU to memory ⚫Expansion bus – connects CPU to other components 23 Ports The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E Socket for connecting external devices to the system unit ⚫Ports connect directly ⚫To the system board ⚫To cards inserted into slots on the system board ⚫Two Types ⚫Standard Ports ⚫Specialized Ports 24 Standard Ports The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫USB ⚫Keyboards, mice, printers, storage devices Specialized Ports ⚫External Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (eSATA) ⚫High-speed connection for external secondary storage ⚫Ethernet ⚫Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) ⚫HDMI – High Definition ⚫Mini DisplayPort (MiniDP or mDP) ⚫High speed networking Multimedia Interface ⚫High definition video and audio ⚫Thunderbolt ⚫Provides high-speed connections ⚫Can connect up to 7 separate devices through 1 port ⚫Connect musical instruments ⚫Connection to large monitors ⚫VGA & DVI ⚫Connections to analog and digital monitors ⚫FireWire ⚫High-speed connections to FireWire devices 25 Cables The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫Used to connect external devices to the system unit via the ports ⚫One end of the cable is attached to the device and the other end has a connector that is attached to a matching connector on the port 26 Making IT Work for You ~ TV Tuners The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫Using Windows Media Center as a DVR ⚫Install TV Tuner to connect your computer or cable to your computer 27 Power Supply The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫Computers require direct current (DC) power converting alternating current (AC) from wall outlets or batteries ⚫Desktop computers have a power supply unit in the system unit ⚫Laptops use AC adapters in the system unit ⚫Tablets and mobile devices use internal AC adapters ⚫Smartphones can use wireless charging platforms 28 Electronic Data and Instructions The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫Digital electronic signals ⚫Recognized by computers ⚫Analog signals ⚫Continuous signal ⚫Created by voices ⚫Conversion must take place from analog to digital before processing can occur 29 Numeric Representation The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫Two-state binary system consists of only two digits called bits ⚫On = 1; negative charge ⚫Off = 0; no charge ⚫Byte = 8 bits grouped together ⚫Hexadecimal system ⚫Uses 16 digits to represent binary numbers (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F) 30 HARDWARE -Part 3 (Input and Output) Introduction The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E • Have you ever wondered how information gets into your computer or comes out in a form you can use? • Input devices convert what we understand into what the system unit can process • Output devices convert what the system unit has processed into a form that we can understand Learning Objectives Part 3 – Input and Output The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E 1. 2. 3. 4. Define input. Describe keyboard entry including types and features of keyboards. Identify different pointing devices including game controllers and styluses. Describe scanning devices including optical scanners, RFID readers and recognition devices. 5. Recognize image capturing devices and audio-input devices. 6. Define output. 7. Identify different monitor features and types including flat-panels and e-books. 8. Define printing features and types including inkjet and cloud printers. 9. Recognize different audio and video devices including portable media devices. 10. Define combination input and output devices including multifunctional devices, telephones, drones, robots, and VR headgear and gloves. 11. Explain ergonomics and ways to minimize physical damage. 32 What is Input? The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫Any data or instructions used by a computer ⚫Input devices translate data into a form that the system unit can process ⚫Some hardware input devices include: ⚫Keyboards ⚫Mice ⚫Pointing ⚫Scanning ⚫Image capturing ⚫Audio-input Keyboard Entry The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫Keyboards ⚫Traditional keyboards ⚫Laptop keyboards ⚫Virtual keyboards ⚫Thumb keyboards Pointing Devices Provide an intuitive interface by accepting pointing gestures and converting them into machine-readable input ⚫Wide variety of devices such as Mouse, Touch screen, Game controller, Stylus The System Unit C O M P U T Mouse Types E ⚫Optical mouse ⚫ Has no moving parts R ⚫ Emits and senses light to detect mouse movement H ⚫ Can be used on any A surface ⚫Wireless mouse R ⚫ Battery operated ⚫ Uses radio waves or D infrared light waves W ⚫Touch pads ⚫ Controls pointer by A moving and tapping your fingers