Integumentary System - Vertebrates & Invertebrates PDF

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (Skin and Body Membranes) UE – CAS, BIO CLUSTER  stem cell cell type 1 or stem stem cell...

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (Skin and Body Membranes) UE – CAS, BIO CLUSTER  stem cell cell type 1 or stem stem cell cell cell type 2 or stem stem cell cell cell type 3 mitosis differentiation Fig. 19-1a, p. 388 Simple squamous epithelium Lines blood vessels, the heart, and air sacs of lungs Allows substances to cross by diffusion Simple cuboidal epithelium Lines kidney tubules, ducts of some glands, oviducts Absorbs, secretes, moves materials mucus-secreting gland cell Simple columnar epithelium Lines some airways, parts of the gut Absorbs, secretes materials Fig. 19-4, p. 391  D Cartilage A Loose connective tissue Internal framework of Underlies most epithelia ears, nose, airways; covers Provides elastic support, ends of bones stores fluid Supports soft tissues, cushions, reduces friction at joints B Dense, irregular E Adipose tissue connective tissue Under skin and around Deep in skin and the heart and kidneys around intestine, in Stores energy-rich kidney capsule lipids, insulates, and Binds parts together, cushions parts provides support, protection F Bone tissue Bulk of most vertebrate skeletons C Dense, regular Protects soft tissues, connective tissue functions in movement, Tendons and stores minerals, ligaments produces blood cells Stretchable attachment between G Blood parts Connective tissue with fluid matrix (plasma) and cellular components Transports substances, functions in body defenses, and helps maintain temperature Fig. 19-5, p. 392 Fig. 19-6, p. 393  Cell Tissue Organ (muscle cells) (cardiac muscle) (heart) Organ System Organism (circulatory system) (human) Fig. 19-2, p. 389 cranial cavity spinal cavity thoracic cavity diaphragm abdominal cavity pelvic cavity Fig. 19-8, p. 394 Body Membranes  Function of body membranes  Cover body surfaces  Line body cavities  Form protective sheets around organs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cutaneous Membranes Figure 4.1a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mucous Membranes Figure 4.1b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Serous Membranes Figure 4.1d Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Serous Membranes Figure 4.1c Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 19-10, p. 396 Fig. 19-CO, pp. 386-387  Forms 8% of body mass 1.5-4 mm thick p. 391 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Integument – external covering of an animal  Skin (cutaneous membrane)  Skin derivatives  Sweat glands  Oil glands  Hair  Nails  Scales  Feathers INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM  Properties: 1. Keratinized 2. Glandular 3. Stratified 4. Elastic 5. Pigmented Integumentary System Functions:  Protection  Regulation of body temperature  Excretion of waste materials  Reception of environmental stimuli (pain, temp, pressure)  Movement of gases (for some animals) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  hair epidermis 1 (stratified squamous duct of sweat epithelium) gland blood vessel dermis pressure- mainly 2 sensitive dense sensory connective receptor tissue smooth muscle sweat gland hair follicle hypodermis mainly 3 adipose tissue and oil gland loose connective tissue Fig. 19-9, p. 395 Skin Functions Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skin Functions Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skin Structure Figure 4.3 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Darier disease(DD) / (Keratosis Follicularis) Warty papules and plaques in seborrheic areas, palmoplantar pits and distinctive nail abnormalities Hailey– Hailey disease (HHD) / (Familial Benign Pemphigus) recurrent blisters, crusted erosions and warty papules that occur mainly on the neck, axillae, groin, and other flexures and intertriginous areas Skin Structure Figure 4.4 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Appendages of the Skin Figure 4.6a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Appendages of the Skin Figure 4.6b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Appendages of the Skin Figure 4.7c Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Appendages of the Skin  Hair anatomy  Central medulla  Cortex surrounds medulla  Cuticle on outside of cortex  Most heavily keratinized Figure 4.7b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Appendages of the Skin Figure 4.7a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Hair Follicle cross section (above the level of the bulb) Connective Tissue Sheath Outer Root Sheath Inner Root Sheath Hair Cuticle Hair Cortex Bulb Hair Medulla Papilla Matrix  Sebaceous Glands Reticular Dermis Erector Pili Hair muscle Follicle Appendages of the Skin Figure 4.8 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Appendages of the Skin Figure 4.9 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Some specialized touch receptors located in the skin: Meissner’s corpuscles – sensitive to light touch Merkel’s discs – permit us to know that an object continues to touch the skin Ruffini’s end-organs – adapt very slowly, inform us of heavy & continuous touch & pressure Pacinian corpuscles – especially sensitive to