Instructional_Material_ICT1_Lesson1-3.pdf

Polytechnic University INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University...

Polytechnic University INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 1 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION Lesson 1......................................................................................................................................................... 3 UNDERSTANDING COMPUTER SYSTEM........................................................................................................ 3 Characteristics of a Computer.............................................................................................................. 4 Hardware.............................................................................................................................................. 4 Software................................................................................................................................................ 5 Computer System.................................................................................................................................. 5 Input-Process-Output Concept............................................................................................................. 5 Main Components of the Computer System........................................................................................ 5 Assessment Questions........................................................................................................................ 13 Lesson 2....................................................................................................................................................... 14 INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES..................................................................................................................... 14 Input Devices........................................................................................................................................... 14 Text Input Devices............................................................................................................................... 14 Pointing Devices.................................................................................................................................. 16 Audio Visual Input Devices.................................................................................................................. 16 Input Card Readers............................................................................................................................. 17 Input-reading Text or Codes............................................................................................................... 18 Input Sensors...................................................................................................................................... 18 Output Devices........................................................................................................................................ 19 Soft Copy Output Devices................................................................................................................... 19 Hard Copy Output Devices.................................................................................................................. 20 Sound Output Devices........................................................................................................................ 22 Lesson 3....................................................................................................................................................... 24 INSIDE THE CASE......................................................................................................................................... 24 Inside the System Unit............................................................................................................................ 24 Motherboard........................................................................................................................................... 25 Basic Components of Motherboard.................................................................................................... 25 Processors............................................................................................................................................... 26 Registers.............................................................................................................................................. 26 System Clock....................................................................................................................................... 27 Processor Cooling................................................................................................................................ 27 Memory................................................................................................................................................... 27 Types of Memory................................................................................................................................ 28 Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 2 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION Adapters.................................................................................................................................................. 31 Adapter Cards..................................................................................................................................... 31 Buses....................................................................................................................................................... 32 Power Supply.......................................................................................................................................... 