on the surface of R the pad E Touch Screen ⚫Can be touched with more than one finger ⚫Common on mobile devices ⚫Apple iPhone ⚫Notebook computers ⚫Desktop monitors ⚫Stylus is a pen-like device ⚫Used on tablets ⚫Uses handwriting recognition software 35 Gaming Controllers ⚫Provide input to computer The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E • • • • games Joysticks use pressure and direction of the stick Gaming mice are similar to a mouse but high precision Game pads use both hands Motion sensing device control games by user movement Scanning Devices Scanners convert scanned data into a form the system unit can process ⚫Optical scanners ⚫Flatbed scanners ⚫Document scanners ⚫Portable scanners ⚫3D scanners Card Readers The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E Interpret encoded information that is stored on debit, credit and identification cards ⚫Magnetic card reader ⚫Information read from strip when swiped through reader ⚫Smart cards hold additional security information Bar Code Readers Contain photo-electric cells that scan or read bar codes or the zebra striped marks printed on product containers ⚫Wand readers ⚫Hand –held readers ⚫UPCs and MaxiCode readers ⚫UPC are heavily used in grocery stores for automated checkout and inventory control ⚫MaxiCode used by shipping companies for routing packages RFID Readers Radio-frequency identification The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E Tiny chips embedded in most anything contain electronically stored information that can be read using an RFID reader located several yards away. ⚫Tracking pets ⚫Update and control inventories ⚫Read passports Character and Mark Recognition Readers Recognize special characters and marks ⚫Character and mark recognition devices ⚫Magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR) ⚫Used by banks to read encoded characters on checks ⚫Optical-character recognition (OCR) ⚫Reads preprinted characters such as wand scanners ⚫Optical-mark recognition (OMR) ⚫Sense the presence of absence of marks used for test scoring Image Capturing Devices Create or capture original C images O ⚫Digital Camera The System Unit M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫Capture images digitally and store in memory ⚫Web Cams ⚫Capture images and send to a computer Audio-Input Devices ⚫Voice recognition systems ⚫Use a microphone, sound card, and special software ⚫Users can operate computers and create documents using voice commands ⚫Included in many smart phones ⚫Siri in iPhones ⚫Cortana in Windows phones ⚫Google Now in Google phones Output The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E Processed data or information ⚫Types of output (Text, Graphics/photos, Audio & video) ⚫Output devices – Monitors, Printers, Audio-output devices Monitors Monitor Types Curved Monitors E-book Readers Other Monitor Types -Known as screens or display screens and present visual images of text and graphics -Output referred to as soft copy -Features: a) Clarity b) Resolution/pixels c) Dot pitch d) Contrast ratios e) Size f) Aspect ratio Flat-panel monitors: -Require less power to operate -Portable and thin -Most are backlit Has a concave screen that provides better viewing angles near the edges of the screen - Used by highend gamers - Used for smart watch displays An e-book is a traditional books printed in electronic form Other monitors: i) Digital/interactive whiteboards - Connects to a computer or project - Controlled using a special pen or even your finger (used in Classrooms and corporate boardrooms) ii) Ultra High-definition television (UHDTV) - Digital output delivering a much clearer and more detailed image that regular HDTV iii) Digital Projector - Project the images from a traditional monitor onto a screen or wall Three types: 1. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) - Older monitors 2. Light Emitting Diode (LED) - More advanced backlighting 3. Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) - Thin layer organic compound that produces light E-book readers are dedicated mobile devices for storing and displaying ebooks Use e-ink technology -Produce images that reflect light (Kindle, Nook) 40 Printers The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫Translates information that has been processed by the system unit ⚫Output referred to as hard copy ⚫Features ⚫Resolution ⚫Color ⚫Speed ⚫Memory ⚫Duplex printing Printer Types The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫Ink-jet printers spray ink at a high speed ⚫Reliable, quite and inexpensive ⚫Laser printers uses a laser light beam to produce images ⚫Fast, excellent quality ⚫Personal or shared ⚫3D Printers create 3-D shapes with a thin layer of material repeatedly until created ⚫Additive manufacturing Other Printers ⚫Cloud printers (Connected to the Internet to provide services to others on the Internet ⚫Thermal printers ⚫Plotters Audio and Video Devices The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫Translates audio information from the computer into sounds that people can understand ⚫Speakers and headphones ⚫Bluetooth Technology ⚫Wireless technology ⚫Used to connect to speakers and headsets Combination Input and Output Devices The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫Headsets ⚫Combine a microphone and headphones ⚫Multifunctional devices (MFD) ⚫Cost efficient but lower quality ⚫All-in-one printers are a good example ⚫Telephones ⚫Known as Telephony and Internet Telephony ⚫Voice-over IP (VoIP) ⚫Hangouts ⚫Face Time ⚫Skype Drones and Robots The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E Drones or unarmed aerial vehicles ⚫Take input from a controller and send back video and sound to the user ⚫Very cost effective now Robots ⚫ Use microphones, cameras and other sensors as input ⚫ Output is dependent on the use for the robot ⚫ Assists in surgery Virtual Reality ⚫Created in 3D through computers for a virtual experience ⚫Headgear with gloves have sensors to collect data that work with software Making IT Work for You ~ Skype The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫Communications tool using VoIP ⚫www.skype.com Ergonomics The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫Study of human factors related to things people use ⚫Fit the task to the user to avoid: ⚫Eyestrain and headache ⚫Back and neck pain ⚫Repetitive strain injury Ergonomic Challenged Devices The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E Portable devices are not set up for ergonomics ⚫Laptops ⚫Because the keyboard and monitor are connected, they cannot be set up ergonomically ⚫Tablets ⚫Tablet hunch is caused by the users head being improperly aligned to the viewing surface ⚫Smartphones ⚫Blackberry thumb results from using thumbs to type on a tiny keyboard HARDWARE -Part 4 (Secondary Storage) Introduction The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫Data storage has expanded from text and numeric files to include digital music files, photographic files, video files, and much more. ⚫These new types of files require secondary storage devices with much greater capacity. ⚫In Part 3 (hardware), you learn about the many types of secondary storage devices including their capabilities and limitations. Learning Objectives Part 4 – Secondary Storage The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E 1. Distinguish between primary and secondary storage. 2. Identify the important characteristics of secondary storage, including 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. media, capacity, storage devices, and access speed. Describe hard-disk platters, tracks, sectors, cylinders, and head crashes. Compare internal and external hard drives. Compare performance enhancements including disk caching, RAID, file compression, and file decompression. Define optical storage including compact discs, digital versatile discs, and Blu-ray discs. Define solid-state storage, including solid-state drives, flash memory cards, and USB drives. Define cloud storage and cloud storage services. Describe mass storage, mass storage devices, enterprise storage systems, and storage area networks. Storage The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫Primary storage is: ⚫Volatile storage ⚫Loses content when the computer loses power ⚫Temporary storage ⚫Random Access Memory (RAM) ⚫Secondary storage is: ⚫Nonvolatile storage ⚫Stores programs and data regardless of power ⚫Permanent storage ⚫Permanently saves information for future use Secondary Storage Characteristics The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫Secondary storage characteristics ⚫Media ⚫Physical materials that holds data and programs ⚫Capacity ⚫How much the media can hold ⚫Storage devices ⚫Hardware that reads data and programs ⚫Access speed ⚫Amount of time required to retrieve data from storage ⚫Writing is the process of saving information to storage ⚫Reading is the process of accessing information from storage Hard Disks The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E Save files by altering the magnetic charges of the disk’s surface to represent 1s and 0s ⚫Use rigid, metallic platters that are stacked one on top of one another ⚫Store and organize files using tracks, sectors, and cylinders How charges on a disk surface store the letter A Tracks and Sectors Head Crash The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E Occurs when read-write head makes contact with the hard disk’s surface or with particles on its surface ⚫Disastrous Types of Hard Disks The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E