Protection, Support & Movement PDF

Protection, Support & MovementZOOL111 Lesson 6 Amanda S. De Los Santos, MS  OUTLINE OF DISCUSSION 01 02 The Integumentary The Skeletal System System 03 Non Muscular movement...

Protection, Support & MovementZOOL111 Lesson 6 Amanda S. De Los Santos, MS  OUTLINE OF DISCUSSION 01 02 The Integumentary The Skeletal System System 03 Non Muscular movement & Muscular Systems 01 The Integumentary System INTEGUMENT L. integumentum, cover the external covering of an animal protects the animal from mechanical and chemical injury and invasion by microorganisms The Integumentary System of Invertebrates The Integumentary System of Invertebrates Integument of Invertebrates. The integument of many invertebrates consists of a simple layer of columnar epithelial cells (epidermis) resting on a basement membrane. A thin layer of connective tissue lies under the basement membrane. Cilia and glandular cells may or may not be present.  The Integumentary System of Invertebrates The cuticles of (a) a crustacean and (b) an insect. The underlying epidermis secretes the cuticles of both groups of animals. The Integumentary System of Invertebrates The Integumentary System of Invertebrates Hydra Corals The Integumentary System of Invertebrates Nematodes Parasitic Flukes & Tapeworms The Integumentary System of Invertebrates Echinoderms Arthropods The Integumentary System of Vertebrates The Integumentary System of Vertebrates Skin of Jawless Fishes The Integumentary System of Vertebrates Skin of Cartilaginous Fishes The Integumentary System of Vertebrates Skin of Bony Fishes The Integumentary System of Vertebrates Skin of Amphibians The Integumentary System of Vertebrates Skin of Nonavian reptiles The Integumentary System of Vertebrates Skin of Avian reptiles The Integumentary System of Vertebrates Skin of Mammals The Integumentary System of Vertebrates Skin of Mammals The Integumentary System of Vertebrates Skin of Mammals  02 The Skeletal System Fluid Hydrostatic Skeletons Rigid Exoskeletons Rigid Endoskeletons The Skeletal System of Invertebrates Hydrostatic Skeletons The Skeletal System of Invertebrates Exoskeletons The Skeletal System of Invertebrates Donoughe, S., Crall, J. D., Merz, R. A., & Combes, S. A. (2011). Resilin in dragonfly and damselfly wings and its implications for wing flexibility. Journal of morphology, 272(12), 1409-1421. Exoskeletons The Skeletal System of Vertebrates Endoskeletons The Skeletal System of Vertebrates The Skeleton of Fishes The Skeletal System of Vertebrates The Skeleton of Tetrapods The Skeletal System of Vertebrates The Human Endoskeleton 03 Non Muscular movement & Muscular Systems Amoeboid Movement Ciliary and Flagellar Movements Muscular System of Invertebrates & Vertebrates Non Muscular Movement Mechanism of Amoeboid Movement. Endoplasm (sol) flows into an advancing pseudopodium. At the tip (fountain zone) of the pseudopodium, endoplasm changes into ectoplasm (gel). At the opposite end (recruitment zone) of the amoeba, ectoplasm changes into endoplasm and begins flowing in the direction of movement. Amoeboid Movement Non Muscular Movement Ciliary and Flagellar Movements The Muscular System of Invertebrates The Locomotion of Soft-bodied Invertebrates  The Muscular System of Invertebrates Successive Stages in Earthworm Movement. In front of each region of longitudinal muscle contraction, circular muscles contract, causing the segments to elongate and push forward. Contraction of longitudinal muscles in segments behind a bulging region causes those segments to be pulled forward. For reasons of simplification, setae movements are not shown. The Locomotion of Soft-bodied Invertebrates  The Muscular System of Invertebrates Looping Movements. (a) Leeches have anterior and posterior suckers, which they alternately attach to the substrate in looping movements to move forward. (b) Some insect larvae, such as lepidopteran caterpillars, exhibit similar movements. The caterpillar uses arching movements to move forward. The Locomotion of Soft-bodied Invertebrates  The Muscular System of Invertebrates Water-Vascular System of Echinoderms. (a) General arrangement of the water-vascular system. (b) Cross section of an arm, showing the radial canal, ampullae, and tube feet of the water-vascular system. (c) Stepping cycle of a single tube foot. For simplification, the retractor muscles in the tube foot are not shown. The Locomotion of Soft-bodied Invertebrates The Muscular System of Invertebrates Terrestrial Locomotion in Invertebrates The Muscular System of Invertebrates Terrestrial Locomotion in Invertebrates  The Muscular System of Invertebrates Jump of Flea. A flea has a jointed exoskeleton. (a) When a flea is resting, the femur (black arrow) of the leg (for simplicity, only one leg is shown) is raised, the joints are locked, and energy is stored in the deformed elastic protein (“animal rubber” or resilin) of the cuticle. (b) As a flea begins to jump, the relaxation of muscles unlocks the joints. (c) The force exerted against the ground by the tibia gives the flea a specific velocity that determines the height of the jump. The jump is the result of the quick release of the energy stored in the resilin of the cuticle. Terrestrial Locomotion in Invertebrates The Muscular System of Vertebrates Fish Musculature. (a) Skeletal muscles of a bony fish (perch), showing mainly the large muscles of the trunk and tail. These muscles occur in blocks called myomeres separated by connective tissue sheaths. Notice that the myomeres are flexed so that they resemble the letter W tipped at a 90º angle. The different colors (red, orange, blue) represent different myomeres. (b) Fish movements based on myomere contractions. (1) Muscular forces cause the myomere segments to rotate rather than constrict. (2) The rotation of cranial and caudal myomere segments bends the fish’s body about a point midway between the two segments. (3) Alternate bends of the caudal end of the body propel the fish forward. The Muscular System of Vertebrates Structure of Skeletal Muscle Tissue. (a) A skeletal muscle in the forearm consists of many muscle fibers (cells) (b) bundled inside a connective tissue sheath. (c) Each skeletal muscle fiber is composed of many myofibrils, which in turn, are composed of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) myofilaments. Each filament consists of (d) functional units called sarcomeres. (e) The characteristic striations of a sarcomere are due to the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments. The Muscular System of Vertebrates Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction  SUMMARY 01 02 The Integumentary The Skeletal System System 03 Non Muscular movement & Muscular Systems  THANK YOU! CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, and Slidesgo Flaticon infographics & images by Freepik Freepik