the deep pressure that causes rapid movement of the tissues  food, water intake oxygen inhaled carbon Digestive Respiratory dioxide System System exhaled nutrients, carbon oxygen water, solutes dioxide Urinary Circulatory System System water, solutes excretion transport of elimination of soluble of food materials to wastes, excess water, residues and from cells and salts Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Sensory Receptors Brain Brain receives signals from Stimulus Receptors monitor internal sensory receptors and signals Exertion on a hot temperature and signal the muscles and glands. day raises internal brain when it increases. body temperature Response Body temperature Muscles and Glands declines Skeletal muscles in Smooth muscle in Sweat glands Endocrine glands the chest wall blood vessels secrete more that affect general contract more supplying the skin sweat, which cools activity levels slow frequently, relax and widen; the body as it secretion of increasing the rate more blood flows evaporates. hormones that of breathing. to skin, and more stimulate activity. heat radiates to surrounding air. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings p. 399 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 19-13a, p. 401 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 19-13b, p. 401 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fig. 19-13c, p. 401 Skin Homeostatic Imbalances Figure 4.10 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Rule of Nines Figure 4.11a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Severity of Burns Figure 4.11b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skin Cancer Types Figure 4.12a Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skin Cancer Types Figure 4.12b Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skin Cancer Types Figure 4.12c Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ABCD Rule  A = Asymmetry  Two sides of pigmented mole do not match  B = Border irregularity  Borders of mole are not smooth  C = Color  Different colors in pigmented area  D = Diameter  Spot is larger then 6 mm in diameter Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Variations in Invertebrates A. Single-celled Protozoa - Plasma membrane as external covering - Eg. Paramecium, Euglena pellicle –thick protein coat B. Multicellular Invertebrates Pellicle of Paramecium 1. Epidermis – in most multicellular invertebrate, outer layer - single layer of columnar epithelial cells Hydra – few cell layers thick Epidermis of Hydra Nematodes & Annelids – one-cell thick which secretes multilayered cuticle Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Multilayered cuticle of nematodes & annelids Tegument of flatworm Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Variations in Invertebrates  Some possess (specialization) a) cuticle Shell of a coral –waxy substance in epidermis of rotifers, crustaceans, arachnids, insects b) shell - CaCO3 in cnidarians (eg. corals) & Echinoderms ( starfish, sea urchins) c) Cilia – in echinoderms, ciliated epidermis & dermis containing CaCO3 d) Tegument – in parasitic flatworms - for nutrient absorption & protection against digestion by host enzymes Arthropods- most complex of invertebrates bec. Integument is a specialized exoskeleton Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Variations in Invertebrates Ciliated epidermis of Echinoderms Chitinous exoskeletons of Arthropods Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Vertebrates Integument: SKIN SKIN – largest organ (with respect to surface area) 2 Main Layers: 1. Epidermis - outermost layer of epithelial tissue - one to several cells thick 2. Dermis - thicker layer of connective tissue beneath the epidermis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Variations In Vertebrates  Jawless Fishes (Lampreys & Hagfishes) - thick skin due to multilayered epidermis w/ glandular cells & fat storage cells in the hypodermis  Cartilaginous Fishes ( Shark) - multilayered & contains bone in the form of denticles (teeth)  Bony Fishes ( Teleosts) - contains scales shark  Amphibians - stratified & contains mucous & several glands plus pigmentation mucous & poison glands -Sensory nerves in epidermis - warts in toads are special sensory structures (w/ sensory cells) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Variations In Vertebrates  Reptiles - thick epidermis & keratinized scales - absence of integumentary glands dry skin  Birds - soft & thin epidermis w/ no epidermal glands - contains feathers  Mammals - consists of several layers 1. epidermis - stratified squamous epithelium 2. dermis - underneath epidermis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Additional slides for reference Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Stratum spinosum (thorn-like, prickly) –8-10 layers attached by desmosomes –See spines when cell is stained for microscopy –Keratinocytes take in melanin by cytocrine secretion Stratum granulosum –3-5 layers –Keratinization begins here –Keratohyalin found in granules –Cells beginning to die Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Stratum lucidum (lucid = clear) –More apparent in thick skin –3-5 layers of clear cells –Eleidin Stratum corneum (corneum means horny) –Dead, flat cells full of keratin –Keratin is waterproof –Cells