32 Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 3 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION Lesson 1 UNDERSTANDING COMPUTER SYSTEM Introduction Computers are essential tool of information technology (IT). They are multi-purpose machines that are used to solve a variety of problems in different fields. The basic working principle of a modern computer is based on the analytical engine designed by Charles Babbage in the 19th century. Computers have changed our daily routine as the entire task performed by us in our daily routine is automated. Our lives are directly or indirectly affected by the computers. It was in the past era where computers were used in industries. In this era of information, we are dependent on the storage, flow, and processing of data and information which can only be possible with the help of computers. This is the reason a computer is called a multi-purpose machine. The purpose of this Lesson is to introduce you to a computer. At the end of this module, student should be able to: 1. Learn about computer system. 2. Understand the characteristics and limitations of a computer 3. Learn about the computer system 4. Explain the Input-Process-Output concept 5. Understand and define the main component of a computer system Computer The term ‘computer’ is derived from the word ‘compute’, meaning ‘to calculate’ A computer is a programmable electronic machine that accepts data from the user, processes it by performing calculations and operations on it, and generates the desired output results. Computer, process the data as per the given set of instructions. It can perform operations like generating bills, reserving tickets, printing mark-sheets, printing business reports, or communicating messages. Data can be text, number, audio, video, graphs, or animations. Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 4 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION Computer System Characteristics of a Computer Speed: The speed of computer data processing is measured in terms of instructions per second. Modern computers can process the data very fast that is at the rate of millions of instructions per second. It means the calculations which otherwise require hours and days to compute manually, can be completed in a few seconds using computers. Accuracy: Computers can perform complex arithmetic and logical computations with 100% accuracy. For example, the computer can accurately give the result of division of any two numbers up to ten decimal places. Automation: Computers can automatically perform a given task based on the given instructions. Once data and necessary instructions are stored in the computer memory, human intervention is not required. Programmability: Computers can be programmed to execute predefined set of instructions. The program once written can be modified later for the revised task. Storage: Computers can store large volumes of data permanently in secondary storage for a long time. The stored content can be retrieved whenever required. A limited amount of data can be stored, temporarily, in the primary memory. Diligence: Computers are machines and hence they can operate consistently for long hours without any break. They can perform long and complex calculations with the same speed and accuracy from the start till the end. Versatility: Computers are versatile in nature. They can perform different types of tasks with the same ease. At one moment, you can use the computer to prepare a letter document and the next moment you may play music or print a document. Hardware It consists of mechanical and electronic devices which we can see and touch. CPU, keyboard, mouse, and monitor are examples of hardware Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 5 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION Software Consists of programs, operating systems, and the data that resides in the memory and storage devices. Windows, Microsoft Office, LibreOffice, and Photoshop are some examples of software Computer System Refers to a combination of hardware, software, and peripheral devices that work together to process, manage, and store data. It includes everything from the physical components to the software applications and the networks that connect them. Input-Process-Output Concept A computer is an electronic device that accepts data, processes data, generates output, and stores data. A computer mainly performs the following four functions: Input The computer accepts input data from the user via an input device like keyboard. The input data can be characters, word, text, sound, images, document, etc. Process The computer processes the input data. It performs arithmetic or logic calculation, editing, modifying a document, etc. During processing, the data, instructions, and the output are stored temporarily in the computer’s main memory. Output It is the result generated after the processing of data. The output may be in the form of text, sound, image, document, etc. The computer may display the output on a monitor and send the output to the printer for printing. Storage The input data, instructions, and output are stored permanently in the secondary storage devices like hard disk. The stored data can be retrieved, whenever needed. Main Components of the Computer System The internal design of a computer differs from one model to another but the basic components of all computers remain the same. The basic working model of a computer is based on the John von Neumann architecture. Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 6 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION The interconnection diagram for a simple computer is shown in the figure John von Neumann proposed the first usable draft of a working computer. It consists of some functional units namely input/output unit, central processing unit (CPU), and memory John von Neumann Architecture A computer has the following three main components — input/output unit central processing unit memory unit Input and Output Unit The user interacts with the computer via the I/O unit. The input unit accepts data from the user and the output unit provides the processed data that is the information to the user. The input unit accepts data from the user, converts it into computer understandable form. Similarly, the output unit provides the output in a form that is understandable by the user. The input is provided to the computer using input devices like keyboard and mouse. The commonly used output devices are monitor and printer. Central Processing Unit (CPU) It is the main component of the computer. It performs all the processing of input data and is responsible for activating and controlling the operations of other units of the computer. In microcomputers, the CPU is built on a single chip or integrated circuit (IC) and is called microprocessor. Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 7 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION Internal architecture of a CPU consists of the following parts — Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Registers Control Unit (CU) Buses Clock Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) It consists of two units—arithmetic unit and logic unit. The arithmetic unit performs arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Logic unit performs comparisons of numbers, letters, and special characters. Logic operations include testing for greater than, less than or equal to condition. ALU performs arithmetic and logic operations and uses registers to hold the data that is being processed. Registers They are high speed but have low storage in the CPU. They are referred to as the CPU’s working memory and are directly accessed and manipulated by the CPU during instruction execution. They store data, instructions, addresses, and intermediate results of processing. The data and instructions are brought in the registers processing. For example, if two numbers are to be added, both numbers are brought in the registers and added and the result is also placed in a register. There are different registers for different specific purposes. Some of the important registers in CPU are as follows — Accumulator (ACC): stores the result of arithmetic and logic operations. Instruction register (IR): contains the most recently fetched instruction. Program counter (PC): contains the address of next instruction to be processed. Memory address register (MAR): contains the address of next location in the memory to be accessed. Memory buffer register (MBR): temporarily stores data from memory or the data to be sent to memory. Data register (DR): stores the operands and any other data. Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 8 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION Control unit (CU) Crucial component of the Central Processing Unit (CPU) in a computer. Its main role is to direct the operation of the processor by interpreting and executing instructions from memory. It coordinates the activities of the CPU and other parts of the computer system, such as the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and memory. Instruction Fetch: Retrieves instructions from memory. Instruction Decode: Translates instructions into signals that will control the CPU's operations. Execution: Oversees the execution of instructions by directing the ALU and managing data transfers. Control Signals: Sends out control signals to other parts of the computer to ensure proper operation. Buses Data is stored as a unit of 8 bits in a register. Each bit is transferred from one register to another by means of a separate wire. This group of eight wires which is used as a common way to transfer data between registers is known as a bus. Bus is a connection between two components to transmit signals between them. Bus is of three major types namely—data bus, control bus, and address bus. Clock It is an important component of CPU which measures and allocates a fixed time slot for processing each and every micro operation. CPU executes the instructions in synchronization with the clock pulse. The clock speed of a CPU is measured in terms of mega hertz or millions of cycles per second. The clock speed of a CPU varies from one model to another. Memory unit It stores the data, instructions, intermediate results and output, temporarily during the processing of data. The memory unit consists of cache memory and primary memory. Primary memory or main memory of the computer is used to store the data and instructions during execution of the instructions. Random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM) are the primary memory. The input data that is to be processed is brought into the main memory before processing. The instructions required for processing of data and any intermediate results are also stored in the main memory. The output is stored in memory before being transferred to the output device. CPU can work with the information stored in the main memory. Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 9 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION In addition to the main memory, there is another kind of storage device known as the secondary memory. It is non-volatile memory and is used for permanent storage of data and programs. A program or data that has to be executed is brought into the RAM from the secondary memory. Magnetic disks, optical disks, and magnetic tapes are examples of secondary memory. Cache Memory Cache memory is a small, high-speed storage area located inside or very close to the CPU. Its primary purpose is to speed up data access and improve overall performance by storing frequently accessed data and instructions that the CPU might need quickly. Levels of Cache: L1 Cache: This is the smallest and fastest cache level, located directly on the CPU chip. It usually comes in separate instruction and data caches. L2 Cache: This is larger and slightly slower than L1 cache but still faster than main memory. It may be located on the CPU chip or nearby. L3 Cache: This is even larger and slower compared to L1 and L2 but still faster than accessing the main memory. It’s typically shared among multiple CPU cores. Cache Memory Operations: Cache Hit: When the CPU requests data and it’s found in the cache, it’s called a cache hit, and the data can be accessed quickly. Cache Miss: When the requested data is not in the cache, it’s called a cache miss. The data must then be fetched from the slower main memory, which takes more time. Cache Memory Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 10 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION Primary memory It is the main memory of a computer. It is used to store data