Chapter 1: The Science of Biology Lecture Outline PDF

Because learning changes everything. ® Chapter 01 The Science of Biology Lecture Outline Essentials of the Living World Seventh Edition George Johnson, Joel Bergh © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill L...

Because learning changes everything. ® Chapter 01 The Science of Biology Lecture Outline Essentials of the Living World Seventh Edition George Johnson, Joel Bergh © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.  1.1 The Diversity of Life Biology is the study of living things, the science of life. Living things are diverse. Living things with similar features are grouped into the same kingdom. Members of different kingdoms are usually very different from each other. © McGraw Hill, LLC 2  Figure 1.1: The Six Kingdoms of Life Power and Syred/Science Source Alfred Pasieka/Science Source Tammy616/Island Effects/E+/Getty Images Russell Illig/Getty Images Kirk Gulden/Shutterstock; Alan and Sandy Carey/Getty Images © McGraw Hill, LLC 3  1.2 Properties of Life 1 What qualifies something as “living” versus “nonliving?” Consider these points: Complexity. Movement. Response to stimulation. A life-defining property must be exclusive to living things. © McGraw Hill, LLC 4  1.2 Properties of Life 2 1. Cellular organization. All living things are comprised of at least one cell. 2. Metabolism. All living things process energy which is used to power other processes. 3. Homeostasis. All living things maintain relatively stable internal environments to optimize conditions for metabolism and other processes. © McGraw Hill, LLC 5  1.2 Properties of Life 3 4. Growth and reproduction. All organisms have the capacity for growth and reproduction. 5. Heredity. All organisms pass genetic information to future generations from parents to offspring. © McGraw Hill, LLC 6  1.3 The Organization of Life—Levels of Organization Living things function and interact with each other on many levels. The organization of life is a hierarchy of levels of increasing complexity. Cellular. Organismal. Populational. © McGraw Hill, LLC 7  Figure 1.4a: Levels of Organization—Cellular Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 8  Figure 1.4b: Levels of Organization—Organismal Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 9  Figure 1.4c: Levels of Organization—Populational Canada geese: Ron Rowan Photography/Shutterstock; Canadian goose: Karl Blessing/Getty Images; Canada geese: Ron Rowan Photography/Shutterstock; Sandhill cranes/Canada geese: Cal Sport Media/Alamy Stock Photo; Sandhill crane: Saddako/Getty Images; Sandhill cranes/Canada geese: Cal Sport Media/Alamy Stock Photo; Sandhill cranes/Canada geese: Cal Sport Media/Alamy Stock Photo Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 10  1.3 Organization of Life—Emergent Properties At higher levels of the hierarchy of life, new properties become apparent that were absent at the lower levels. These emergent properties result from the interaction of diverse but simpler components. Many higher order processes that are hallmarks of life are emergent properties. Metabolism. Consciousness. © McGraw Hill, LLC 11  1.4 Biological Themes 1 The study of life is organized around general themes. 5 biological themes emerge repeatedly at any hierarchical level of biological study. © McGraw Hill, LLC 12  1.4 Biological Themes 2 1. Evolution. Evolution is genetic change in a species over time. The mechanism for evolution is natural selection. The diversity of life is explained by evolutionary processes. © McGraw Hill, LLC 13  1.4 Biological Themes 3 2. The Flow of Energy. All living things require energy. Energy from the sun flows through the living world. Organisms acquire energy in different ways. How much energy is available determines how many and what kinds of organisms can live together in an ecosystem. © McGraw Hill, LLC 14  1.4 Biological Themes 4 3. Cooperation. As energy and other resources are limiting, many organisms have evolved cooperation as a means of survival. Symbiosis describes when two species live in direct contact. © McGraw Hill, LLC 15  1.4 Biological Themes 5 4. Structure Determines Function. Evolution favors structures that function in an adaptive manner. Many structures are specialized for a particular function. The convergence of structure and function occurs at all levels of the organizational hierarchy. © McGraw Hill, LLC 16  1.4 Biological Themes 6 5. Homeostasis. Homeostasis is a physiological condition of “steady- state.” The internal environment of organisms is relatively stable. Organisms act to control their internal environments so that the complex processes of metabolism function efficiently. © McGraw Hill, LLC 17  1.5 Stages of a Scientific Investigation 1 Biology is a dynamic science with new ideas appearing and replacing old ones. Scientists systematically conduct experiments to evaluate hypotheses about observed phenomena. © McGraw Hill, LLC 18  1.5 Stages of a Scientific Investigation 2 The scientific process has six stages. 1. Observation. Science begins with careful observation of natural phenomena. 2. Hypothesis. Scientists make an educated guess that might be true. Often scientists formulate multiple ideas about a phenomenon; these are called alternative hypotheses. © McGraw Hill, LLC 19  1.5 Stages of a Scientific Investigation 3 3. Predictions. If a hypothesis is correct, then specific consequences can be expected. 4. Testing. Scientists conduct experiments to attempt to verify predictions made by hypotheses. © McGraw Hill, LLC 20  1.5 Stages of a Scientific Investigation 4 5. Controls. Experiments usually employ a parallel design. Scientists use a control to assess the influence of potential factors, called variables. Conditions stay the same in the control in comparison to the variable condition. 6. Conclusion. A hypothesis that has been tested and not rejected is tentatively accepted. © McGraw Hill, LLC 21  Figure 1.5: The Scientific Process Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 22  1.6 Theory and Certainty 1 The term “theory” means different things to different audiences. To scientists. A theory represents certainty and is a unifying explanation for a broad range of observations. To the general public. A theory may imply a lack of knowledge or a guess. © McGraw Hill, LLC 23  1.7 Four Theories Unify Biology as a Science 1. The Cell Theory. 2. The Gene Theory. 3. The Theory of Heredity. 4. The Theory of Evolution. © McGraw Hill, LLC 24  1.7 The Cell Theory All organisms are composed of at least one cell. The cell is the most basic unit of life. All cells come from pre-existing cells. © McGraw Hill, LLC 25  1.7 The Gene Theory Genetic information is encoded in molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Genes encode specific proteins or RNA or act to regulate other genes. The proteins and RNA encoded by an organism’s genes determine what it will be like in terms of form and function. © McGraw Hill, LLC 26  Figure 1.10: The Gene Theory Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 27  1.7 The Theory of Heredity Genes are passed down generations as discrete units. Mendel’s theory of heredity gave rise to the field of genetics. Chromosomal theory of inheritance located Mendelian genes on chromosomes. © McGraw Hill, LLC 28  1.7 The Theory of Evolution—Common Ancestry All living organisms are related to one another in a common tree of descent. The six kingdoms of life are grouped into three domains. Theory of evolution explains the unity and diversity of life. © McGraw Hill, LLC 29  Figure 1.12: The Three Domains of Life Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 30  1.7 The Theory of Evolution—Common Ancestry All living organisms are related to one another in a common tree of descent. The six kingdoms of life are grouped into three domains. Theory of evolution explains the unity and diversity of life. © McGraw Hill, LLC 31  1.7 The Theory of Evolution-Natural Selection Charles Darwin attributed evolution to natural selection. Organisms best able to respond to the challenges of living will leave more offspring, thus their traits become more common in the population. Scientists have been able to identify changes in individual genes that are responsible for differences among individuals. © McGraw Hill, LLC 32  Figure 1.13: The Theory of Evolution Access the text alternative for slide images. © McGraw Hill, LLC 33