Sodium & Potassium Chemistry PDF

SODIUM NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Sodium Acetate *Alkalanizing agent (Benedict’s Sol.n) - Diuretic...

SODIUM NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Sodium Acetate *Alkalanizing agent (Benedict’s Sol.n) - Diuretic - Antacid Sodium Bicarbonate Antacid - Baking Soda * Zinc toxicity/ Metal Fume fever antidote Sodium Bisulfate Antioxidant Sodium Chloride -N&V - Table salt -ORS + Potassium chloride - Rock salt -Condiments Sodium Biphosphate *Stool softener (Laxative) - Fleet enema - Urinary Acidifier ( cystitis) Sodium Carbonate *Antacid - “Anyhydrous”- Soda ash - “Dihydrate”- Trona - “Decahydrate”- Sal soda, Washing soda, Soda Crystals Sodium Fluoride Anticarcinogenic (2%) Sodium Hydroxide Saponifying agent - Caustic soda - Sosa - Lye Sodium Hypochlorite Disinfectant - Dakin’s Sol.n Bleaching - Chlorox Sodium Iodide *Iodine solubilizer - Expectorant Sodium Nitrite - Vasodilator - Cyanide poisoning antidote - Food preservative Sodium Thiosulfate Cyanide poisoning antidote with Sodium - Photographers hypo Nitrate Sodium Tartrate Standardization of Karl Fisher reagent Sodium Sulfate Cathartic - Decahydrate - Glauber’s salt  POTASSIUM Predominant Intracellular cation Smooth muscle contractions (-) Inotropic NAME/OTHER NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Potassium Chloride Electrolyte replenisher (IV) - Ringers sol.n - Darrow’s sol.n Potassium Permanganate *Strychnine poisoning antidote - Mineral Chameleon Indicator Potassium Bitartrate Insoluble salt - Cream of tartar - Creamor Potassium Chlorate Toothpaste, Gargle, Mouthwash - Cooling & Cleaning - Deodorant action Sulfated Potash - White lotion ( Lotio Alba) (Lotio Sulfurata) - Liver of sulfur - Potassium polysulfide + Potassium thiosulfate AMMONIA NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Ammonium Ion NH4+ Hypothetical alkali metal - Haber- bosch - Haber process Ammonium Bromide Five & Three Bromide elixir Ammonium Chloride NH4Cl Buffer in Zinc Analysis - Muriate of Hartshorn - Sal ammoniac - Salmiac Strong Ammonia Sol.N NH3 *Ammonia water - Strong ammonia water - Ingredient in Aromatic spirit of - Spirit of heaven ammonia - 27-31% Ammonia CESIUM - catalyst in the polymerization of resin-forming material - Robert Bunsen & Gustav Kirchoff - Spectrum of mineral water NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Cesium Chloride Separation of resin  COPPER Only reddish metal 3rd most malleable & conductor Salts are blue Enhances abs of Fe ALLOYS BRONZE BRASS GUN METAL STERLING DEVARDAS Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu Sn Sn Ag Al Zn Zn N TOXICITY: WILSON’S DISEASE Ssx: - Hepatic sclerosis - Jaundice - Bloating - Brain damage - Demyelination - kidney defects DOC: Penicillamine (Cupramine) NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Copper Sulfate *Ingredients in: - Pentahydrate - Benedicts sol.n - Blue vitriol - Fehling’s sol.n - Blue stone - Barfoed reagent - Bordeaux mixture - Phosphorus antidote with o Calcium oxide o Water Basic Copper Acetate Pink pigment - Verdigris SILVER very toxic element - oligodynamic action - inhibit microorganisms in small conc. TOXICITY: ARYGRIA DOC: - NSS - Sodium thiosulfate - Potassium ferricyanide PROTEINATES MILD STRONG COLLOIDAL ARGYROL PROTARGOL COLLARGOL 19-25% 7.5-8.5% 18-22% - antiseptic for eyes - potent germicide - mild antiseptic - thx for vaginitis - 2% SINUS - 50% vaginal antiseptic NAME CHEMICAL USE Ammoniated silver nitrate Tollen’s reagent  GOLD - King of all metals - Most malleable & ductile - best conductor - soluble only in AGUA REGIA & SELENIC ACID AGUA REGIA 1 HNO3 : 3 HCL COMPOUNDS AUROTHIOGLUCOSE (IM) GOLD SODIUM THIOMALATE (IM) AURANOFIN (PO) BN: Solganal BN: Miochrysine BN: RidAURA IND: IND: S/E - RA - RA - Glossitis - Gout - Gout - SLE NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Beryllium Fluorescent lights - TOXICITY: Berylliosis - Most