and instructions during the processing of data. It is semiconductor memory and is of two kinds—random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). Read-only memory (ROM) type of non-volatile primary storage used in computers and other electronic devices. Unlike RAM, the data stored in ROM is permanent and cannot be modified or erased under normal operation. ROM typically contains essential instructions for the computer, such as firmware or the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System), which are needed to boot up the system. Since ROM is read-only, it retains its data even when the computer is turned off, making it critical for storing important programs that must be preserved across reboots and power cycles. Random access memory (RAM) type of primary storage in computers that temporarily stores data that the CPU needs to access quickly. It is volatile memory, meaning that it loses its content when the computer is turned off. RAM is crucial for a computer's performance because it allows for fast read and write operations, enabling the system to run applications and processes efficiently. Primary Memory Secondary Memory Secondary memory, also known as secondary storage, refers to non- volatile storage that is used to store data and programs that are not currently in use by the computer. Unlike primary memory (RAM), which is volatile and loses its content when the power is turned off, secondary Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 11 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION memory retains information even when the computer is powered down. Hard disk drive and optical disk drives are some examples of storage devices. Types of Secondary Memory: Hard Disk Drives (HDDs): Magnetic storage devices commonly used in computers for long-term data storage. Solid-State Drives (SSDs): Faster than HDDs, these use flash memory to store data. Optical Discs: CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs, which store data using laser technology. USB Flash Drives: Portable storage devices that use flash memory. Memory Cards: Small, portable storage devices commonly used in cameras, smartphones, and other portable devices. External Hard Drives: Similar to HDDs but are portable and connected externally to a computer. Secondary Memory Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 12 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION Type of Volatile/Non- Speed Capacity Purpose Data Example Use Memory volatile Retention RAM Volatile Very fast GB to TB Temporarily Lost when Running stores data power is applications, for quick off processing access by tasks the CPU ROM Non-volatile Slower KB to Stores Retains BIOS/UEFI than MB firmware or data when firmware, boot- RAM permanent power is up instructions instructions off Cache Volatile Extremely KB to Stores Lost when CPU cache (L1, Memory fast, MB frequently power is L2, L3) faster accessed off than data to RAM speed up processes HDD Non-volatile Slower TB Long-term Retains Storage for (Hard Disk than storage for data when files, media, Drive) RAM and files, power is software, SSDs applications, off backups and the OS SSD (Solid Non-volatile Faster GB to TB Persistent Retains Storage for State than storage with data when operating Drive) HDD, faster power is systems, slower access off software, and than speeds than frequently used RAM HDDs files Flash Non-volatile Faster MB to Portable Retains USB flash Memory than GB storage, data when drives, memory HDD, often used power is cards slower in USB off than drives and RAM memory cards Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 13 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION Assessment Questions Assessment Questions 1. Explain input and output with examples. 2. List the important characteristics of computers 3. List the components of central processing unit. 4. List five important registers of the CPU and state the purpose of each register. 5. Why are registers used in the CPU? 6. List the key features of the main memory. 7. Which is the fastest memory? 8. Arrange the memories in increasing order of speed — register, RAM, hard disk drive, magnetic tape, cache memory. 9. What is the meaning of volatile memory? Also give an example of volatile memory. 10. Differentiate between RAM and ROM Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 14 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION Lesson 2 INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES Introduction Input and output devices are required to communicate with the computer. These devices are connected to the CPU through various ports or with the help of wireless technologies. Input devices feed data and instructions into the computer, and output devices present information from a computer system. Output generated by the output devices may be hardcopy or softcopy output. Hardcopy outputs are permanent outputs which can be used later when required. They produce a permanent record on paper. Printer is a common output device, that produces hardcopy outputs. Softcopy outputs are electronic and are available on the screen in a digital form. They do not produce a permanent record. Monitor is a common softcopy output device. At the end of this module, student should be able to: 1. Understand the use and example input devices and output devices. 2. Describe the characteristics of various pointing devices. 3. Differentiate among various scanners, and reading devices. 4. Identify the types of output. 