Internal ⚫Located inside the system unit ⚫Used to store programs and data files ⚫You should perform routine maintenance and periodically backup all important files External ⚫Removable ⚫Used to complement internal hard disk Performance Enhancements The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E There are 3 ways to enhance performance. Solid-State Storage The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E Solid–state devices (SSDs) have no moving parts ⚫Solid-state drives ⚫Faster and more durable than hard disks ⚫Access to slash memory or solid state storage ⚫Flash memory cards ⚫Widely used in laptops, smartphones, GPS navigation systems ⚫USB Drives (or Flash Drives) ⚫Connect to USB port ⚫Capacity of 1 GB to 256 GB ⚫Portable Optical Discs ⚫Hold over 128 gigabytes (GB) of The System Unit C data O ⚫Use reflected light to represent data ⚫Lands represent 1s and 0s on the disc M ⚫Pits are bumpy areas on the disc that, P when light is reflected, determine the U 1s and 0s T ⚫Use tracks and sectors to organize and store files but only use a single E track unlike the hard drive R H Type A R CD-ROM D W CD-R A CD-RW R E Optical Disc Types Optical Disc Formats Access Description Compact disc – read only mode Cannot be written to or erased Compact disc – recordable Can be written to Compact disc – rewritable Can be written to and erasable Cloud Storage The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E The Internet acts as a “cloud” of servers ⚫Applications provided as a service rather than a product ⚫Supplied by servers that provide cloud storage or online storage Cloud Storage Services Benefits / Advantages The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E • Maintenance • Hardware upgrades • File sharing and collaboration Disadvantages • Access speed • File Security Cloud Storage Service Companies Making IT Work for You ~ Cloud Storage The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E Using a cloud storage service makes it easy to upload and share files with anyone. Starting Dropbox Dropbox Step 1 Step 2 Sharing Dropbox Mass Storage Devices The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E To meet the needs of organizations requiring large amounts of secondary storage requirements ⚫Enterprise storage system ⚫Safe use of data across an organizational network ⚫Devices include: ⚫File servers ⚫Networked attached storage (NAS) ⚫RAID systems ⚫Organizational cloud storage Storage Area Network (SAN) The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E ⚫Architecture to link remote computer storage devices ⚫Enterprise storage systems can be connected to ⚫Computers to provide local system access ⚫User’s computer provides file system, but SAN provides disk space ⚫House data in remote locations and still allow efficient and secure access TRENDS –Part 5 The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E • Device and Nanotechnology • Nanotechnology is the aptitude to perceive, measure, operate, and build materials at the nanometer scale, the size of atoms and molecules. Taha, T. B., Barzinjy, A. A., Hussain, F. H. S., & Nurtayeva, T. (2022). Nanotechnology and computer science: Trends and advances. MemoriesMaterials, Devices, Circuits and Systems, 2, 100011. https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/trends/2022-report Performance of emerging memories The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E 65 Computer Hardware Chart The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E 66 Future of Hardware 1. The System Unit C O M P U T E R H A R D W A R E 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Quantum Computing Constrained only by the laws of physics, quantum computing will potential extend Moore’s Law into the next decade. As commercial quantum computing comes within reach, new breakthroughs are occurring at an accelerating pace. Device and Nanotechnology It is clear that MEMS devices, nanoparticles, and their use in applications are here to stay. Nanotechnology has already been useful in manufacturing sunscreen, tires, and medical devices that can be swallowed. 3D Integrated Circuits The transition from printed circuit boards to 3D-ICs is already underway in the mobile arena, and will eventually spread across the entire spectrum of IT products. Universal Memory Universal memory replacements for DRAM will cause a tectonic shift in architectures and software. Multicore By 2022, multicore will be everywhere, from wearable systems and smartphones to cameras, games, automobiles, cloud servers, and exa-scale supercomputers. Photonics Silicon photonics will be a fundamental technology to address the bandwidth, latency, and energy challenges in 67 https://www.computer.org/publications/tech-news/trends/2022-report the fabric of high-end systems.