Integrative Biology PDF Chapter 1

INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY - Bacteria singular, Bacterium. Largest and most known group of CHAPTER 1 prokaryotes BIOLOGY- scientific study of life...

INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY - Bacteria singular, Bacterium. Largest and most known group of CHAPTER 1 prokaryotes BIOLOGY- scientific study of life - are organisms whose DNA is not contained within a nucleus. SPECIES- a unique type of organism - Single celled which means each ATOM- smallest unit of matter individual consist of one cell. - Producers or consumers in nearly all MOLECULES – consist of atoms that are regions of earth bonded together - Archaea turned out to be more BIOSPHERE- all regions of earth where eukaryotes whose organisms organisms live contains with nucleus CELL-smallest unit of life PROKARYOTES ECOSYSTEM- a community interacting - Organisms without nucleus with its environment EUKARYOTES MOLECULE – two or more atoms bonded - Protist is the common term for a together eukaryote that is not a fungus, plant, ORGAN- In multicell organisms , a or animal. structure that consist of tissues engaged in a - Fungi eukaryotic consumers that collective task secrete substances to break down food externally, then absorb nutrients ORGAN SYSTEM- In multi-celled released by this process. organisms, a set of interacting organs and - Plants multi-celled eukaryotes and tissues that carry out one or more body the vast majority of them are functions photosynthetic producers that live on ORGANISMS- an individual that consist of land. one or more cells Scientific Method: A systematic approach POPULATION- a group of interbreeding to understanding the natural world. individuals of the same species living in a * Observation defined area. * Hypothesis formation TISSUE- In multicelled organisms, specialized cells organized in a pattern that * Prediction allows them to perform a collective function. * Experimentation PROKARYOTES * Data analysis BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA * Conclusion  * SCIENTIFIC THEORY-A well-tested * STATISTICAL ANALYSIS- Evaluating hypothesis that can make accurate data for significance. predictions. AADDITIONAL CONCEPTS * LAWS OF NATURE Describe consistent * ECOSYSTEMS- Interactions between natural phenomena but may not provide organisms and their environment. complete explanations. * EVOLUTION- The theory of change in * PSEUDOSCIENCE: Claims presented species over time. as scientific but do not follow scientific principles. * DNA: Hereditary material that influences traits. CHARACTERRISTICS OF LIVING ORGANISMS * BIODIVERSITY- The variety of life on Earth * LIFE- Defined by the ability to reproduce, grow, and respond to stimuli. *NUTRIENTS AND ENERGY : Essential CHAPTER 3 for survival and growth. CELLS * PRODUCERS-Create their own food. * CELL-The basic unit of life. *CONSUMERS -Obtain energy from other organisms. *PROKARYOTES -Cells without a nucleus. * HOMEOSTASIS- Maintaining a stable internal environment. * EUKARYOTES- Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES * TAXONOMY- The classification of *CYTOPLASM- The material between the organisms based on shared traits. plasma membrane and nucleus. * LINNAEAN SYSTEM -Uses genus and *CYTOSOL- The fluid portion of the specific epithet for naming species. cytoplasm. * DNA ANALYSIS : Determines *NUCLEUS-The organelle that contains relatedness among species. DNA. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD * * ORGANELLES-Specialized structures EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN- Includes within a cell that perform specific control groups to isolate variables. functions. * SAMPLING- Using subsets to represent *PLASMA MEMBRANE- A barrier that populations. encloses the cell. * RIBOSOMES- Organelles involved in structural support and facilitates cell-to- protein synthesis. cell communication. * SURFACE TO VOLUME RATIO: The * CELL JUNCTIONS-Structures that relationship between a cell's size and its connect cells to each other and to the ability to exchange substances with the ECM. environment. Other Key Terms CELL STUCTURES AND FUNCTION * DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid, the * ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM(ER)-A genetic material of organisms. network of membrane-bound sacs *FLAGELLA-Whip-like structures used involved in protein and lipid synthesis. for locomotion in prokaryotes. * GOLGI APPARATUS-Modifies, sorts, *BIOFILMS -Microbial communities that and packages proteins and lipids. form a shared mass of slime. * MITOCHONDRIA-Organelles that *INHERITANCE- The transmission of produce energy through cellular DNA from parents to oWspring. respiration. * METABOLISM- The chemical processes * CHLOROPLAST-Organelles found in involved in energy production and use. plant cells that carry out photosynthesis. *CELL THEORY- The principle that all * VESICLES- Small, membrane-bound organisms are composed of cells, cells sacs that transport substances within are the basic unit of life, and all cells arise cells. from pre-existing cells. * CYTOSKELETON- A network of protein filaments that provides structural support and facilitates cell movement. BIOLOGICAL LEVELS * MICROTUBULES- Hollow cylinders CELL- is a basic living unit involved in cell movement and shape. - Many cells working together form tissues * MICROFILAMENTS- Fine fibers TISSUES-make up organs involved in cell shape, contraction, and migration. ORGANS-Organs working together form organ systems *INTERMIDIATE FILAMENTS - Provide structural support and anchor organelles. - Organ systems form an individual organism * EXTRACELLULAR MATRICS-A network of molecules outside cells that provides POPULATION -A population is a group of ORGANELLES- Specialized structures organisms of the same species. within the cell COMMUNITY-A community includes NUCLEUS- Control center many populations VACUOLES- Store water and materials. ECOSYSTEM- An ecosystem includes a MITOCHONDRIA- Produce energy. community and abiotic factors RIBOSOMES- Make proteins BIOME-A biome is a region with similar ecosystems ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM- Transports materials. BIOSPHERE-The biosphere is the sum of all biomes GOLGI APPARATUS- Packages and transports materials CHLOROPLAST- Found only in plant HISTORY OF CELL THEORY cells, contain chlorophyll. ZACHARIAS JANSEN- who invented the first compound microscope ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK-used a microscope to discover bacteria ROBERT HOOKE-coined the term "cell" MATTHIAS SCHLLEIDEN AND THEODOR SCHWANN-discovered that all plants and animals are made of cells. RUDOLF VIRCHOW -discovered that cells come from pre-existing cells PARTS OF A CELL CELLS- are the basic building blocks of all living things. CELL MEMBRANE- Surrounds the cell. CELL WALL- Found in plant cells, provides structure