5. Differentiate various types of printers. Input Devices An input device is used to feed data into a computer. It is also defined as a device that provides communication between the user and the computer Text Input Devices Tools or peripherals used to input text and commands into a computer or other electronic devices. They are essential for interacting with software, entering data, and navigating digital environments Keyboard This is the most common input device. It is designed just like a conventional typewriter. It allows the user to input alphabets, numbers, and other characters. It provides keys for additional functions. It detects the key being pressed and generates the corresponding ASCII code which can be recognized by the computer. The standard US keyboard introduced in 1986 has 101 keys. It has a keyboard layout called the QWERTY design. QWERTY gets its name from the first six letters across in the upper left-hand corner of the keyboard Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 15 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION Numeric keypad It is a small keyboard having only numbers. It is used to enter only numeric data such as those in ATMs. The computer keyboards also have a numeric keypad. PIN pad This is a device with a numeric keypad used to enter a personal identification number (PIN) of debit card or credit card while doing the transaction. mouse touchscreen stylus keyboard game controller microphone magstripe reader webcam barcode reader scanner marks read by OMR device Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 16 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION Pointing Devices These devices are used to move an onscreen pointer or cursor (usually an arrow). They are commonly used with graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Mouse It is a small handheld device used to indicate the position of a cursor or its movement on a computer’s screen by rolling it over a mouse pad or flat surface. A mouse has one or more buttons and possibly a scroll wheel. This scroll wheel is used to scroll the screen vertically or horizontally. The different types of mouse are ball, optical, and laser mouse. Touchpad (Trackpad) A flat, touch-sensitive surface commonly found on laptops. Users move their fingers across the pad to control the cursor and perform gestures like scrolling or zooming. Stylus A pen-like device used to interact with touchscreens or specialized digitizing tablets. Styluses are often used for drawing, handwriting, or precise touch input. Touchscreen A display that registers touch input from fingers or a stylus, allowing users to interact directly with the screen. Touchscreens are common in smartphones, tablets, and some laptops. Joystick A stick that pivots on a base and reports its angle or direction to the device it controls. Mainly used in gaming and certain industrial applications Graphics Tablet A flat input device that allows the user to draw with a stylus, with the drawing appearing on a connected monitor. Audio Visual Input Devices Audio-visual input devices are essential for capturing sound and visual data, allowing users to interact with computers and other devices in dynamic ways. Scanner A device that captures images from physical documents or photographs and converts them into digital format. Used for digitizing documents, photos, and sometimes even 3D objects (with specialized scanners). Microphone A device that captures sound and converts it into electrical signals. Used for recording audio, voice recognition, video conferencing, and communication in applications like gaming and podcasting. Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 17 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION Digital Camera A camera that captures still images and videos in digital format. Used for photography, videography, and sometimes for live streaming or transferring images and videos to a computer. Webcam A camera designed to capture video and images, typically connected to or integrated with a computer. Commonly used for video conferencing, streaming, online meetings, and recording videos Closed circuit TV (CCTV) CCTV captures the images and videos fed as input to the computers. CCTVs are commonly used to maintain road safety and the security on premises. Input Card Readers Input card readers are devices used to read and process information stored on various types of cards, such as magnetic stripe cards, smart cards, and RFID cards. Smart Card or Chip reader Device that reads data from smart cards, which have an embedded microchip that stores and processes data. Used in secure transactions, access control, and identity verification, such as in banking, government, and corporate environments. Magnetic Stripe Card Reader A device that reads the data encoded in the magnetic stripe on the back of cards, such as credit cards, debit cards, and ID cards. Commonly used in retail for processing payments, access control systems, and time-tracking systems. RFID Card Reader A device that reads data from RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) cards, which use electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. Widely used in access control, inventory management, public transportation systems, and contactless payment systems. Contactless Card Reader (NFC Reader) A device that reads data from contactless cards using Near Field Communication (NFC) technology, allowing the card to be read without physical contact. Used for contactless payments, access control, and ticketing systems, commonly seen in public transport and retail. Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 18 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION Input-reading Text or Codes When speed and accuracy are crucial, especially for tasks involving large volumes of data, specific input devices are employed to read and input text or codes directly into a computer. These devices help to minimize errors and increase efficiency by bypassing the manual entry process. Barcode Scanner A device that reads barcodes and converts them into data that can be processed by a computer. Barcodes are a series of parallel lines of varying widths and spaces used to encode information. Barcode scanners are extensively used in retail for product identification, inventory management, and tracking shipments. They are also used in libraries, warehouses, and healthcare settings QR Code Reader QR codes are similar to barcodes. QR codes are two-dimensional way of storing data allows QR code to store more data than a standard barcode. This code can store website URLs, plain text, phone numbers, email addresses, and any other alphanumeric data. The QR code can be read using a QR reader or a mobile phone which has a camera and special software installed. Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) A method of capturing human-marked data from documents, such as surveys and test forms, by detecting marks made in predefined positions. OMR is commonly used in educational settings for grading multiple-choice exams and in surveys where respondents fill out bubbles on paper forms. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) MICR is a technology used to verify the legitimacy and readability of paper documents, especially checks. It reads characters printed in special magnetic ink. MICR is primarily used by banks for the processing and clearance of checks, as it allows for the fast and secure reading of check numbers and account information. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) OCR is a technology used to convert different types of documents, such as scanned paper documents, PDFs, or images captured by a digital camera, into editable and searchable data. OCR is widely used in digitizing printed texts so that they can be electronically edited, searched, and stored. It's commonly used in processing documents like invoices, passports, and books. Input Sensors A sensor is a device that senses the real-world data (for instance, temperature) and converts it into digital data to be processed by the computer. A computer Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 19 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION system cannot sense the real-world data such as light or dark, hot or cold, quiet or noisy. We use our senses (eyes, ears, mouth, nose, and skin) to read such data. In the same way, the sensor reads this kind of data and converts it into its digital equivalent. The sensors are connected to a computer. Temperature Sensor A device that detects temperature changes and converts them into digital signals. Used in climate control systems (like thermostats), weather stations, industrial processes, and in consumer electronics like refrigerators and air conditioners. Remote Control This is a very commonly used input device. It sends data signals each time a button is pressed using infrared light or radio signals. The signals can control the system from some distance. It is also used to control a presentation slide show Biometric sensor It is a device that identifies unique human physical features with high accuracy. It is an essential component of a biometric system which uses physical features like fingerprints, retina, iris patterns, etc., to identify, verify, and authenticate the identity of the user Output Devices Hardware components that convey information from a computer to a user or another device. They transform the computer's digital signals into a form understandable by humans or other machines Soft Copy Output Devices Any device that displays or transmits information in a digital, non-physical form, which can be easily altered, shared, or viewed electronically Monitor Display digital content from a computer or other electronic device. Monitors can show everything from text documents to videos and graphical interfaces. LCD projector This is a type of video projector used for displaying videos, images, or computer data on a large screen or any other flat surface. A beam of high-intensity light travels through thousands of shifting pixels in a LCD display. This beam of light then passes through a lens which projects and focuses the image on the surface. Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 20 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION Hard Copy Output Devices Hard copy output devices produce physical representations of digital information, allowing users to interact with documents, images, and other content in a tangible form. Printers This is used to produce a hard copy output. There are different kinds of printing technology. Two factors that determine the quality of a printer are its resolution and speed. Resolution is measured in terms of DPI. Speed is measured in terms Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 21 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION of number of characters printed in a unit of time and is represented as characters per second (CPS), lines per minute (LPM), or pages per minute (PPM). Types: Inkjet Printers: Use ink cartridges to spray tiny droplets of ink onto paper, suitable for high-quality color prints. Laser Printers: Use laser technology and toner cartridges to produce fast and precise text and graphics, often used for high-volume printing. Dot Matrix Printers: Use a print head that strikes an inked ribbon against the paper, producing a dot matrix pattern. Useful for multi-part forms and carbon copies. Thermal Printers: Use heat to transfer ink onto paper, commonly used for receipts and labels. Feature Laser Printers Inkjet Printers Thermal Dot Matrix Printers Printers Printing Ink powder Liquid ink Heat-sensitive Ink-soaked ribbon Material Used paper How Does It Fuses the Sprays liquid ink Thermal paper Pins are pushed Print? powder on the on paper through is passed over against ribbon on paper through microscopic the thermal paper. heating. nozzles. print head. Printing Speed 20 pages per 6 pages per 150 mm per 305-550 characters minute minute second per second Quality Printing quality Printing quality is Poor quality Poor printing quality is good. Best good, especially printing of for images. In terms for black and for smaller fonts. images. Good of text, printing is white. quality text good. printing. Advantages Less noisy, Less noisy, high Less noisy, Cheaper to print as prints faster, print quality, no fast, smaller, ribbon is cheap, high print warm-up time, lighter, carbon copy quality. device cost is consumes less possible. less. power, portable. Disadvantages More Ink is expensive Requires Initial purchase and susceptible to and not special thermal maintenance are paper jams. waterproof, quality paper, both expensive, Toner is nozzle is prone poor quality printing is not fast, expensive. to clogging. printing. makes noise. Plotter Produce large-scale prints of vector graphics, such as architectural blueprints or engineering drawings. Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 22 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION A plotter is typically used to print large format graphs or maps such as construction maps, engineering drawings, and big posters. It is used in the designing of cars, ships, aircrafts, buildings, highways, etc. Plotters are used by designers and architects since they work with huge pieces of paper, that a normal printer cannot handle. Types: Drum Plotters: Use a rotating drum to feed paper while the pen moves back and forth. Flatbed Plotters: Use a flat surface and move the pen across it to create detailed drawings. Sound Output Devices Sound output devices are used to convert digital audio signals into audible sound, allowing users to hear music, speech, sound effects, and other audio content. Speakers Convert digital audio signals into sound waves that can be heard by the user. Headphones Provide personal audio output by delivering sound directly into the user's ears. Headsets Similar to headphones but with an integrated microphone, commonly used for communication during calls, gaming, or video conferencing. Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 23 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION Assessment Questions 1. What is the primary function of an input device in a computer system? 2. Explain how a keyboard functions as an input device. 3. What is the difference between a trackpad and a mouse? 4. How does a touch screen input device work? 5. How does a projector differ from a monitor in terms of output? 6. Compare and contrast the printing quality of inkjet printers and laser printers. 7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a thermal printer for printing receipts? 8. In printing, DPI is the standard measure of printed image quality on the paper. What does DPI stand for? 9. Differentiate among headphones, earbuds, and headsets. 10. How does a projector work, and what factors should be considered when choosing a projector for presentations? Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 24 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION Lesson 3 INSIDE THE CASE Introduction As discussed in Lesson 1, computer include components that are used for input, processing, output and storage. Many of these components are inside the case that contains and protects the electronics of the computers. When we talk about what's inside a computer, we're referring to the physical components and the architecture that work together to perform all the tasks that computers do. At the end of this module, student should be able to: 1. Understand the motherboard. 2. Different various types of memory 3. Describe purpose of adapters 4. Explain the function of bus. Inside the System Unit System Unit or chassis refers to the case on a desktop that sound card contains and protects the motherboard, hard drive, power supply & fan memory and other electronic components. hard disk Inside of desktop processor memory module heat sink & fan Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 25 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION Motherboard The motherboard is also known as main board or system board. The motherboard connects the components of a computer and provides power to the systems that need low power. The motherboard contains a socket in which one or more processors are attached. In addition, it has slots that allow connecting peripheral cards such as video cards, sound cards, and networking cards. slots for memory module Desktop motherboard Slot for processor chip CMOS battery Ports to connect peripheral devices slots for adapter cards Desktop Motherboard Basic Components of Motherboard The modern motherboard has the following components — sockets (or slots) to install one or more microprocessors. slots to install main memory RAM. a chipset which forms an interface between the CPU’s frontside bus, main memory, and peripheral buses. non-volatile memory chips usually flash ROM in modern motherboards, containing the system’s firmware or BIOS a clock generator which produces the system clock signal to synchronize the various components. Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 26 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION slots for expansion cards. These interface to the system via the buses supported by the chipset. power connectors, which receive electrical power from the computer power supply and distribute it to the CPU, chipset, main memory, and expansion cards. Processors The processors, also called the central process unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instruction that operate a computer. The processor significantly impacts overall computing power and manages most of a computer’s operations Instructions Data Information Data Information Instructions Data Information Most devices connected to the computer communicate with the processor to carry out task Processors contains a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU). These two components work together to perform processing operations. Registers A processor contains small, high-speed storage locations, called registers that temporarily hold data and instructions. Registers are part of the processor, not part of memory or a permanent storage device. Processors have many different types of registers each with a specific storage function. Register function include Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 27 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION storing the location from where an instruction was fetched, storing an instructions while the control unit decodes it, storing data while the ALU calculates it and storing the results of a calculations. System Clock The processor relies on a small quartz crystal circuit called the system clock to control the timing of all computer operations. It generates regular electronic pulses, or ticks, that set the operating pace of components of the system unit. Each tick equates to a clock cycle. The pace of the system clock called clock speed, measure by the number of ticks per second. Clock speeds is measure in gigahertz range. Thus, on gigahertz (GHz) equals one billion ticks of the system clock per second. A computer operates at 3 GHz has 3 billion (giga) clock cylce in one second (hertz) Processor Cooling A heat sink is a small ceramic or metal component with fins on surface that absorbs and disperses heat produce by electrical components, such as processors. Many heat sink have fans to help distribute air dissipated by the heat sink heat sink fan heat sink processor Heat sink being attached to the top of processor to prevent the chip from overheating Memory Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions and the results of processing the data (information). Memory stores three basic categories of items: 1. The operating system and other programs that control or maintain the computer and its devices. 