Earth and Life Science 2nd Semester PDF

**Evolving Concept of Life Based on Emerging Pieces of Evidence** **Timeline of Appearance of Life Forms:** **4.6 -- 3.8 BYA -** The early earth is said to be violent because of the meteorites and volcanic eruptions. With this condition, zircon crystal was formed. **3.5 BYA -** Life on Earth init...

**Evolving Concept of Life Based on Emerging Pieces of Evidence** **Timeline of Appearance of Life Forms:** **4.6 -- 3.8 BYA -** The early earth is said to be violent because of the meteorites and volcanic eruptions. With this condition, zircon crystal was formed. **3.5 BYA -** Life on Earth initially began with prokaryotes, discovered in sedimentary rock formations called stromatolites. **3.0 BYA -** The first photosynthetic organism thrived on the earth which is blue green algae called cyanobacteria. **2.0 BYA -** Appearance of the first eukaryotes and the influx of multicellular organisms occurred 1.2 billion years ago. **500 MYA -** The Paleozoic era when the trilobites and cephalopods became dominant in the ocean particularly during the Cambrian and Ordovician. **251 - 65.5 MYA -** The Mesozoic era-the age of reptiles that has a span 251 - 65.5 MYA divided into Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous period. **250 TYA -** The Cenozoic era- recent life and based on paleontological evidence. Homo erectus have evolved. The universe is about **[4.6 billion years old.]** **Prokaryotic -** common ancestor of all life. **Eukaryotes** - organisms having true nucleus. **Growth --** appearance and measurable **Development --** with in **Divine Creation -** living organisms that were put to Earth by some divine matters **Extraterrestrial Origin --** life did not **Origin from Non-Living Matter --** life came from inanimate matter **Alexander Oparin --** Russian biochemist **Evidences:** 1.Fossils 2. Many layers of Rock 3.Volcanic Eruption 4. Earthquake 5. Erosion **Life Science --** is a collection of disciplines that is made up of [theories and disciplines] that tackles the structure and function of living things starting. **Bioscience --** biology / study of the life **Zoology --** animals **Botany --** plants **Microbiology --** organism **Characteristics of Life:** - They are made up of cell - They grow and develop - Capable of production - Exhibit metabolism - Respond to their environment - Maintain homoestasis Types of Organism: **Eukaryote --** any cell or organism that posseses a clearly defined [nucleus.] **Prokaryote --** any organism that lacks distinct nucleus. Single cell that is dominated by bacteria. First living org. **Unifying Themes in the Study of Life:** **Unifying themes --** connect the different subdisciplines that makeup biology science. **1.Biological System -** living things work as a system, they cannot be separated from non-living things. **Body System --** organs **Ecosystem --** LT and NLT 2**.Cell --** basic unit of life 3.**Interaction with the environment --** survival depends on ow they interact with the environment. **Ecology --** interactions of living things 4\. **Energy and life --** source of energy for metabolic activities **Autotrophs --** self feed **Heterotrophs --** use chemical energy **5. Form and Function --** structure fit with its functions **Anatomy -** body parts **Physiology --** functions **6. Reproduction and Inheritance --** traits of parents are being passed **7. Regulation --** maintain homeostasis **homeostasis -** internal body conditions **8. Adaptation --** adopt to its changing environment. **9. Evolution --** change in living things overtime **10. Biology and Society --** field of science is changing the lives of organisms through research. **Perpetuation of Life:** continuation of life **Perpetuation -** how living things reproduce **Asexual --** one parent (clone) **Fragmentation --** divided into minor fragments that develops **Binarry Fission --** separation of the parent cell 1.Parent Cell 2. DNA duplicates 3. Cytoplasm divides 4. Two daughter cells **Types of Binary Fission** **1.Longitudinal binary fission ( I )** **2. Transverse binary fission ( - )** **3.Irregular binary fission** **Budding --** develop from a small part of the parent **Parthenogenesis --** self -- implementation "virgin birth **Regeneration --** regrow the lost part of the body (not a form of reproduction) **Sexual --** two parents, genetically diverse offspring **Genetic Engineering --** study of organisms DNA **Genetics --** branch of biology that deals with the heredity and variation of organism **Cell --** basic unit of line **Chromosome --** thread like structure **DNA --** constituent of chromosomes, carrier of genetic information **Gene --** portion of the DNA **Genotype --** genetic **Phenotype --** physical **Engineering --** concerned with the design, building, and use of engines, machines and structure. **Selective Breeding -** artificial selection, desirable characteristics **Hybridization --** combining two genes **Inbreeding --** breeding genetically similar **Cloning --** exact genetic copy **Gene Splicing --** cut out of one organism **Gel Electrophoresis --** compare the DNA **Recombinant DNA technology --** joining together from two different Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) -- DNA has been altered using genetic engineering technique. **Organ System:** **Body System --** Large, complex organisms need many levels of organization to ensure all cells get what they need to perform life functions **Skeletal System --** provides, support, protection of internal organs **Muscular System -** provides movement, maintains posture, and produces heat **Circulatory System --** pumps blood, and transport nutrients and oxygen all over the body. **Digestive System --** breaks down food and absorb nutrients **Respiratory System --** gas exchange between blood and the environment **Endocrine System --** collection of glands that produce hormones **Nervous System --** control, coordinate and relays signals through the body **Immune System --** defends the internal environment from invading microorganism (protects against disease) Three Lines of Defense: First Line Defense (Physical and Chemical Barriers) - Skin - Mucous membranes - Secretions of skin and mucous membranes Second Line Defense (Immune Cells & Proteins) - Phagocytic Cells - Natural killer cells - Antimicrobial proteins - The inflammatory response Third Line Defense (against pathogens that have been encountered previously ) - Lymphocytes - Antibodies - Macrophages and other antigen-presenting cells