Integumentary & Skeletal Review PDF

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 3) Hypodermis / Superficial Fascia Skin Layer of Subcutaneous tissue deep to the skin - Not Largest organ of the body...

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 3) Hypodermis / Superficial Fascia Skin Layer of Subcutaneous tissue deep to the skin - Not Largest organ of the body part of the skin but studied along with it - Loose, Forms the outer protective covering fibrous (areolar), connective tissue that connects A continuous sheet of cutaneous membrane skin to the underlying muscle and bone FUNCTIONS * Some areolar tissue has been modified to become adipose tissue used as protection and temperature PROTECTION – UV rays & sunburn (melanin) regulation. Absorption – helps heal wounds, abrasions & cut Excrete waste from body Regulate body temp ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF Synthesize vit D THE SKIN, NAILS & HAIR Fell heat, cold, and detect sensations 1. Hair Follicle - sheath like indentation of the 2 DISTINCT LAYERS/ PARTS epidermis. 1) Epidermis 2. Hair Papilla - located at the bottom of the follicle Superficial layer covered by the stratum germinativum; produces the keratinized stratified squamous epithelium hair. with different STRATA / layers: 3. Hair Root - portion of each hair within the follicle. a. S. Basale - Deepest stratum of the epidermis. 4. Hair Shaft - portion that has been pushed out of Single sheet of columnar cells that continue to divide and are pushed upward. the follicle. b. S. Spinosum - Multilayer of distorted cells as 5. Arrector Pili - muscle tissue connecting the side they are pushed up from the deeper S. Basale. of a follicle to the superficial surface of the dermis. c. S. Granulosum - Superficial to S. Spinosum, - Erector muscle it contains flattened cells which form the protein - Responsible for goosebumps granules. 6. Matrix - modified portion of stratum germinativum d. S. Lucidum - "light layer", translucent, allows in either hair or nail. light to pass through easily. Thin layer present in thick skin which is only found in high-wear areas 7. Nail Bed - skin under the nail. Lunula (palms & soles). 8. - pale crescent part of the matrix that is e. S. Corneum - Layer of dead, keratinized visible through the nail. tissue. Extremely thick, for protection of deeper tissues and invasion of microorganisms. 9. Body - visible portion of the nail. 2) Dermis 10. Cuticle/Eponychium - extends from the fold on The layer which is deep to the epidermis - Irregular to the nail body. fibrous connective tissue - Thicker - Provides blood supply for epidermis - Made up of collagen and elastic fibers  Incus Malleus Stapes TYPES OF BONES: 1) Long bones - limbs Long Bones Support Weight and Facilitate Movement The long bones, longer than they are wide, GLANDS include the femur (the longest bone in the body) 1. Sudoriferous Glands – sweat as well as relatively small bones in the fingers. Long bones function to support the weight of the - Eccrine – walang hair / direct sa skin’s surface body and facilitate movement. Long bones are ang sweat mostly located in the appendicular skeleton and - Apocrine – open into hair follicle to the surface include bones in the lower limbs (the tibia, fibula, of the skin femur, metatarsals, and phalanges) and bones in 2. Sebaceous Glands – oil / sebum the upper limbs (the humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, and phalanges). 3. Ceruminous Glands – ear wax ✓ Femur, Fibula, Tibia, Metatarsal, Phalanges (Lower Limbs) 4. Mammary Glands - milk ✓ Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Metacarpal, Phalanges (Upper Limbs) SKELETAL SYSTEM 2) Short bones - carpals & tarsals 1. Axial Skeleton 2. Appendicular Skeleton Short Bones Are Cube-shaped Short bones are about as long as they are wide. FUNCTIONS: Located in the wrist and ankle joints, short bones Support provide stability and some movement. The Protection carpals in the wrist (scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, Movement hamate, pisiform, capitate, trapezoid, and Storage for minerals trapezium) and the tarsals in the ankles Blood production / hematopoiesis - (Red bone (calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, lateral Marrow) cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, and medial Fat storage (Yellow bone marrow) cuneiform) are examples of short bones. 270-350 BONES in new born ✓ Tarsals, Carpals Flat bones - bones in the skull 206 BONES - adult 3) Axial: 80 ✓ Cranium - 8 Flat Bones Protect Internal Organs ✓ Facial - 14 There are flat bones in the skull (occipital, ✓ Hyoid - 1 parietal, frontal, nasal, lacrimal, and vomer), the ✓ Auditory ossicles - 6 thoracic cage (sternum and ribs), and the pelvis ✓ Vertebral Column - 26 (ilium, ischium, and pubis). The function of flat ✓ Sternum - 1 bones is to protect internal organs such as the ✓ Ribs - 24 (12 pairs) brain, heart, and pelvic organs. Flat bones are True ribs somewhat flattened, and can provide protection, False ribs like a shield; flat bones can also provide large Floating ribs areas of attachment for muscles. ✓ Ribs, Sternum, Scapulae, Cranial Bones Appendicular: 126 ✓ Upper extremities - 64 4) Irregular bones - vertebrae ✓ Lower extremities - 62 Irregular Bones Have Complex Shapes Smallest bones  Irregular bones vary in shape and structure and therefore do not fit into any other category (flat, short, long, or sesamoid). They often have a fairly complex shape, which helps protect internal organs. For example, the vertebrae, irregular bones of the vertebral column, protect the spinal cord. The irregular bones of the pelvis (pubis, ilium, and ischium) protect organs in the pelvic cavity. ✓ Vertebrae, Sacrum 5) Sesamoid bones - patella (bone that developed inside a tendon) Sesamoid Bones Reinforce Tendons Sesamoid bones are bones embedded in tendons. These small, round bones are commonly found in the tendons of the hands, knees, and feet. Sesamoid bones function to protect tendons from stress and wear. The patella, commonly referred to as the kneecap, is an example of a sesamoid bone. ✓ Patella