2. The application that carries out a specific task such as word processing. Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 28 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION 3. The data being processed by the application and the resulting information. Types of Memory When the computer’s power is turned off, volatile memory loses its contents. It is temporary like the Random Access Memory (RAM) Nonvolatile memory, by contrast, does not loose its contents when power is removed from the computer. It is permanent like Read Only Memory (ROM), flash memory and CMOS Random Access Memory Also called the main memory, consists of memory chips that can be read from and written to by the processor and other devices. The processor interprets and executes a program or application’s instructions while the program or application Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 29 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION is in RAM. During this time, the contents of RAM may change. RAM can accommodate multiple programs and applications simultaneously. Types of RAM Dynamic RAM (DRAM) chips must be reenergized constantly or the lose their contents. Many DRAM chips exist, most of which are faster than the basic DRAM Static RAM (SRAM) chips are faster and more reliable than any variation of DRAM chips. These chips do not have to reenergized as often as DRAM chips. SRAM are much more than expensive than DRAM chips Memory Modules RAM chips usually reside on a memory module, which is small circuit board. Types of Memory Modules SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module) has pins on opposite sides of the circuit board that connect to form a single set of contacts. DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module) has pins on opposite sides of the circuit board that do not connect to form a two set of contacts. Memory chips Single inline memory module dual inline memory module Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 30 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION Cache Memory cache helps speed the process of the computer because it stores frequently used instructions and data Types of Cache L1 Cache is built directly on the processor chip. It usually has a very small capacity L2 Cache is slightly slower that L1 cache but has a much larger capacity. L3 Cache is cache on the motherboard that is separate from the processor chip Random Access Memory Refers to the memory chips storing permanent data and instructions. The data on most ROM cannot be modified. It is nonvolatile means that its contents are not lost when power is removed from the computer. Flash Memory It is a type of nonvolatile memory that can be erased electronically and rewritten. Most computers use flash memory to hold their start-up instructions because it allows the computer to update its content easily. CMOS CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) is a type of technology used to create integrated circuits, including microprocessors, microcontrollers, memory Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 31 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION chips (such as RAM), and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is widely used in electronics due to its low power consumption and high efficiency. Adapters Refers to a device or component that enables hardware or connections that would otherwise be incompatible or unavailable. Video card sound card Expansion slots motherboard Adapter Cards Sometimes called expansion cards or adapter board, is a circuit board that enhances the function of a computer of desktop and/or provides connections to peripheral devices. Expansion slot is socket on a desktop motherboard that can hold an adapter card Sound card enhances the sound-generating capabilities of a computer by allowing sound to be input through a microphone and output through external speakers or headphones. Video card also called graphics card, converts computer output into a video signal that travels through a cable to the monitor, which displays an image on the screen Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 32 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION Buses The CPU is connected to the rest of the system through system bus. Through system bus, data, or information gets transferred between the CPU and the other components of the system. Buses consists of the following: Data Bus used to transfer actual data Address Bus used to transfer information about where the data should reside in memory Power Supply Converts the wall outlet Alternating Current (AC) power which is 115 to 120 volts into Direct Current (DC) ranging from 5 to more than 15 volts. Different motherboards and computers require different wattages on the power supply. Computer power supply Polytechnic University of the Philippines  Polytechnic University 33 INTRODUCTION TO ICTof the Philippines 1 SPECIALIZATION Assessment Questions 1. Define these terms; registers, system clock and superscalar. 2. Describe how clock speed is measured. 3. List two leading manufacturing of personal computer processor chips. 4. Differentiate between volatile and nonvolatile memory. List an example of each. 5. Describe how RAM works. List two types of RAM. 6. Describe how computer uses cache. Differentiate among L1, L2 and L3 cache. 7. Describe the function of memory module. List two types of memory modules. 8. Describe the purpose of an adapter card and the role of an expansion slot. 9. Identify the role of bus. Differentiate between data bus and an address bus. 10. Explain how a power supply converts AC current into DC current. Polytechnic University of the Philippines