toxic - most toxic element MAGNESIUM - 2nd most abundant INtracelluar CATion - present in chlorophyll - Grignard reagent THX: - insoluble = ANTACIDS - SulFATE - SO4 = AntiCONVULSANT - conc SO4 = topical antiINFLAM - stearate = lubricant TOXICITY: HYPERMAGNESEMIA ANTIDOTE: Calcium gluconate NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Magnesium Oxide (neutralization) Universal antidote with - Calcines magnesia - Activated charcoal (adsorption) - Magnesia - Tannic Acid (neutralization) - Light magnesia Magnesium Sulfate *Barium & Barbiturate (BARITOSIS) - Epsom Salt toxicity antidote - PO: Laxative - IM: antiCONVULSANT Hydrated Magnesium Silicate Softest mineral - Talc - Soapstone - French chalk  CALCIUM - 2nd most abundant Extracellular CATion - hydroxyapatite - VIT D is needed for its abs NATURAL SOURCES - dolomite - fluorite - gypsum - phosphate rock NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Calcium sulfate - Compressed tablets DILUENT - Plaster of Paris - Dental impression - gypsum - Surgical casts Calcium disodium versenate Lead poisoning ZINC - present in Insulin Deficiency: Parakeratosis TOXICITY: Metal fume fever ANTIDOTE: Sodium Bicarbonate NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Zinc Oxide - Calamine - Lassar’s Paste - Lasaar’s plain zinc paste & with - Zinc white salicylic acid - Flower of Zinc - Lanaa Philosophica - Phompholyx Zinc Peroxide Liberate Nascent oxygen Zinc Sulfide The only white sulfide - White sulfide CADMIUM TOXICITY: ITAI-ITAI DISEASE ANTIDOTE: - British Anti-Lewisite (BAL) NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Cadmium Chloride THX: Tinea infections Cadmium sulFIDE Anti-SEBORRHEIC - yellow sulfide - BN: Capsebon Cadmium sulFATE Ophthalmic antiseptic  MERCURY OTHER NAME: - Hydragyrum - Quicksilver - Liquid silver NATURAL SOURCE: Cinnabar - used in Thermometers & Amalgams TOXICITY: Minamata Disease ANTIDOTE: - Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate - BAL - Penicillamine NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE MercuROUS Chloride MercuRIC Chloride Mercuric Potassium iodide Alkaloid poisoning Antidote BORON - Vulcanizing rubber - ONLY in 3+ oxidation state BORON POISONING - boiled lobster appearance NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Boric Acid 2% Sol.n Eyewash - Sal sedativum hombergi Sodium tetraborate -Alternative to gold extraction - Borax -Dobell’s sol.n - aq.sol.n of borax - antiseptic eyewash - wet dressing for wound  ALUMINUM - AKA: Ladd’s paste - most abundant of all metals - 3rd most abundant element SOURCE: Cryolite USE: - antacid - antiperspirant, Deodorant - -antiSEPTIC SILICATES - Kaolin, Bentonite, Pumice, Fuller’s Earth TOXICITY: Shaver’s Disease - Affects LUNGS NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Alum Thx for silicosis - Alumina NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Gallium THX: - beating heart - non-hodgkins lymphoma - bladder cancer - cancer related HYPERcalcemia THALLIUM POISONING - Green tongue - Alopecia CARBON Crystalline: Diamond & Graphite Amorphous NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Carbon dioxide IND: Asphyxia - 210x affinity to hemoglobin THX: o 100% Oxy o Oxygen+ Helium o Hyperbaric Oxy  SILICON TOXICITY : SILICOSIS LAYER SILICATES - Affects lungs Talc Glass ANTIDOTE: Aluminum oxide dust - NaCO3 - CaCO3 + pure silica Simethicone - BN: Disflatyl, Kremil-S, Mylanta NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Purified Siliceous Earth Distributing & filtering media - Diatomaceous earth - Purified Kieselgurh - Infusorial Earth Kaolin Clarifying agent - Hydrated Aluminum Silicate Intestinal adsorbent & Protective (Native) Attapulgite Adsorbent for diarrhea - Polymagma - BN: Diatabs - Quintess TIN Component optical prep Cans and utensils manuf Germicidal – staphylococci THX: Acne, Furunculosis ALLOYS OF TIN PEWTER GUN METAL ROSE METAL SOLDER 80% Tin 10% Tin 25% Tin 50% Tin 20% Pb 25 % Pb 50% Pb 90% Cu ` 50%Bi NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Stannous Fluoride 8% AntiCARIOGENIC sol.n - Crest toothpaste ( must be freshly made) Stannous Oxide 5% ointment - Cassiterite Germicidal for staphylococcus infections Stannous Sulfide Bright yellow ppt - artificial gold  LEAD TOXICITY: PLUMBISIM - easily accumulates in GIT and Broken skin ANTIDOTE: EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) British Anti-Lewisite Succimet NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Lead Acetate - Used to prepare other lead compounds - Sugar of Lead - Astringent Lead Subacetate - Used to prepare goulard's cerate - "Goulard's Extract" - Astringent Lead Oxide - Used to prepare lead subacetate solution - "Litharge" TITANIUM NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Titanium Oxide - Opacifying agent in capsules - Also used in contact lenses - Solar ray protection in sunblock and suntan lotion ZIRCONIUM NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Zirconium Chloride - Antiperspirant Zirconium Carbonate - Used to treat athlete's foot Zirconium Oxide NITROGEN "w/o life" "azote" Mephitic air colorless, odorless, tasteless, INERT GAS most abundant gas in air (71%) most stable among the diatomic molecules NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Nitrous Oxide - General anesthetic (via inhalation) - "Laughing gas" - S/e: hypoxia - stored in blue container Nitrates Meat preservatives but are carcinogenic Nitrites  NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE PHOSPHOROUS "light carrier" "St. Elmo's fire" White/Yellow Phosphorous - toxic, antidote is Copper Red Phosphorous - non-toxic - ALLOTROPES: - Scarlet Phosphorous - Violet Phosphorous - Metallic or Black Phosphorous - Red Phosphorous ARSENIC "Lewisite metal" component of the first antisyphilitic drug Salvarsan (aka Drug 606/ Arsphenamine) protoplasmic poison- poisonous to all tissues TOXICITY mee's lines, milk and roses complexion Antidote freshly prepared mixture of Iron (III) and Mg(OH)2 administered PO if still in GIT Dimercaprol IM if already absorbed NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Potassium ARESENITE Sol.n antiLEUKEMIC AGENT - "Fowler's Solution" ANTIMONY "Stibium" expectorant emetic antiprotozoal anti-helmintic NAME CHEMICAL USE FORMULA Antimony Sodium Tartrate - Treatment of schistosomial infection (parasitic) - "Tartar emetic" - "Brown mixture"  BISMUTH "Beautiful meadow" used in silvering mirror Pcologic use: - astringent - antiseptic - mucoprotectant in Peptic ulcer disease BISMUTH POISONING characterized by dark stools and blue-lined gums Antidote BAL NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Milk Of Bismuth - Internal protective for gastic ulcers - Bismuth hydroxide + Bismuth (kills h. Pylori) subnitrate NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE TANTALUM - used in sheet form for surgical repair of bones - does not affect tissues NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE OXYGEN 3 allotropes - "dephlogisticated air (by 1. Nascent Priestley) 2. Molecular - Gk word: "acid former" 3. Ozone Ozonized air - used in various disinfecting and bleaching operations - reacts with all elements except Gold, Silver and Copper 5 OFFICIAL GASES 1. Nitrogen 2. Oxygen 3. Carbon dioxide 4. Helium 5. Nitrous Oxide SULFUR NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Precipitated Sulfur Ointment for scabies - "Milk of Sulfur" - "Lac Sulfur" Sublimed Sulfur - Leminckx lotion and solution - "Flowers of SUlfur" - For acne  SELENIUM important trace element synergistic with Vit E antioxidant NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Selenium Sulfide - Antidandruff - "Selsun blue" - Antiseborrheic CHROMIUM DEFICIENCY IN CHROMIUM - Polydipsia - Polyphagia - Polyuria NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA USE Potassium Dichromate - Powerful oxidizing agent - Used to clean glasswares