are shed Basal cell to surface – about 2-4 weeks Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epidermis : Layers  Cancel Lab Get Some Beer Stratu m Corneu Stratum Stratum m Lucidum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale Thin Skin Rete ridge Thick Skin Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Characteristics of Epidermal Cells  They mature as they move toward the skin surface and produce keratin  They die as they move through the stratum corneum  They wear off and must be replaced when they reach the outer surface of the skin Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epidermis: Melanocytes Melanocytes: clearish cells in basal layer with dark nuclei ; ratio of 1: 10. Langerhans’s Cells: dendritic cells of the epidermis. Sit in the mid-spinous. Not visible by light microscopy. Merkel Cells: located in the stratum basale. Also not visible by light microscopy. They are receptor cells that establish synaptic contacts with sensory nerves and contain granules of neurotransmitters. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epidermis Cell to Cell Adherence Zona occludens: tight junctions prevent diffusion across cells Zona adherens: Ca++ dependent cadherins that connect to actin Macula adherens: Made of desmosomes Gap junctions: communication for electric / metabolic function Hemidesmosomes: Basement Membrane connect cells to BM Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Epidermis Desmosome = Intercellular Bridges Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Basement Membrane Hemidesmosomes Basal layer keratinocytes of epidermis Laminins 5 & 6 Lamina Lucida Basement Membrane Collagen Type Lamina Densa Collagen type XVII, XIII VII Anchoring Fibrils Dermis Collagen type I Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dermal-Epidermal Junction (DEJ)  Connects the epidermis and dermis  It is composed of proteins which provide a firm connection  Hemidesmosome: connects basal keratinocytes to basement membrane  Basement membrane  Lamina lucida = collagen types XVII, XIII, laminin 5 & 6  Lamina densa = collagen type VII  Anchoring fibrils attach the basement membrane to the dermis hooking on to Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Layers of the Dermis 1. Papillary Layer –In contact with the epidermis –Accounts for about 1/5 of the entire dermis –With numerous projections called Dermal Papillae, that extend form the upper portion of the dermis into the epidermis –Dermal papillae contain capillary loops, which furnish nutrients to the epidermis –Some papillae house pain receptors (free nerve endings) and touch receptors (Meissner’s Corpuscles) –Dermal papillae form the base for the friction ridges on the fingers and toes Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  2. Reticular Layer –deepest skin layer –contains blood vessels, sweat & oil glands,deep pressure receptors ( Pacinian corpuscles) –numerous phagocytes –Thicker bundle of collagen fibers –Dense irregular connective tissue –Sebaceous (oil) glands –Hair follicles –Ducts of sudoriferous (sweat) glands –Striae or stretch marks –Meissner’s corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Papillary Dermis Capillaries Papillary Dermis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Dermis  The dermis is composed of two major types of fibers:  Type I Collagen  Elastic fibers: three types based on microfiber and elastin content Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hair Follicle cross section (above the level of the bulb) Connective Tissue Sheath Outer Root Sheath Inner Root Sheath Hair Cuticle Hair Cortex Bulb Hair Medulla Papilla Matrix Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sebaceous Glands  Usually associated with hair follicles  Simple branched acinar glands  Several acini that empty into single duct  Holocrine secretion  Empty “sebum” into hair follicle Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Eccrine Glands  Merocrine sweat glands  Release to adjust body temperature  Three cell types  Dark cells: pyramid shaped with secretory granules line lumen of tubule  Clear cells: located toward basement membrane  Myoepithelial cells: spindle shaped contractile cells Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Apocrine Glands  Apocrine glands  Similar to eccrine glands but larger lumens and ducts empty onto superficial regions of hair follicle  Release product by shedding of part of cytoplasm = apocrine snouting  Influenced by hormones (sexual scent glands)  Only found on axilla, areola, perianal and genital area Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Ceruminous glands –Modified sudoriferous glands –Secrete cerumen (ear wax) Mammary glands –Secrete milk Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Subcutis Subcutis – Area deep to the dermis – Includes the hypodermis Loose connective Pacinian Corpuscle tissue containing adipose tissue, nerves, sensory receptors, arteries and veins Provides a flexible attachment to the underlying muscle and fascia Adipocytes Hair bulb in the subcutis of the scalp. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hypodermis Attaches the reticular layer to the underlying organs Loose connective tissue and adipose tissue Major blood vessels – rete cutaneum Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings